a)Describe with a neat sketch the working of a single plate friction clutch

The clutch essentially requires three components. These are the flywheel of the engine, a
disk of friction called the clutch plate and a plate of stress.There are springs that provide
axial force to maintain the clutch engaged.The pressure plate also rotates when the engine is
running and the flywheel is rotating as the pressure plate is connected to the flywheel. The
friction disc is between the two.

The clutch will be released when the driver has pressed down the clutch pedal. This action
pushes the pressure plate against the force of springs to shift away from the friction disk.The
friction plate is released with this pressure plate movement and the clutch is disengaged.
The springs push the pressure plate against the clutch disc you’re your foot is off the pedal,
which in turn presses against the flywheel

This locks the engine to the input shaft of the transmission, causing it to spin at the same velo
city.The quantity of force that the clutch can maintain relies on the friction between the clutch
plate and the flywheel and how much pressure the spring places on the pressure plate
When the clutch pedal is pressed, the piston pushes the release fork against the centre of the
diaphragm spring, pressing the throw-out bearing .As the centre of the diaphragm is pushed
in, a series of pin close to the outside the spring leads the spring to pull away the pressure
plate from the clutch disc

Advantages of single clutch plate Disadvantages of single clutch plate

The single platform clutch works It has less ability to transmit torque
smoothly, which means the
commitment and the disengagement
are very smooth in operation.
Single plate clutches operate quickly It is even larger in size to convey less torque
and react quickly
It produces less heat because it uses on It needs high maintenance because they are dry cl
ly one plate because the generation utches and avoid moisture or any lubricant
of heat generates power transmission p
roblems and can harm the operating co
mponents
b) Discuss briefly the various types of friction experienced by a body.

Friction is the power that opposes motion between any contact surfaces.
Four kinds of friction exist which is static, sliding, rolling, and friction with fluid.
Besides that, Between strong surfaces is static ,sliding and rolling friction occurs .Static friction
is strongest, followed by sliding friction , and the the weakest is the rolling friction
is static, sliding and rolling friction occurs.Static friction is strongest, followed by sliding fric
tion, and then the weakest rolling friction.

1) Static friction:
 It is the friction, that experienced by the body when it is at rest. For example, if you
are hiking in the woods, there is static friction between your shoes and the trail
each time you put down your foot Without this static friction, your feet would slip
out from under you, making it difficult to walk.

2) Dynamic friction.
 It is the friction, that experienced by a body when the it is in motion . The dynamic
friction is also known as kinetic friction and is less than the static friction

(a) Sliding friction.

 It is the friction which experienced by a body when it slides over another body.For example
when you rubbing both of your hand to create heat or when a washing machine is pushed
along a floor.

(b) Rolling friction.

 It is the friction in which experienced between the surfaces which has balls or rollers
interposed between them.Which can be say that when a basketball is rolled on the court
will eventually come to a halt. Besides that due increased of rolling friction a bike with
a broad tire will burn more fuel

(c) Pivot friction.

 It is the friction, which experienced by a body due to the motion of rotation as in case
of foot step bearings. For example
c)Write short notes on journal bearing.
c) A journal bearing, in its simplest form is a cylindrical bushing made of a suitable material
and contains properly machined inside and outside diameters. The journal is usually the part of
a shaft or pins that rotates inside the bearing. Used to support the load on a rotating shaft. Oil
inlet and it is used to insert oil /lubrication As lubricating oil is feed into the bearing and is
dragged by the shaft into the converging gap , and the fluid pressure increases and a
hydrodynamic lift is created.

Simple journal or known as solid bearing.It is a simply block of cast iron with a hole for the
shaft providing running fit. An oil hole is drilled at the top for lubrication.
The main disadvantage of this of bearing is there is no provision for wear and adjustment on
account of wear and the most important thing is the shaft must be passed into the bearing
axially. Besides, the advantages of journal bearing is it can handle high loads and velocities
(less metal to metal contact due to oil film) and it is also longer lasting ad durable. Besides that,
quiet and smooth running of engines.

2)An engine mechanism is shown in figure below. The crank CB = 100 mm and the connecting
rod BA = 300 mm with the center gravity G, 100 mm from B. In the position shown, the
crankshaft has a speed of 75 rad/sec and an angular acceleration of 1200 rad/sec2. Find: i)
Velocity of G and angular velocity of AB, ii) Acceleration of G and angular acceleration of
AB.

Given : ωBC = 75 rad/s ; αBC = 1200 rad/s2, CB = 100 mm = 0.1 m; B A = 300 mm = 0.3 m
We know that velocity of B with respect to C or velocity of B,
VBC = VB= ωBC = × CB= 75 X 0.1= 7.5 m/s ...(Perpendicular to BC)
Since the angular acceleration of the crankshaft, αBC = 1200 rad/s2, therefore tangential
component of the acceleration of B with respect to C,
αtBC=αBC 1200 X 0.1= 120 m/s
Draw vector cb perpendicular to CB, to some suitable scale, to represent the velocity of
B with respect to C or velocity of B (i.e. vBC or vB), such that
VECTOR cb=VBC=VB=7.5 m/s
From point b, draw vector ba perpendicular to B A to represent the velocity of A with respect
to B i.e. vAB , and from point c, draw vector ca parallel to the path of motion of A (which is
along AC) to represent the velocity of A i.e. vA.The vectors ba and ca intersect at a
3. Since the point G lies on A B, therefore divide vector ab at g in the same ratio as G divides
A B in the space diagram. In other words,
ag/ ab= AG/ AB
The vector cg represents the velocity of G. By measurement,
we find that velocity of G,
vG = vector cg = 6.8 m/s
From velocity diagram, we find that velocity of A with respect to B,
vAB = vector ba = 4 m/s
We know that angular velocity of A B,
13.3 rad/s (Clockwise)

a)Explain the velocity ratio of epicyclic gear trains is obtained by tabular method.

Tabular Method

I. TA = Number of teeth on gear A

II. TB = Number of teeth on gear B
III. Anticlockwise = +ve
IV. Clockwise = -ve

First Row Of The Table

 First of all, let us suppose that the arm is fixed. Therefore, the axes of both the gears
are also fixed relative to each other.
  When the gear A makes one revolution anticlockwise, the gear B will make TA/TB
revolutions, clockwise

We know that NB / NA = TA / TB. Since NA = 1 revolution, therefore NB = TA / TB.

 Assuming the anticlockwise rotation as positive and clockwise as negative, we may say
that when gear A makes +1 revolutions, then the gear B Will Make (-TA/TB)

Second Row Of The Table

 Secondly, if the gear A makes +x revolutions, then the gear B will make –x(TA/TB)
 This Statement is entered in the second row of the table.In other words, multiply the
each motion (entered in the first row by x)

Third Row Of The Table

 Thirdly,each element of an epicyclic train is given +y revolutions and entered in the
third row

4th Row Of The Table

 The motion of each element of the gear train is added up and entered in the fourth row

Step Conditions Of Motion Revolution Of Elements

No. Arm C Gear A Gear B
1. Arm fixed-gear A rotates 0 +1 𝑇𝐴
− 𝑇𝐵
through + 1 revolution i.e. 1
rev. anticlockwise
2. Arm fixed-gear A rotates 0 +x 𝑇𝐴
-x(𝑇𝐵)
through + x revolutions
3. Add + y revolutions to all +y +y +y
element
4. Total motion +y x+y 𝑇𝐴
y-x(𝑇𝐵)

b)Explain and discuss the various types of gear trains

Gear Train

A Gear Train is a mixture of Gears used when a big decrease in speed (or vice versa) is requir
ed in a restricted room. Besides, two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to
transmit power from one shaft to another. Such a combination is called gear train or train of
toothed wheels. The nature of the train used depends upon the velocity ratio required and the
relative position of the axes of shafts.

Types of Gear Trains

1. Simple gear train
2. Compound gear train
3. Reverted gear train
4. Epicyclic gear train

Simple Gear Train

It is known as a simple gear train when there is only one gear on each shaft.
The gears are depicted by the circles of their pitch.When the gap between the two shafts is l
ow, the two gears 1 and 2 are machined with each other to convey movement from one shaft t
o the other, as the gear 1 drives the gear 2, so gear 1 is named the driver and gear 2 is named t
he driver or follower.

Intermediate gears play a significant part in easy gear train and intermediate gears, depending
on design or operation, will be one or more in easy gear train. Different size gears are used to
acquire different speed ratios . Power and movement communicate from driving gear to
intermediate gear and from intermed intermediate gear to powered gear in easy gear trains.
Simple equipment trains are therefore working

The speed ratio of the simple gear train

Let
N1 = Speed of gear 1(or driver) in r.p.m
N2 = Speed of gear 2 (or driven or follower) in r.p.m
T1 = Number of teeth on gear 1,
T2 = Number of teeth on gear
If a simple train of gears consists of one intermediate gear:

Let N1 = Speed of driver in r.p.m

N2 = Speed of intermediate gear in r.p.m
N3 = Speed of driven or follower in r.p.m
T1 = Number of teeth on driver
T2 = Number of teeth on intermediate gear
T3 = Number of teeth on driven or follower.

Since the driving gear 1 is in mesh with the intermediate gear 2, speed ratio for these two gears
is
𝑁1 𝑇2
=
𝑁2 𝑇1

Since the intermediate gear 2 is in mesh with the driven gear 3 speed ratio for these two gears
is
 𝑁2 𝑇3
=
𝑁3 𝑇2

The speed ratio of simple gear train is:

𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑁1 𝑇3
x = X𝑇2 OR =
𝑁2 𝑁3 𝑇1 𝑁3 𝑇1

Compound Gear Train

It is called a compound gear train if there is more than one gear on a shaft. The gear 1 is the
driving gear on shaft A in a compound gear train, gear 2 and 3 are compound gears mounted
on shaft B.Also the gears 4 and 5 are composite gears mounted on shaft C and the gear 6 is
the gear installed on shaft D
The benefit of a compound train over a simple gear train is that simple gears can be used to
achieve a much greater velocity decrease from the first shaft to the last shaft.
If you use a simple gear train to achieve a big decrease in velocity, the last gear must be very
big.Usually a simple train is not used for a velocity decrease of more than 7 to 1, and a comp
ound train or worm gear is used.

Speed ratio
Let N1 = Speed of driving gear 1
T1 = Number of teeth on driving gear 1
N2 ,N3 ..., N6 = Speed of respective gears in r.p.m
T2 ,T3..., T6 = Number of teeth on respective gears.

When gear 1 is mesh with gear 2,the speed ratio is:

𝑁1 𝑇2
=
𝑁2 𝑇1

When gear 3 is mesh with gear 2,the speed ratio is

𝑁3 𝑇4
=
𝑁4 𝑇3

When gear 5 is mesh with gear 6,the speed ratio is

𝑁5 𝑇6
=
𝑁6 𝑇5

The speed ratio of compound gear train

𝑁1 𝑁3 𝑁5 𝑇2 𝑇4 𝑇6
x x = x 𝑇3=𝑇5
𝑁2 𝑁4 𝑁6 𝑇1

Reverted Gear Train

When both of the axes from the first (i.e. first driver) and last (i.e. last driven or follower)
gear are co-axial, then the gear train is called a reverted gear train as depicted in Fig. 13.4.
We observe that gear 1 (i.e. first driver) moves the gear 2 (i.e. first driven or follower) in the
opposite direction.
Therefore, since the gears 2 and 3 are installed on the same shaft, they form a composite gear
and the gear 3 rotates in the same direction as the gear 2. The gear 3 which is now the second
driver) continues to drive the gear 4(the last driven or follower) in the very same direction as
that gear 1 . So we see that the movemebt of the first gear and the last gear is like in a reversed
gear train.

Let T1 = Number of teeth on gear 1,

r1 = Pitch circle radius of gear 1,
N1 = Speed of gear 1 in r.p.m.
T2, T3, T4 = Number of teeth on respective gears
r2, r3, r4 = Pitch circle radii of respective gears,
N2, N3, N4 = Speed of respective gears in r.p.m.

Since the distance between the centres of the shafts of gears 1 and 2 as well as gears 3 and 4 is
same, therefore
r1 + r2 = r3 + r4

Also, the circular pitch or module of all the gears is assumed to be same, therefore number of
teeth on each gear is directly proportional to its circumference or radius.

*T1 + T2 = T3 + T4

and

Or

Epicyclic Gear Train

Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system consisting of one or more outer gears,
or planet gears, revolving about a central or sun gear. Typically, the planet gears are mounted
on a movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear.Epicyclic gearing
systems also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or cnnulus, which meshes with the planet
gears

Epicyclic means one gear revolving upon and around another.The design involves planet and
sun gears as one orbits the other like a planet around the sun. Here is a picture of a typical gear
box.This design can produce large gear ratios in a small space are used on a wide range of
applications from marine gear boxes to electric screw drivers.It is the system of epicyclic gears
in which at least one wheel axis itself revolves around another fixed axis.

c)Explain with sketches the different types of cams and followers.

A cam is a mechanical device that is used by directly in contact to transmit motion to a

follower. The driver is labeled the cam and the labeled of the follower is the driven member.
The cam usually rotates in such a cam follower pair while the follower will translate or oscil
late.The camshaft of an automotive engine is a familiar example, where the cams drive the pu
sh rods (the followers) to open and close the valves.One of the easiest and most significant sy
stems found in modern equipment today is the cam and follower.The cams are commonly use
d to operate internal combustion engine inlet and exhaust valves, automatic equipment attach
ment, paper cutting machines, spinning and weaving textile equipment, feeding mechanism.

Classification Of Cam Follower

According to the surface in contact.
a) Knife edge follower: When the contacting end of the follower has a sharp knife edge,
it is called a knife edge follower, This has the advantage that it can follow
complicated profile Besides that, it can also track profiles in both directions
The sliding motion occurs between certain contact surfaces (like the top of the knife a
nd the surface of the cam).It is commonly used in practice because excessive wear out
comes from the tiny region of contact surface.There is a significant side thrust betwee
n the follower and the guide in knife edge supporters.

b) Roller follower: The contact end of the follower is roller and the rolling motion exists
between the cam and follower. Compared to knife edge followers, the rate of wear
and tear is less due to less friction. These are used in aircraft engines and oil engines.

c) Flat face or mushroom follower: These are used where space is limited to operate
valve of automobile engine. The contact surface is perfectly flat. The side thrust
between guide and follower is much reduced. It is called a mushroom follower when
the flat face is circular.
 d) Spherical faced follower: When the contacting end of the follower is of spherical
shape, it is called a spherical faced follower. It may be noted that when a flat-faced
follower is used in automobile engines, high surface stresses are produced. In order to
minimise these stresses, the flat end of the follower is machined to a spherical shape.

According to the motion of the follower

a) Reciprocating or translating follower: In this type reciprocating or translating

follower, the cam rotates & the follower reciprocates or translates in the guides.
 b) Oscillating or rotating follower: In this type oscillating or rotating follower, the cam
rotates & the follower oscillates about a suitable pivot on the frame.

According to the path of motion of the follower

a) Radial Follower: In this radial follower , the line of action of the movement of
follower passes through the center of rotation of the cam.

b) Off-Set Follower: In this type off-set follower, the line of action of the movement of
the follower is offset from the center of rotation of the cam.
Classification of Cams
According to the shape of the cam
1) Radial Or Disc Cam: In radial or disc cam, the position of the follower is determined
from the cam axis. The follower reciprocates or oscillates in a plane at right angles to
the axis of the cam. This cam is very much popular due to its simplicity & compactness.

2) Cylindrical Cam: In cylindrical cam, a cylinder which has a circumferential contour,

cutting into a surface of rotation. The follower reciprocates or oscillates in a plane
parallel to the axis of the cam. In case of cylindrical cams, cylindrical roller followers
are usually used.
 3) Wedge Cam: A wedge cam has a wedge which in general has a translational motion.
The follower may either translate or oscillate. The follower is held in contact by a
spring.
Instead of using a wedge, a flat plate with groove can also be used & hence also called as
flat cam. The follower is held in contact by a positive drive groove & roller.

According to the manner of constraint of the follower

1) Pre-loaded Spring Cam: A preload compression spring (usually a helical coiled

type) is used for the purpose of keeping the contact between the cam & the follower
 2) Gravity Cam: In gravity cam, the rise of a cam is achieved by the rising surface of a
cam & the return due to the force of gravity or due to the weight of the follower. This
cam gives uncertain behavior & hence not preferred.
According to the follower motion

1) Dwell-Rise-Dwell Cams (D-R-D): The dwelling of the cam is followed by rise &
another dwell period. Then the fall or return of the cam & further dwell period.

2) Dwell-Rise-Return-Dwell Cams (D-R-R-D): This type has the rise & return preceded
& followed by dwells.

3) Rise-Return-Rise Cams (R-R-R): This type has only the rise-return-rise contour & it
has no dwells. It has very limited use in machinery
 Reference
https://www.mech4study.com/2018/04/how-a-single-plate-clutch-works.html

http://engineering.myindialist.com/2011/kinematics-of-machines-tutorials-classification-of-cams-
and-followers/#.XQHU0ogzZPY

https://www.typeandlist.com/theory-of-machines/type_of_gear_trains.htm

https://docs.zoho.com/file/2bvxi4c5b0fcdb703462687b1e96691f92632

Theory of Machines by R. S. Khurmi(Textbook)

http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/mhaiba/files/2013/09/CH13-Gear-Trains.pdf

http://the-eye.eu/public/WorldTracker.org/Physics/Theory%20of%20Machines/Ch-
13%20gea%20trains.pdf

https://moodlearn.ariel.ac.il/mod/resource/view.php?id=572701&redirect=1