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DBMS & SQL queries

DBMS & SQL Queries

Session - 2009 -10

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Name: Prabhat Kumar Kanika Mahajan

Class: BCA IInd Concerned Lect. in DBMS

Class Roll no. 06 Ashoka college of Computer Education

Examination Roll no………………... Ashoka College of Computer Education |

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Certificate

This is certified that the practical file

belongs to Prabhat Kumar, Class roll
no. 06 and Examination Roll
no…………of session 2009-10 and
has completed all the practical in the
college computer lab under our
guidance and his behavior in the
college is good.

Teacher Incharge Principal

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Index
S. no. Name of practical Remarks
1. Database, DBMS definition
2. Introduction to SQL
3. Components of SQL, Data types
4. SQL Queries create, insertion
5. Create a table
6. Describe the table
7. Insert the values
8. To view the table
9. Sorting the data
10. To rename the table
11. Delete a particular row
12. Lower case
13. Upper case
14. Drop the table
15. Maximum
16. Minimum
17. Average
18. Like
19. Between
20. Primary key
21. Unique key
22. Count
23. Sum
24. Alter
25. Update

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Database
A database is an organized collection of facts. In other words, we can say that it is
a collection of information arranged and presented to serve an assigned purpose.

An example of a database is a dictionary

Database Management System

Database management system, or DBMS, is a computer software program that is
designed as the means of managing all databases that are currently installed on a
system hard drive or network. Different types of database management systems
exist, with some of them designed for the oversight and proper control of databases
that are configured for specific purposes. Here are some examples of the various
incarnations of DBMS technology that are currently in use, and some of the basic
elements that are part of DBMS software applications.

As the tool that is employed in the broad practice of managing databases, the
DBMS is marketed in many forms. Some of the more popular examples of DBMS
solutions include Microsoft Access, FileMaker, DB2, and Oracle. All these
products provide for the creation of a series of rights or privileges that can be
associated with a specific user. This means that it is possible to designate one or
more database administrators who may control each function, as well as provide
other users with various levels of administration rights. This flexibility makes the
task of using DBMS methods to oversee a system something that can be centrally
controlled, or allocated to several different people.

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Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL)

Structured query language is a language that provides an interface to relational
database systems. SQL was developed by IBM in the 1970s for use in system R,
and is a de facto standard, as well as an ISO and ANSI standard. SQL is often
pronounced SEQUEL.

SQL has been a command language for communication with the oracle 9i server
from any tool or application. Oracle SQL contains many extensions. When an SQL
statement is entered, it is stored in a part of memory called the SQL buffer and
remains there until a new SQL statement is entered.

Features of Structured query language (SQL)

SQL can be used by a range of users, including those with little or no

programming experience.

 It is a nonprocedural language.
 It reduces the amount of time required for creating and maintaining systems.
 It is English like language.

Components of SQL
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1) DDL (Data Definition Language):- It is a set of SQL commands used to create,

modify and delete database structures but not data. They are normally used by the DBA
not by user to a limited extent, a database designer or application developer. These
statements are immediate i.e. they are not susceptible to ROLLBACK commands. It
should also be noted that if several DML statements for example UPDATES are executed
then issuing any DDL command would COMMIT all the updates as every DDL
command implicitly issues a COMMIT command to the database. Anybody using DDL
must have the CREATE object privilege and a table space area in which to create objects.

For example: - CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, COMMENT etc.

2) DML (Data Manipulation Language):- It is the area of SQL that allows changing
data within the database.

Examples:-INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE etc.

3) DCL (Data Control Language):- It is the component of SQL statement that control
access to data and to the database. Occasionally DCL statements are grouped with DML
statements.

Examples: - COMMIT, SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK etc.

4) DQL (Data Query Language):- It is the component of SQL statement that allows
getting data from the database and imposing ordering upon it. It includes the SELECT
statement. This command is the heart of SQL. It allows getting the data out of the
database perform operations with it. When a SELECT is fired against a table or tables the
results is compiled into a further temporary table, which is displayed or perhaps received
by the program i.e. a front-end.

Examples: - SELECT retrieve data from the database.

Oracle data types

Data types come in several forms and sizes, allowing the programmer to create tables suited to
the scope of the project. The decisions made in choosing proper data types greatly influence the
performance of a database. The information in the database is maintained in the form of tables

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and each table consists of rows and columns, which store data and therefore this data must have
some data type i.e. the type of data, which is stored in the table.

The different types of data types in Oracle are:-

 CHAR
 VARCHAR (size) or VARChAR2 (size)
 NUMBER
 DATE
 LONG.

 CHAR: - This data types is used to store character strings values of fixed
length. The size in brackets determines the number of characters the cell can
hold. The maximum number of characters (i.e. the size) this data type can
hold is 255 characters. The data held is right- padded with spaces to whatever
length specified.

 VARCHAR or VARCHAR2:- This data type is used to store variable length

alphanumeric data. It is a more flexible form of the CHAR data type. The
maximum this data type can hold up to 4000 characters. One difference
between this data type and char data type is oracle compares varchar values
using non padded comparison semantics i.e. the inserted values will not be
padded with spaces. VARCHAR can hold 1 to 255 characters. Varchar is
usually a wiser choice than char due to its variable length format
characteristics but keep in mind that char is much faster than varchar
sometimes up to 50%.
 NUMBER: - The number data type is used to store numbers (fixed or floating
point).The precision (P) determines the length of the data while(s), the scale,
determines the number of places after the decimal. The NUMBER data type
that is used to store number data can be specified either to store integers or
decimals with the addition of a parenthetical precision indicator. If we do not
use then the default value is 0 and if we don’t use precision then by default
value stored can be of 38 digits.

 DATE:- The DATE data type stores date and time information. Although date
and time information can be represented in both character and number data
types, the DATE data type has special associated properties. For each DATE

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value, Oracle stores the following information: century, year, month, date,
hour, minute, and second.

 LONG:- LONG columns store variable-length character strings containing up

to 2 gigabytes, or 231-1 bytes. LONG columns have many of the characteristics
of VARCHAR2 columns. You can use LONG columns to store long text strings.
The length of LONG values may be limited by the memory available on your
computer

The use of LONG values is subject to some restrictions:

 A table can contain only one LONG column.

 You cannot create an object type with a LONG attribute.
 LONG columns cannot appear in WHERE clauses or in integrity constraints (except that they can
appear in NULL and NOT NULL constraints).
 LONG columns cannot be indexed.
 A stored function cannot return a LONG value.
 You can declare a variable or argument of a PL/SQL program unit using the LONG datatype.
However, you cannot then call the program unit from SQL.
 Within a single SQL statement, all LONG columns, updated tables, and locked tables must be
located on the same database.

QUERY

A query is a concise memo submitted to an editor by a writer seeking publication. It is basically

an in query to see whether the writer’s work is of interest to a particular publication. A query
briefly details a writer’s experience and knowledge of the subject matter, and gives a summary or
synopsis of the article the writer hopes to have published. An approximate word count for the
proposed article or feature is also generally included.

1) THE CREATE TABLE COMMAND :- The CREATE TABLE command defines each
column of the table uniquely. Each column
has a minimum of three attributes, a name, data type and size (i.e. column width).

Syntax: - CREATE TABLE<table name>(<column Name 1> <data type>(<size>),

<columnname2> <data type>(<size>));

Example:

SQL> create table student(name varchar(23),roll_no number(12),class

varchar2(12),address varchar(23));

Table created.

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2) THE INSERTION OF DATA INTO TABLE: - Once a table is created, the most
natural thing to do is load this with data to be
manipulated later i.e. to insert the rows in a table. The data in a table can be inserted
in three ways.

Syntax:-INSERT INTO <table name >(<columnname1>,<columnname2>)

VALUES(<expression1>,<expression 2>);

OR

INSERT INTO <tablename>VALUES(<expression1 >,<expression2> );

OR

INSERT INTO <tablename> VALUES(‘<&columnname1>’ ,’<&columnname2>’);

Example:-

SQL> insert
intostudent(name,roll_no,class,address)values('Prabhat',06,'BCA',Hat
limore');

1 row created.

Or

SQL> insert into student values('kishore',01,'BCA','Nagri');

1 row created.

Or

SQL> insert into student

values('&name','&roll_no','&class','&address');

Enter value for name: Amarjeet

Enter value for roll_no: 30

Enter value for class: BCA

Enter value for address: airwan

old 1: insert into student

values('&name','&roll_no','&class','&address')

new 1: insert into studen values('Atinder','04','BCA','Sawan

chack')

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1 row created.

FOR inserting more values we use ‘/’ slash after SQL> as below but after above syntax
used:

SQL> /

Enter value for name: Vinay

Enter value for roll_no: 08

Enter value for class: BCA

Enter value for address: Barnoti

old 1: insert into student

values('&name','&roll_no','&class','&address')

new 1: insert into studen values('Vinay','08','BCA','Barnoti')

1 row created.

3) FOR VIEWING DATA IN THE TABLE: - Once data has been inserted into a
table, the next most logical operation would be to view
what has been inserted. The SELECT SQL verb is used to achieve this. The
SELECT command is used to retrieve rows selected from one or more tables.
Syntax: - SELECT * FROM <table name>;
If we want to see all the tables that are already exist in the database .we use
SELECT * FROM TAB;
Example:-
SQL> select * from student;

NAME ROLL_NO CLASS ADDRESS

----------------------- ---------- ------------ ----------
Prabhat 06 BCA Hatlimore
Kishore 01 BCA Nagri
Amarjeet 30 BCA airwan
Vinay 08 BCA barnoti

1 row created.

When we use the command SELECT* FRM TAB; the output is displayed as:-
SQL> select * from tab;

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TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
ABC TABLE
ANKU TABLE
BONUS TABLE
DEPARTMENTS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
EMPLOYEE TABLE
EMPLOYEES TABLE
STUDENT TABLE

9 rows selected.

4) ELIMINATION OF DUPLICATE ROWS :- A table could hold duplicate rows in

such a case, only unique rows the distinct clause can
be used.
Syntax: - SELECT DISTINCT <column name 1>,<column name2> FROM <table name> ;
This syntax will give the unique values of column 1 and column 2.
Example:-
SQL> select distinct name,roll_no from student;

NAME ROLL_NO
-------------------- ----------
Prabhat 06

Syntax:- SELECT DISTINCT * from <tablename>;

Example:-
SQL> Select DISTINCT * from student;

NAME ROLL_NO CLASS ADDRESS

------------------ -------- ------------ ----------
Prabhat 06 BCA Hatlimore
5) SORTING DATA IN A TABLE: - Oracle allows data from a table to be viewed in
sorted order. The rows retrieve from the table will be
sorted either in ascending or descending order depending on the condition specified in the
select sentence.
Syntax: - SELECT * FROM <tablename>ORDER BY<column name1>,<column name 2>
<[sort order]>;
Example:-
SQL> SELECT * FROM STUDENT ORDER BY name;

NAME ROLL_NO CLASS ADDRESS

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----------------------- ---------- ------ ---------------

Amarjeet 30 BCA airwan
Atinder 04 BCA sawanchak
Dushyant 34 BCA jagatpur
Kishore 01 BCA Nagri
Prabhat 06 BCA Hatlimore
Vinay 08 BCA barnoti

6 rows selected

SQL> SELECT*FROM STUDENT ORDER BY name desc;

NAME ROLL_NO CLASS ADDRESS

----------------------- ---------- ------------ --------------

Vinay 08 BCA barnoti

Prabhat 06 BCA Hatlimore
Kishore 01 BCA Nagri
Dushyant 34 BCA jagatpur
Atinder 04 BCA sawanchak
Amarjeet 30 BCA airwan

6 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT * FROM STUDEN ORDER BY roll_no desc;

NAME ROLL_NO CLASS ADDRESS

----------------------- ---------- ------------ ---------------

Kishore 01 BCA Nagri

Atinder 04 BCA sawanchak
Prabhat 06 BCA Hatlimore
Vinay 08 BCA barnoti
Amarjeet 30 BCA airwan
Dushyant 34 BCA jagatpur

6 rows selected.

6) MODIFYING THE STRUCTURE OF TABLES: - The structure of a table can be

modified by using the ALTER TABLE
command. ALTER TABLE allows changing the structure of an existing table. With
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ALTER TABLE it is possible to add or delete columns, create or destroy indexes,

changes the data type of existing columns, or rename columns or the table itself.
(a) ADDING NEW COLUMNS
Syntax: - ALTER TABLE <Table name> ADD(<New column Name> <data type>
(<size>),<new column name><data type>(<size>)….);
Example:-

(b) DROPPING A COLUMN FROM A TABLE

Syntax: - ALTER TABLE<TABLE NAME>DROP COLUMN<COLUMNNAME>;
Example:- alter table prabhu drop column name;

(c) MODIFYING EXISTING COLUMNS

Syntax: - ALTER TABLE<Table name>MODIFY(<COLUMN NAME> <NEW
DATATYPE>(<NEW SIZE>));
Example:- alter table prabhat modify(name varchar(22));

7) RENAMING TABLES: - Oracle allows renaming of tables. The rename operation

is done atomically, which means that no other thread can access any of
the tables while the rename process is running.
Syntax: - RENAME <Table name> to <New Tablename>
Example:-
SQL> rename student to candidates;

Table renamed.

8) DESTROYING TABLES:-
 DROP COMMAND: - By using the DROP TABLE statement with the table name we can
destroy a specific table .
Syntax: - DROP TABLE <table name>;
Example:--

SQL> Drop table student;

Table dropped.

 TRUNCATE COMMAND:- The truncate command is much faster in comparison to delete

statement but similar to the drop command as to destroy a specific
table.
Syntax:- TRUNCATE table <tablename>
Example:-

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SQL> truncate table employees;

Table truncated.
9) DISPLAYING THE TABLE STRUCTURE:- To display information about the
columns defined in a table use the following syntax.
Syntax: - DESCRIBE <table name>
This command displays the columns names, the data types and the special attributes
connected to the table.
Example: -

SQL> describe employees;

Name Null? Type

---------------------------------- -------- -----------
EMP_ID NUMBER(5)
EMP_NAME VARCHAR2(20)
DEPT_ID NUMBER(10)
DEPT_NAME NAME(12)
SALARY NUMBER(21)

10) UPDATING THE CONTENTS OF A TABLE: - The update command is used to

change or modify data values in a table. The
verb UPDATE in SQL is used to either all the rows from a table or a select set of rows
from a table.
 UPDATING ALL ROWS:- The update statement updates columns in the existing table’s
rows
with new values .The SET clause indicates which column data
should be modifying and the new values that they should hold. The WHERE CLAUSE
specifies which rows should be updated. Otherwise all table rows are updated.
Syntax: - UPDATE < Table name> SET <column name1>=<expression1> , <column
name2>=<expression2>;

 UPDATES RECORDS CONDITIONALLY:-

Syntax :- UPDATE <table name> SET <columnname1> = <expression1>, <columnname2>
= <expression2> WHERE <condition>;

CONSTRAINTS

11) NOT NULL:- The NOT NULL column constraint ensures that a table column cannot be left

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empty. When a column is defined as not null, then that column becomes a
mandatory column. It implies that a value must be entered into the column if the record is to
be accepted for storage in the table.
Syntax:- <Column Name> <data type>(<size>) NOT NULL ;
Example:-name varchar(22) not null;

THE PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT: - A primary is one or more column in a table

used to identify each row in a table. None of the fields that

are part of the primary key can contain a null value. A table can have only one primary
Syntax:- <Column name> <data type>(<size>) PRIMARY KEY
Example:-

SQL> create table student name varchar2(12), roll_no

number(12) primary key, class varchar2(21) NOT NULL, dob
date);
or
SQL> create table student(name varchar2(12), roll_no
number(12) constraint pk_roll primary key ,class varchar2(21)
not null, dob date);

12) THE FOREIGN KEY (SELF REFERENCE) CONSTRAINT:-Foreign key represent

relationships between
tables. A foreign key is a column (or a group of columns) whose values are derived from the
primary key or unique key of some other table. The table in which the foreign key is defined
is called a FOREIGN TABLE or DETAIL TABLE. The table that defines the primary or
unique key and is referenced by the foreign key is called the PRIMARY KEY or MASTER
KEY.
Syntax: - Foreign key (<column name>) REFERENCES <table name>(column name);
Example:-

SQL> create table department(dept_no number(10) primary

key,dept_name varchar2(25),dept_loc char(5,e_no number(11),
foreign key(e_no) references employee (e_no);

Table created

SQL> describe department;

Name Null? Type
-------------------------- -------- -------
DEPT_NO NOT NULL NUMBER(10)

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DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(25)
DEPT_LOC CHAR(5)
E_NO NUMBER(11).

13) THE UNIQUE KEY CONSTRAINT:- The unique key constraint permits multiple
entries of NULL into the column. These NULL values are
clubbed at the top of the column in the order in which they were entered into the table. This is
the essential difference between the primary key and the unique constraints when applied to
table column(s). Key point about UNIQUE constraint:
 Unique key will not allow duplicate values.
 Unique index is created automatically.
 A table can have more than one unique key which is not possible in primary key.

Syntax:- CREATE TABLE Table name (<columnName1> <datatype>(<size>),

<columnName2> <data type>(<size>),UNIQUE(<columnName1>, <columnName2>));
Example:-

SQL> create table student1(roll_no number(12)primary key,dob

date,name varchar2(20),class varchar2(2),e_mail varchar2(20)
constraint un_st unique);

Table created.

To see the description of the table.

SQL> Describe student1;

Name Null? Type

--------------------------------- -------- ----------
ROLL_NO NOT NULL NUMBER(12)
DOB DATE
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
CLASS VARCHAR2(20)
E_MAIL VARCHAR2(20)

ORACLE FUNCTIONS

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Oracle functions serve the purpose of manipulating data items and returning a result.
Functions are the programs that take zero or more arguments and return a single value. Oracle
has built a no. of functions into SQL. These functions can be called from SQL statements.

14) COUNT (expr) function: - Returns the number of rows where expression is not null.
Syntax: - COUNT ([<distinct>[<all>] <expr>)
Example:-

EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

--------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
1 sourabh 21 55000
2 sonu 22 55000
3 anku 4 55000
5 anku 21 55000
3 panku 22 75000

SQL> select count(distinct name) from employees;

COUNT(DISTINCTNAME)
-------------------
4

SQL> select count(salary) from employees;

COUNT(SALARY)
----------
5

15) COUNT (*) function: - Returns the number of rows in the table, including duplicates
and those with nulls.
Syntax: - COUNT(*)
Example:-

SQL> select count(*) from employees;

COUNT(*)
----------
5

SQL> select count(*)"salary" from employees;

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salary
----------
5

16) THE SUM FUNCTION: - Returns the sum of the values of ‘n’.
Syntax: - SUM ([<distinct>][<all>] <expr>)
Example:-

SQL> select sum (salary) from employees;

SUM(SALARY)
-----------
295000

17) THE MAX FUNCTION: - Returns the maximum value of expression.

Syntax: - MAX([<distinct>][<all>] <expr>)
Example:-

SQL> select max(salary) from employees;

MAX(SALARY)
-----------
75000

18) THE MIN FUNCTION: - Returns the minimum value of expression.

Syntax: - MIN ([<distinct>][<all>] <expression>)

Example:-
SQL> select min (salary) from employees;

MIN(SALARY)
-----------
55000

19) THE AVG FUNCTION: - Returns an average value of ‘n’, ignoring null values in a
column.

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Syntax: - AVG ([<distinct>][<all>] <n>);

Example:-

SQL> select avg(salary) from employees;

AVG(SALARY)
-----------
59000

20) LIKE OPREATOR :- The LIKE predicate allows comparison of one string value with
another string value, which is not identical. This is achieved by using
wildcard characters. Two wildcard characters that are available are:
 % allows to match any string of any length(including zero length)
 _allows to match on a single character.

Example:-

SQL> select emp_id,name,dept_id,salary from employees where

name like 'a%';

EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

------ ------- ----------- ---------
3 anku 4 55000
5 anku 21 55000
NOT LIKE OPERATOR:-

Example:-

SQL>select emp_id,name,dept_id,salary from employees where

name not like 'a%';

EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

--------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1 sourabh 21 55000
2 sonu 22 55000
3 panku 22 75000

SQL>select emp_id,name,dept_id,salary from employees where

name like '_n_u';

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EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

---------- ---------------- ---------- ----------
3 anku 4 55000
5 anku 21 55000

21) IN OPERATOR:- In case a value needs to be compared to a list of values then the IN
predicate is used. The IN predicates helps reduce the need to use
multiple OR conditions.
Example:-

SQL> select emp_id,name,dept_id,salary from employees where

dept_id in(20,22);

EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
2 sonu 22 55000
3 panku 22 75000

NOT IN OPERATOR:-

Example :-
SQL>select emp_id,name,dept_id,salary from employees where
dept_id not in(20,22);

EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

-------- -------------------- ---------- ----------

1 sourabh 21 55000
3 anku 4 55000
5 anku 21 55000

22) BETWEEN OPERATOR:-

SQL> select emp_id,name,dept_id,salary from employees where

dept_id between 22 and 30;

EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

--------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
2 sonu 22 55000

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3 panku 22 75000

SQL>select emp_id,name,dept_id,salary from employees where

dept_id between 11 and 21;

EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

--------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
1 sourabh 21 55000
5 anku 21 55000

STRING FUNCTIONS

23) UPPER function :- Returns char, with all letters forced to uppercase.
Syntax: - UPPER(char)
Example: -

SQL> select upper(name) from employees;

UPPER(NAME)
--------------------
SOURABH
SONU
ANKU
ANKU
PANKU

24) LOWER function: - Returns char, with all letters in lowercase.

Syntax: - LOWER(char)
Example:-

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SQL> select lower(name) from employees;

LOWER(NAME)
--------------------
sourabh
sonu
anku
anku
panku

25) INITCAP function: - Returns a string with the first letter of each word in upper case.
Syntax:- INITCAP(char)
Example:-

SQL> select initcap(name) from employees;

INITCAP(NAME)
--------------------
Sourabh
Sonu
Anku
Anku
Panku

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