Impact of Artesian Pressure on Foundation:

A Case Study
Shashank Singh Bhadouria1 Romy Parihar2 Ankur Tyagi3
1
M.Tech (Structural Engineering), Student of department of civil engineering, Vikrant group of institution, Gwalior
2
Assistant professor, department of civil engineering, Vikrant group of institution, Gwalior
3
Assistant professor, department of civil engineering, Vikrant group of institution, Gwalior

Abstract: This paper provides a detailed description of bottom plug failure and describes the construction method that is
suitably safe and appropriate for installation of deep foundations that require breaching of the confining layer of an artesian
aquifer. The case study covers the Investigations done for the bridge across River Chambal on the Ater-Jaitpur Road reveal
the occurrence of multiple layers at different depths with artesian ground water flow. The concept for foundation design in
such strata should consider three aspects , bed boiling (quick condition) should not develop even if maximum scour occurs,
during construction, a minimum soil cushion thickness should be available between foundation level and strata with artesian
flow and Construction false Steining to neutralize the effect of Artesian Pressure. Deep foundations embedded in artesian
aquifers can be the cause of serious problems during, and more importantly, after their installation, due to a
disproportionately high risk of washout during construction. In the case of well foundation, The failure in the bottom plug ,
error in sinkig the well, faults in false steining can trigger the sinking of the foundation after the final construction because
of upward movement of the soil particles and finally the erosion of the soil. These problems can be resolved by considering
the intermediate plug, construction of relief wells in the close vicinity of the failed plug and increment in bottom plug volume.
1.INTRODUCTION

An aquifer is defined as an underground layer of porous and permeable material such as fractured rock, gravel, sand, or silt within
which water flows and is stored. An artesian aquifer is an aquifer confined by an impermeable confining cover and contains
groundwater under positive pressure, as illustrate. The confinement and the positive water pressure causes the water level in a well
or borehole that breaches the confining layer to rise to a point where hydrostatic equilibrium is reached. It means, any breach of the
artesian aquifer that connects to atmospheric pressure (be it a well, a borehole or a shaft for deep foundation installation) would
induce an upward movement of the underground water and create ideal conditions for erosion and potentially result in instability and
ground settlement. Schematic depiction of an artesian aquifer. Artesian aquifers manifest themselves in nature as natural springs or
spring-fed lakes/ponds, or in rare instances as quicksand. Deep foundations embedded in artesian aquifers can cause serious problems
during, and more importantly, after installation. This is due to the disproportionately high risk of soil loss resulting from the
foundation elements inadvertently acting as wicks or openings potentially resulting in an upward migration of soil particles carried
by groundwater following the newly introduced pressure relief pathway to surface. For decades now, geotechnical investigations
that knowingly breach artesian aquifers have been conducted using elevated platforms and/or drilling under a head of slurry whether
by augering under a head of water or by circulation drilling using water or bentonite slurry as the flushing medium. In the worst risk
settings, this approach has been popular because it has been regarded as a method suitable for addressing the risks associated with
breaching of the confining layer of an artesian aquifer. But these traditional proaches, while well-intentioned, were as often as not,
entirely feeble in counteracting all the bad things that can happen when the confining layer of an artesian aquifer is breached.

Deep foundations under the artesian conditions can

cause serious problems during, and after installation.
This is due to the high risk of soil loss resulting from the
foundation elements inadvertently acting as wicks or
openings potentially resulting in an upward migration of
soil particles carried by groundwater following the
newly introduced pressure relief pathway to surface.
This has been the most popular because it can manage
the risks associated with breaching of the confining
layer of an artesian aquifer.

Fig 1:- Artesian Water Pressure

2. Literature Review

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2.1 Jim Bruce, [1] have discussed a case study, detailing a recent application of this appropriate approach at an urban transportation
infrastructure construction project requiring deep foundations in Richmond Hill, Ontario. Deep foundations, in the form of soil-
bonded Micropiles, constructed with extra reinforcement in order to be suitably stiff to satisfy the Structural Engineer’s requirements,
were advanced into an artesian aquifer locally notorious for causing problems. The artesian aquifer that underlies this site exhibits a
head pressure of 2 meters above ground elevation. Keller, operating at the time as Geo-Foundations Contractors, designed and
installed high-capacity, soil-bonded Micropiles to support the new bridge abutments. Micropiles were successfully embedded in the
artesian aquifer, without any negative impacts during or after their construction

2.2 Henry G. Haley [2] has described about 15,000 uncontrolled flowing wells, many discharging water of poor quality are
wastefully discharging about 790 million gallons per day by surface and internal flow. Internal Flow in principal problem areas in
14 countries is estimated at 550 million gallons per day. Fourteen principal problem areas have been identified in Brevard charlotte,
clay, De Soto, Duval, Flagler, Glades, Hendry, Hillsborough, Lee, Manatee, Martin, Nassau, and Sarasota Countries. In many areas,
uncontrolled discharge over the years has caused a decline in the potentiometric surface locally and regionally, and a deterioration
of the potable water aquifers. Programs for control of flowing wells are being carried on by state, municipal, or federal agencies in
21 countries.

2.3.M.Heidarzadeh [3]have reported engineering experiences from the critical task of relief well installation under high artesian
flow conditions at the downstream toe of the Karkheh earth dam, Iran. Due to the establishment of excessive uplift pressure at the
downstream toe of the Karkheh dam, installation of a series of new relief wells was considered to permanently relieve part of these
pressures. The mentioned uplift pressure, as high as around 30 m above the ground level, was produced in a confined conglomerate
aquifer bounded above and below by relatively impervious mudstone layers which reduced the safety factor of the dam toe to below
1.0. Investigations on the shortcomings of the old relief wells installed at the dam site showed that the main problems were:
insufficient well numbers, insufficient well diameters, irregular well screens causing their blockage by time passing, and insufficient
total opening area. Despite engineering difficulties and associated risk of downstream toe instability, installation of new relief wells
was successfully completed under high artesian flow conditions”.

2.4. Jun-Zhi Wang [4] have reported that flowing artesian wells could be topographically controlled, there is no quantitative
research on artesian flow conditions in unconfined aquifers. In this study, the water table, which has a lower amplitude than the land
surface, is damped from the topography and used as the boundary condition to obtain the analytical solution of hydraulic head of a
unit basin with a single flow system. The maximum artesian head and the size of artesian zones are found to increase with the
damping factor and the anisotropy ratio, and decrease with the ratio of basin width to depth and the depth-decay exponent of hydraulic
conductivity. Moreover, the artesian head increases with depth nearby the valley and decreases with depth near by the divide, and
the variation rates are influenced by the decay exponent and the anisotropy ratio.

2.5. Sanjay Gupta [5] have deeply studied the bridge across River Shivganga on the Kohalpur-Mahakali Highway in the Terai
region. of southwestern Nepal reveal the occurrence of multiple layers at different depths with artesian ground water flow. The
concept for foundation design in such strata should consider three aspects. (a) bed boiling (quick condition) should not develop even
if maximum scour occurs, (b) during construction, a minimum soil cushion thickness should be available between foundation level
and strata with artesian flow, and (c) for long term stability, the bearing capacity at artesian level should be computed using effective
stress principle.

2.6. Anthony Wade Fisher[6] This study used 349 wells installed throughout the basin’s four-aquifer system to delineate the spatial
distribution of the 86 wells that have gone artesian between 1995 and 2015. Artesian wells within all four aquifers occur at elevations
below 5.2 meters above sea level (MASL) but predominantly below 3.0 MASL. Even at lower elevations, artesian conditions do not
occur in regions of major pumping owing to significant drawdown. Within topographically low regions, wells may not be artesian
where wellheads are located at higher elevations, such as on a levee or other elevated landforms.

2.7. Marta DolezalovaIvo Hladik [7] have investigated The Jiri Open-Pit Coalmine, with its highly productive coal measure, is
located in a protected region of the Czech Republic that is famous for its spas and artesian thermal springs. A pressurized aquifer
underlies the mine. The mining advance is limited by the hazard of potential hydraulic fracturing and resultant flooding of the mine,
as well as by serious changes to the hydro geological conditions of the whole region. To prevent this hazard, the aquifer pressure
has been reduced by drainage wells. Between 1976 and the present time, estimates were made of the feasibility of the mining advance
at a minimum pressure head reduction, i.e. for the minimum environmental impact. An interactive procedure has been applied using
numerical models calibrated according to field measurements, and a monitoring system updated according to the numerical models.

2.8. Ronaldo Luna[8]. The paper presents a summary of the installation of instrumentation and results of the monitoring program
of Micropiles foundations during construction of the Foothills Parkway Bridge No. 2. Data collected during the construction process
is uncommon among researchers. The results of this project hopefully assist Micropiles designers and contractors to produce more
efficient Micropiles designs in the future (Kershaw, 2011). The results explain the behavior of load transfer and its effects during
the construction timeline. In addition, a controlled load test using fully loaded dump trucks on the bridge deck was carried out

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towards the end of construction. The instrumentation is installed on the bridge substructure and available to researchers that wish
to continue the data collection with time.

2.9. Donald E. Splitstone [9] This paper discusses the complete evaluation of the structure, conducted concurrent with emergency
temporary shoring measures, including analysis of the original foundation system, and design, installation and testing of new
Micropiles foundation systems that replaced the inadequate deep foundations at both Pier 10S and Pier 10N

2.10. Daniel D. Uranowski [10]The bedrock for the site is comprised of crystalline dolomite with alternating beds of sandy, cherty
dolomite. Compressive strength test results for 2-inch diameter rock cores obtained during the subsurface investigation were
approximately 23,000 psi. The interface between the bedrock and the soil mantle is characterized by pinnacle formations with joint
channel development common. As expected, solution openings in the karstic region were encountered. Clay seams and voids were
encountered throughout the bedrock to depths exceeding 100-feet. Brayman traversed these soil and bedrock conditions until the
required rock socket length was penetrated in sound rock. Unlike Project No. 2, groundwater and artesian conditions were not
encountered in the majority of the holes. Both of these unique projects involved the use of Micropiles technologies in karstic
dolomite geologies. Soil and clay-filled seams, pinnacled rock formations, and voids left from the dissolving action of water in these
carbonate bedrock settings precluded the use of conventional drilled shaft and spread footing foundation systems. While artesian
conditions and high groundwater conditions were encountered at the SR 33 project, minimal groundwater was noticed for the
Pennsylvania State University project discussed herein.

2.11. Edmonton Shale Onur Kacar.[11]Have reported about high-Capacity Micropiles in Two high-capacity Micropiles load tests
were performed within the confines of cofferdams at the footprint of the bridge piers. The Micropiles installation method consisted
of partially cased drilling coupled with air flush. Not extending the casing to the bottom of the Micropiles hole enabled a faster
production rate. Using air flush instead of water flush reduced the need of equipment. Pile load tests showed that this installation
method was satisfactory in Edmonton Clay Shale. The satisfactory pile load tests showed that, Micropiles installed in shale can resist
significantly high axial loads. It was also confirmed that Micropiles are a viable deep foundation solution for major transportation
and bridge projects where interference with existing foundations are anticipated.

2.12. Anil Misra1 [12] have reported about Methods to calculate the pullout load-displacement behavior are important for the design
of Micropiles used for a variety of rehabilitation projects that require enhanced pullout capacity and vertical deflection control. The
“t-z” method is a widely used soil-structure interaction model for such load-displacement behavior. Using a “t-z” model and the
Monte Carlo simulation process, probability distributions were determined for Micropiles pullout capacity at the service limit state.
These probability distributions were analyzed to develop methods for determining the probability of Micropiles failure at the service
limit state.

2.13. Hossam Elbadry [13] have discussed the true harmful problems of the very deep deposits of very soft clay soils for structural
foundations. It is believed that the current used methods of geotechnical engineering improvement in soft clays are justified on the
basis that pre-knowledge of the potential problems can lead to economic benefits if the planning, design, and construction of projects
can be modified to suit the problems to provide increase of its strength, reduction of total and differential settlement, reasonable cost,
and shorten construction time. Therefore, the cost-effective alternatives play significantly an essential role to evaluate considerably
the efficiency among the widely used current methods in this true problematic field. From this considerable point, vast experience
has been acquired to solve this problem through soft ground improvement before turning to deep foundations which need
considerably huge cost especially for the very deep very soft ground. Unfortunately, the improvement magnitudes of the most widely
used current techniques do not suit even fairly with their required cost and their installation difficulty which need highest level of
accuracy.

2.14. Mohan Vasant Jatkar[14] have told that Long-span bridges with caisson foundations have been the preferred choice for
major river/creek bridges in view of the high cost of the foundations. The foundations of these bridges are usually very deep and the
construction proceeds at a relatively slow pace, with an element of uncertainty in the time required for completion. With better
equipment and corresponding quality control, construction of large-diameter pile foundations has emerged as a faster and reliable
option. Developments in pre-cast segmental construction have also contributed to a gradual shift in the preferred span and foundation
type to ensure much shorter construction periods.

3. The Project Description

The proposed bridge is across river Chambal is in Ater Jaitpur Road, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh border, India. In this
region the river run almost parallel to the both states. It is on the state highway SH-2 Bhind-Ater- Porsa and 25 km away from
Bhind. Fig 2 present a maps showing bridge alignment.

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3.1 The River Details.
The Chambal region is of geological significance. The area lies near the junction of
two different geological systems, namely Vindhyan system (geologically very old
system belonging to the Paleozoic era) and the Aravalis
system. The Chambal river valley throughout its course from Kota onwards,
till its confluence with Yamuna approximately represents the geological boundary
between these two systems. Chambal River Basin is located between latitudes 22°27'
and 27°20' and longitudes73°20' and 79°20'.There is substantial flow of underground
water due to the hydraulic gradient between the catchment area in the upstream hill
sand the Terai plains. Therefore, artesian conditions are encountered at many locations
in this area. It is equivalent to a flowing underground river and is to be treated as a
hydrodynamic aquifer. Fig 2 Vicinity Map

3.2 Site Stratigraphy and Measured Artesian Heads

Cross sectional profiles based on the investigation at Chambal river locations are presented here. These sections present the
distribution of the strata across the river along the bridge alignment. The artesian head measured as height of the water column above
the ground level at the borehole location at the time of the investigation is also shown on these illustrations.
Table -1 :- River Chambal Artesian Head & Description of Strata
Borehole Depth of Strata Measured Artesian Date of Description of Strata
No With artesian pressure.(M) Head above Measurement
GL (M)

P-1 6.8-7.55 2 29.07.2016 Fine Sand

P-2 13-21.76 3 15.07.2016 Coarse Sand with Boulder

P-3 11.65- 32.55 1 15.07.2016 Blackish soil with

clay patch fine gravels
P-4 25.77-42.14 2.5 15.07.2016 Yellow soil with clay patch
fine gravels
P-5 27.62-42.52 4 04.07.2016 Yellow soil with clay patch
fine gravels
4. The Proposed Foundation Design

The seventeen span bridge has two abutments. The total length of bridge 1000 m and the spans are 50.000 m long. The Low Water
Level (LWL) 80.00 m and the Normal Scour depth 24.07 m. The downward load at pier top is estimated to be about 550 Ton. For
such bridge with high load and substantial scour (12 m at pier location). it is normal practice to provide well foundation. For this
bridge, it was planned to provide 8.150 m Diameter Wells for the piers and 8.350 m Diameter for abutments.
For Dealing Artesian condition it has been divided in to two categories :-

i.) High Artesian Pressure ii.) Low Artesian Pressure

4(i) High Artesian Pressure

4.1 The Foundation Depth

On account of multiple artesian layers, the depth of foundation will depend upon the depth of each layer. In case the first artesian
layer is fairly deep, shallow well foundation with well tip in clayey strata, which is sufficiently above the strata with artesian pressure,
is a suitable foundation scheme.
In case of artesian layer being at shallow depth, the well foundation may be required to go deeper, crossing one or two artesian layers.
The well tip may be founded below the artesian layer, preferably in clay layer, which is sufficiently above the underlying artesian
layer.
A deep well with well tip in sand layer may be required in some cases depending upon the stratigraphy. Construction / sinking of the
well should be done during the fair weather season during which the artesian pressures are relatively small. In this case, adequate
precautions should be taken to ensure that the bridge remains stable even during the worst situation.

4.2 Design Criteria

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In addition to the usual checks for bearing capacity safety factor and settlement of the well foundation under the anticipated load,
foundation design in strata with artesian flow is governed by the following technical considerations:

(i) The stability of riverbed is to be ensured against boiling due to artesian pressures (quick condition) from various layers, if
scouring up to maximum scour level takes place.(ii) It should be ensured that sufficient soil cushion is available between foundation
tip level and the artesian level, so that the artesian pressure does not puncture through soils below

4.3 Stability of River Bed (Bed Boiling)

The stability of bed against quick condition under maximum scour condition is to be checked for the foundation system. In case, due
to artesian conditions, bed boiling (quick condition) is likely to take place, necessary bed protection will be required to minimize
scouring and to avoid instability due to boiling of bed. If effective overburden pressure at artesian level during the time the maximum
scour has occurred becomes negative (less than 0),“bed boiling” (quick condition) will occur. The artesian will puncture through the
overburden resulting in instability of the riverbed. Effective overburden pressure at artesian Level

q′ = ϒt a – u where, (1)

ϒt = bulk density of soil

a = thickness of soil strata between max. scour level and artesian level = RL of scour level − RL of artesian level
u = Pore water pressure= Maximum expected artesian pressure in artesian layer.
= ϒw [(RL of GL − RL of strata with artesian head) + p]
ϒw = unit weight of water
p = artesian head above ground level
To protect the bed from boiling (q′ ≤ 0), adequate bed protection should be done so as to avoid instability. The bed protection should
be done upstream and downstream of the structure up to sufficient length so that the shifting nature of the artesian point, which
could trigger bed boiling does not endanger the stability of the structure.

4.4 Soil Cushion Thickness

At the well tip level, it is essential that the soil cushion between the well tip and the artesian (sand) layer is sufficient to resist the
uplift pressure due to the artesian condition. This condition is most critical during the construction period. While the well is being
sunk, the water level inside the well should be maintained above ground level or water level in the river, whichever is higher. If
boiling is observed while sinking, water level inside the well should be increased to create a positive head so as to counter balance
the artesian head by provision of false Steining.

Downward Pressure = Water head inside well+ pressure due to soil cushion

= h1 ϒw + χ ϒt (2)

Uplift Pressure, u = Maximum expected artesian pressure at layer below well tip

= (h1 + χ + p)ϒw (3)

For stability purpose,

h1 ϒw + χ ϒt ≥ (h1 + χ + p)ϒw (4)

h1 = depth of well tip below ground level;

ϒw = unit weight of water;
χ = thickness of soil cushion between well tip and underlying sand (artesian level) layer

Hence, χ ≥ pϒw / ϒ′
Minimum Thickness of Soil cushion should be equal topϒw/ϒ′ for factor of safety equal to 1.0.

4.5 Fixing of Foundation Level

Due to multiple layers with artesian flow, shallow wells were preferred over deep wells. Analysis for bed boiling condition indicated
that for maximum scour, the artesian may puncture through the overlying strata. For the stability of the shallow wells, it was decided
to provide bed protection in the vicinity of the bridge on both upstream and downstream side. Once bed protection is provided, scour
will not occur. The wells were kept above the artesian layer, ensuring adequate soil cushion thickness. At few pier locations, sand
layer was encountered at the proposed well founding level. At such locations, the well tip was taken deeper, beyond the top sand
layer, which is liable to experience artesian pressure during the life of the bridge. The well tip was founded on an underlying clayey
5
silt stratum. During construction, false Steining was provided above GL, where required as per site conditions, so that the artesian
water does not cause sand boiling.

4(ii). Low Artesian Pressure

Establishment of artesian at foundation of bridge has been a common geotechnical difficulty observed in many bridge projects
throughout the world. As such artesian may result in destabilize foundation and consequently endanger the bridge safety
monitoring of artesian at bridge foundation and strengthen the stability of bridge against it is of critical importance. The most
effective engineering solution to improve bridge safety against artesian is :

4.1 The Construction of False Steining

However, for bridge sites where low water pressure are established under artesian
condition, Construction of false Steining serves as useful long-term solution because
they relieve regional artesian head. The installation of false Steining is done with
utmost care below G.L. The wooden piles are driven below and spacing of 300 mm/c.c
is maintained. It provides the water tightening and stabilization of the soil. The
platform is constructed with double the diameter of the well and piles are driven along
the boundary and sand bags are placed between the piles. This behaves like a coffer
dam. Fig 3 False Steining

Bottom Plug. After placing well to the Founding Level it's necessary to be Bottom Plugged or Seal Plugged and checked for
Soundness test i.e. As per MORTH ,rate of water must be 10 cm/hr. But, when there is Artesian Pressure present below at
Founding Level it's impossible to plug well as a result cement will be washed out in
plugging and there will be segregation of aggregate so the plug will fail..

Afflux : - To Neutralize the effect of artesian pressure we need to build a structure up

to the height of artesian head above ground level. Building Well cap up to the height of
artesian head above ground level will disturb the natural waterway thereby increasing
afflux of bridge which will require fresh design.

Although, to neutralize the effect of both false Steining is considered as a effective

solution by building false Steining up to the height of artesian head above ground level
will neutralize the negative artesian pressure. Fig 4 False Steining
To neutralize the afflux, False Steining is constructed with thickness of 300 mm and 4 m height which can be dismantle at the
designed top level of well cap.

5. Results and Discussion

5.1. The well foundation design worked well for the four well but due to sudden artesian pressure P5 bottom plug failed. We haven’t
done false Stening in borehole ( P5) because at the time of plugging there was no artesian pressure. During plugging artesian
pressure rose, which was tough to differentiate that rate of increase in water is due to Bottom Plug or due to artesian pressure. So,
At the time of plugging no safety measure was adopted to stop artesian. As a result the soundness test failed due to artesian. This
paper covers the literature at global level and the some case studies show the following solutions where the bottom plug or the deep
foundation fails.

5.2 Construction of relief well to transfer artesian pressure and additional bottom plug (2-5 m3)can also be provided.

CONCLUSION

The case study presented in this paper describes the practical problem encountered while executing the well foundation design in
India under artesian environment. The construction of deep foundation under the presence of multiple artesian layers have not
been investigated so far. I have been working on the site and have observed the failure of the bottom plug in one of the bore. All
the possible measures were taken and bottom plug construction did begun when artesian water level was found to be stable. But
suddenly water level started increasing and it resulted in bottom plug failure. I have investigated many similar case studies as
described in the literature. The negative contribution of the artesian pressure can be balanced by minimum soil cushion thickness
and false steining. This can be termed as the failure due to “bed boiling”. It has transpired through the discussion with senior
technical heads that the intermediate plugs can be constructed when the bottom plug fails, the relief well can also be tried and
the plug volume can be increased from 2-5 cubic meter. In India we must be very serious in bridge technology. The well
foundation method should be modified by making a long term research. The testing seems to be very costly and therefore, we
need to find out new methods to test the soil . The manpower employed must be trained. The future research is motivated by
failure of bridges in the recent past. The direction of the research can be set by testing the micropiles in artesian condition.

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