Laone Gorata Tsamai

201802673

CCB 231: MATERIAL SCIENCE FOR ENGINEERS

ASSIGNMENT 1

LAONE GORATA TSAMAI

201802673
Laone Gorata Tsamai
201802673

1.1 Zinc corrodes at a very slow rate and it therefore has a long-life span meaning it
protects the metal base steel for a long time. When used to galvanise, the more
reactive Zinc reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere, thus preventing the iron in steel
to react with oxygen to form iron oxide commonly known as rust. The zinc reacts
with the oxygen to from zinc oxide which is hard and therefore strengthens the
product.

Clean steel with alkaline phosphate to remove undesirable particles from the surface
of the steel. Reflux the steel with Zinc ammonium chloride to remove oxide from the
steel. Avoid distortion of the steel during hot temperatures

Recyclability of the product will increase as the galvanised steel has a longer life
span.

1.2 Polymethyl methacrylate in plexiglass

1.3 I would not select this material for a spring as it is very brittle. Its stress straight
graph which shows the behaviour of a material when subjected to a load has no
elastic region and is straight until the point of rapture.

1.4 The coiled metal bi metal strip consists of two metals with fused together. One metal
expands a lot more when exposed to high temperatures and the other expands less
when exposed to the same high temperature. The strip acts as a bridge and when it
is cool, the metal is straight and therefore closes the gap in a circuit which results in
flow of electricity. When the temperature of the strip gets too high, the inner metal
expands more thus making the strip bend and break the circuit which cools down the
appliance. Once cool, the expanded metal contracts and the strip becomes straight
again, closing the circuit and allowing flow of electricity. This cycle goes back and
forth.
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The indicator would be made of the metals steel and brass as they expand when
heated and have different expansion rates when exposed to high temperatures.
Brass expands more than steel.

1.5 The material would need to be very light but strong and temperature resistant. The
appropriate material would be aluminium, steel and/or titanium.

1.6 Materials used will need to be temperature resistant due to the harsh temperature
fluctuations that occur in space. They also need to be strong and light in weight.

1.7 The head of a hammer should be very hard and strong so as not to lose
shape(deform). It should also have a high impact resistance so as to not peel off and
deteriorate during use. The hammerhead would be manufactured through the process of
hot forging, a process in which a length of steel is heated at high temperature of up to 2200
degrees Celsius, then shaped into the head of a hammer before being cooled to harden.

1.8The shuttle hull needs to be highly dense, strong, impact resistant and have a thermal
protection system to withstand the abrasive forces on its surface and high temperatures.

1.9 The contact material should have high electrical conductivity to ensure no electrical
heating occurs and should also have good wear resistance.

Copper

Despite its ability to conduct electricity, Al2O3 does not have free roaming electrons
that would be need in an electrical contact to have high conductivity therefore it
wouldn’t be a good choice.

1.10 a material with less than 1.5Mg.m-3.

Polyethylene would not be a possibility as it has a low melting point compared to
aluminium which would make it impossible to introduce it to a solid aluminium
matrix.

1.11 determining the density of the material and its electric conductivity may be done.
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1.12 Steel can be separated using magnets. Polymers could be separated from other
Materials as they are lighter than aluminium alloys and steel and would float in
water, whilst the other material would sink.

1.13 Aluminium has thermal conductivity, ductility, toughness, and is easy to cast and
process. As for silicon carbide it has high melting temperature and can therefore provide
good strength for aluminium at high temperatures. It also has good wear resistance. If the
piston is produced by casting, where the object is made by pouring the molten metal or
other material into a mould, the silicon carbide could be unevenly distributed.
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Q1 L shell= 8 electrons
S subshell= 200(1/2) and 200(-1/2)
P subshell=210( 1/2 ) , 210(− 1/2 ) , 211( 1/2 ) , 211 ( − 1/2 ) , 21( − 1) ( 1/2 ) , and 21( − 1)
(-1/2).

Q2 a. Electrons move in discrete orbitals

electron energy is quantized into shells
b. electron position is described in terms of a probability distribution
electron energy is quantized into both shells and subshells--each electron is
characterized by four quantum numbers
Q3. Fe 2+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4
Fe 3+:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
Al3+:1s2 2s2 2p6
Cu+:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8
Ba2+:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6
Br-: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
O2- : 1s2 2s2 2p6
S2- : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Q4 a. transition metal because of the incomplete d subshell
b. inert gas due to the filled 3s and 3p subshell
c. halogen as it is short of 1 electron to become filled.
d. alkaline earth metal due to the 2 valency electrons.
e. transition metal due to an incomplete d subshell
f. alkali metal because of the single valency electron in the s orbital.
Q5 a)Ionic bonding is bonding between metals and non-metals where valence electrons are
transferred from one atom to the other, covalent bonding is bonding between non-metals
where atoms share their valence electrons with each other and metallic bonding is bonding
between metals, where there is electrostatic force of attraction between two atoms.
b) The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons can have the same four
electronic quantum numbers in an atom or molecule.
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Germanium = 4 covalent bonds per atom.

phosphorus = 3 covalent bonds per atom.
selenium = 2 covalent bonds per atom.
chlorine = 1 covalent bond per atom

Q7 electronegativity of Ti=1.54
electronegativity of Oxygen=3.44

1.54-3.44=-1.9

%Ionic character= [1 – e^(-0.25)(-1.9)2 ] x 100=59.4%

Q8

a) Metallic bonding in alloy of copper and zinc

b) Covalent bonding in rubber
c) Ionic bonding in barium sulphide
d) Wan Der Waal force in solid xenon
e) Metallic bonding in bronze
f) Covalent bond in nylon
g) Mainly covalent bonding mixed with ionic bonding in AIP
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TUTORIAL 2

2.1
Number of atoms of aluminium
= (N*mass)/atomic mass
= (6.022*1023 *500)26.981
= 1.12*1025 atoms

2.5
Volume=(0.13m2*(0.05/1000)m)=0.0000065m3 =6.5cm3
a) Number of atoms
=(6.5*8.902*6.022*1023 )/58.69
=5.94*1023 atoms
b) Number of moles required
= (6.5 cm3*8.902 g/cm3)/ 58.71 g/mol
=0.986 mol Ni required

2.6
Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3dx
27-(2+2+6+2+6+2)=x
27-20=7

Answer: 7 electrons in the 3d energy level

2.7
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5sx 4d10 5py 4f0
49-(2+2+6+2+6+2+10+6+10)=3

Answer: 5s2 5p1

Valence = 3

2.9
valence electrons (Al) =3

Volume =(𝜋/4) d2 l =(𝜋/4) (0.1cm)2 (10000 cm)= 78.53981634 cm3

Atomic mass (Al) = 26.981 g/mol

Density (Al) =2.699g/cm3

Number of potential carriers = (volume X density X Avogadro`s constant X valence electrons)/atomic

Mass)

N= (78.54 cm3 X 2.699g/cm3 X 6.023 X 1023 X 3 electrons)/ 26.981g/mol =

Answer: 1.41961264 x 1025 Carriers

2.10

a) (50g X 6.023 X 1023 ) / 28.08g.mol-1 = 1.07247151 x 1024

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=1.072 x 1024 atoms

Total valence electrons = 4 electrons x 1.072 x 1024 atoms=4.288 x 1024

Fraction free electrons = (5 x 1015 )/4. 288 x 1024 = 10-19

b) Fraction of broken electrons= (2.5 x 1015 )/1.072x 1024 =2x 10-19

2.11
) {(1 lb Si)(454g/lb)(6.02 x 1023 )}/28.08 g.mol-1 =9.733x 1024 Si atoms/lb

Valence (As) =5

Fraction of As = 106 atoms/ (9.733x1024 ) = 1.027 x 10-19

2.12
let a be the length of the sides and rc be the radius of the carbon and rh be the radius of hydrogen.
rc+rh =(½)a√3
a=[2(rc+rh)]/ √3

ans:1.42*10-1 cm

2.13
Fcovalent=e[(-0.25)(2.19-1.61^2)]
=0.919

Fionic=1-0.919
=0.081

2.14
Emg=1.2 Eo=3.5

Fcovalent=e[(-0.25)(3.5-1.2^2)]
=e-1.3225
=0.266468297
=0.266

Fionic=1-0.266
=0.736 of MgO is ionic

2.15
The electronegativity of Al is 1.5, while that of Ni is 1.8. These values are relatively close, so we
wouldn’t expect much ionic bonding. Also, both are metals and prefer to give up their electrons
rather than share or donate them.
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2.16
Ti – 1668 Zr – 1852 Hf – 2227
V – 1910 Nb – 2468 Ta – 2996
Cr – 1907 Mo – 2623 W – 3422
Mn – 1244 Tc – 2157 Re – 3186
Fe – 1538 Ru – 2334 Os – 3033
Co – 1495 Rh – 1963 Ir – 2447
Ni – 1453 Pd – 1552 Pt – 1769

For each row, the melting temperature is highest when the outer d energy level partially full. In Cr
there are five electrons in the 3d subshell, in Mo there are 5 electrons in the 4d subshell, In W there
are 4 electrons in the 5d subshell. In each column, the melting point increases as the atomic number
increases.

2.18
The atomic radius of beryllium is less than that of magnesium, therefore the interspacing between
the atoms of beryllium will be less. This leads to close packing of atoms of the element giving it
higher binding energy. As a result, the interatomic forces in beryllium material will be larger than
that of the magnesium material.

2.19
Electron in aluminium are not as tightly bonded as those in Boron due to the smaller size in boron
atoms and the lower binding energy associated with its size.

2.20
With magnesium ionically bonded to oxygen in MgO unlike the metallic bonding in Mg, a higher
force will be required to cause separation between ions in MgO compared to the atoms in Mg.
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2.21
Aluminium has weaker bonds compares to Aluminium oxide, therefore aluminium oxide will have a
lower coefficient of thermal expansion.

2.22
Silicon would have a higher modulus of elasticity compared to aluminium as it has covalent bonds.

2.23
Chains in polymers are held to other chains by Wan Der Waals bonds which are much weaker by
ionic, metallic and covalent bonds therefore less force is need to break these weak bonds and unkink
and straighten the chains.
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TUTORIAL 3

3.1

a) ao =4/31/2 R=0.3294
R= 0.3294nm*31/2 / 4
R= 1.426*10-8 cm

b) ao =81/2 R
0.4086nm=81/2 R
R=1.445*10-8 cm

3.2
a) (x)(0.4949nm) = (4)(0.175 nm)
x = 21/2
therefore structure is FFC

b) (x)(0.42906 nm) = (4)(0.1858 nm)

x =31/2
Therefore structure is BBC

3.3
a) 0.855Mg/m3 =(2 atoms/cell)(39.09 g/mol)/ (a0)3(6.02 × 1023 atoms/mol)
(a0)3 =1.518913563
a0 = 2.4*10-8 m

b) atomic radius= (31/2 *2.4 × 10−8 cm)/4

=1.0*10-8 m

3.4
a) 11.72Mg/m3 = (4 atoms/cell)(232 g/mol)
(a0)3(6.02 × 1023 atoms/mol)

a03 = 1.315297 × 10−22 cm3

a0 = 5.0 × 10−8 m

b) atomic radius= (21/2 *5.0 × 10−8 cm)/4

=1.7*10-8 m

3.5
2.6 Mg/m3 =(x atoms/cell)(87.62 g/mol)
(6.0849*10-10 m)3(6.02 *1023 atoms/mol)

X=4 therefore FCC

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3.7 7.286 Mg/m3 =(x atoms/cell)(114.82 g/mol)

(3.2517*10-10 m)2(4.9459*10-10m)(6.02 × 1023 atoms/mol)

=2 therefore body centred tetragonal

3.10
a) 1.848 Mg/m3 = (x atoms/cell)(9.01 g/mol)
(16.22 *1022 m3)(6.02 *1023 atoms/mol)

Ans: x = 2 atoms/cell
b) Packing factor=(2 atoms/cell)(4π/3)(0.1143 nm)3
0.01622 nm3

Ans: 0.77

3.14
Vunit cell = (4.04958×10-8 cm)3 = 6.6409 × 10−23 cm3

The volume of the foil is:

Vfoil = (100× 10-3m)2(25×10-6 m) = 2.5×10-7 m3 =2.5×10-1 cm3

a) number of unit cells=2.5×10-1 cm3

6.6409×10-23 cm3

Ans: 3.764549986 × 1021 unit cells

b) number=(2.5*10-3 cm)(1.015634664)= 6.27 × 104 cells

4.04958*10-8 cm

3.15
Direction A
Head(0 1 0) Tail(0 1 1)
Head-Tail=(0 1 0)-(0 1 1)
=(0 0 -1)

Ans: (0 1 ̅1)

Direction B
Head (½ 0 0 ) Tail (0 1 0)
Head-Tail=(½ 0 0 )- (0 1 0)
=(½ -1 0)
=(1 -2 0)

Ans: (1 2̅ 0)
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Direction C
Head(0 1 1) Tail(1 0 0)
Head-Tail=(0 1 1)-(1 0 0)
=(-1 1 1)

Ans: (1̅ 1 1)

Direction D:
head (1 0 ½) Tail (0 ½ 1)
Head-Tail= (1 0 ½)-(0 ½ 1)
=(2 -½ -½)
=(2 -1 -1)

Ans: (2 1̅ 1̅)

3.16

Direction A
Head(0 0 1) Tail(1 0 0)
Head-Tail=(0 0 1)-(1 0 0)
=(-1 0 1)

Ans: (1̅ 0 1)

Direction B
Head (1 0 1) Tail (½ 1 0)
Head-Tail=(1 0 1)- (½ 1 0)
=(½ -1 1)

Ans: (1 2̅ 2)

Direction C
Head(1 0 0) Tail(0 ¾ 1)
Head-Tail=(1 0 0)-(0 ¾ 1)
=(1 -¾ -1)
=(4 -3 -4)

Ans: (4 3̅ 4̅)

Direction D:
head (0 1 ½) Tail (0 0 0)
Head-Tail= (0 1 ½)-(0 0 0)
=(0 1 ½)
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=(0 2 1)

Ans: (0 2 1)