Page |1

Inspection of the Testing Laboratory

EXPIREMENT #: 1

DISCUSSION:

The purpose of this laboratory exercises is to have the student become acquainted
with the material testing laboratory, the equipment available, and requirements of the course.

PREPARATORY READING

Appendix A, B, & C, ASTM E 380

PROCEDURE

1. Under the guidance of the staff member, visit the laboratory & observe where general
equipment is located.

2. Ienquire on the operation of the compression testing machine.

3. Make a list of the major types of equipment available. Note the units of calibration &
the dial divisions.
Make a Report that includes:

1. A guide to the laboratory with the major features indicated the sketch.

2. A brief description of each major testing machine & equipment’s. This should include
where appropriate, the factor necessary to convert the calibration units to the correct
SI units.

3. An assessment of the role of the course in your education

4. Sketch of the Floor Plan of the testing laboratory.

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1. metal pail/bucket
A bucket is typically
a watertight, vertical
cylinder or truncated
cone or square, with
an open top and a flat
bottom, attached to a
semicircular carrying
handle called the bail
A bucket is usually
an open-top
container. In
contrast, a pail can
have a top or lid and
is a shipping
container. In
common usage, the
two terms are often
used interchangeably.
Also it is used for
carrying and holding
things like aggregates
and liquids.

2. Set of sieves
A sieve, or sifter, is a
device for separating
wanted elements
from unwanted
material or for
characterizing the
particle size
distribution of a
sample of
aggregates , Sand ,
and other soil
particles. Sieve
analysis helps to
determine the
particle size
 Page |3

distribution of the
coarse and fine
aggregates. This is
done by sieving the
aggregates as per IS:
2386 (Part I) – 1963.
In this we use
different sieves as
standardized by the
IS code and then pass
aggregates through
them and thus collect
different sized
particles left over
different sieves.

3. Calculator
A calculator is a
device that performs
arithmetic operations
on numbers. The
simplest calculators
can do only addition,
subtraction,
multiplication, and
division. More
sophisticated
calculators can
handle exponent ial
operations, roots,
logarithm s,
trigonometric
functions, and
hyperbolic functions.
Internally, some
calculators actually
perform all of these
functions by repeated
processes of addition.
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4. Slump Cone

Slump Cone is a metal

mold in the form of a
truncated cone with a top
diameter of 4"(102mm), a
bottom diameter of
8"(203mm), and a height of
12"(305mm), used to
fabricate the specimen for
a slump test. A 2 ft (610
mm) long bullet nosed
metal rod, 5’’’ (16 mm) in
diameter

5. Various Moulds

Molding or moulding is the

process of manufacturing by
shaping liquid or pliable raw
material using a rigid frame
called a mold or matrix. This
itself may have been made
using a pattern or model of the
final object.

A mold or mould is a
hollowed-out block that is
filled with a liquid or pliable
material such as plastic, glass,
metal, or ceramic raw material.
The liquid hardens or sets
inside the mold, adopting its
shape. A mold is the
counterpart to a cast. The very
common bi-valve molding
process uses two molds, one
for each half of the object.
 Page |5

Articulated moulds have

multiple pieces that come
together to form the complete
mold, and then disassemble to
release the finished casting;
they are expensive, but
necessary when the casting
shape has complex overhangs.
Piece-molding uses a number
of different molds, each
creating a section of a
complicated object. This is
generally only used for larger
and more valuable objects.

Universal Testing Machine

An instrument so designed
that it is capable of exerting a
tensile, compressive, or
transverse stress on a
specimen under test. Further,
it can be adapted for the
determination of Brinell
hardness, ductility, cold bend,
and other properties. The
machine consists essentially of
three systems: loading,
weighing, and indicating, the
loading being applied either
mechanically or hydraulically
 Page |6

Pressure Gauge

Many techniques have been

developed for the
measurement of pressure
Instruments used to measure
pressure are called pressure
gauges

Tamping Rod
Tamping rods are
dimensionally accurate rods
used to tamp fresh concrete
into cylinder molds and slump
cones to eliminate voids and
excess air. Measures: 5/8"
diameter x 24" length For use
with slump cones, 6" x 12"
concrete cylinder molds and
pressure meters Also available;
3/8" diameter x 12" length, 5/8"
diameter x 12" length, and
graduated 5/8" diameter x 24"
length

Thermometer

an instrument for measuring

and indicating temperature,
typically one consisting of a
narrow, hermetically sealed
glass tube marked with
graduations and having at
one end a bulb containing
mercury or alcohol which
extends along the tube as it
expands.
 Page |7

Electric Oven

Laboratory ovens are ovens

for high-forced volume
thermal convection
applications. These ovens
generally provide uniform
temperatures throughout.
Process applications for
laboratory ovens can be for
annealing, die-bond curing,
drying, Polyimide baking,
sterilizing, and other
industrial laboratory
functions. Typical sizes are
from one cubic foot to 0.9
cubic meters (32 cu ft) with
temperatures that can be
over 340 degrees Celsius.
 Page |8

Digging equipments

Knowing the range of

digging tools available and
what each of them is
designed to do will help you
choose the right digging
tool for the job.Shovels and
Spades. Despite what most
people think, a shovel and a
spade are not the same
thing. Trowels, Garden or
Spading Forks Pick and
Mattock, Hoes.
 Page |9

Reducing Field Samples of Aggregates to Testing Size

EXPIREMENT #: 2

DISCUSSION:

The correct method of obtaining a sample of aggregates for mechanical analysis is

an important aspect of Material Testing. The purpose of this exercises is to obtain a
representative sample for testing.

PREPARATORY READING

 ASTM Designation C 702

 AASHTO Designation T 2-74

ESSETIAL EQUIPMENT and MATERIALS

1. Representative sample of aggregates

2. Spade
3. Container
4. Standard sieve, 1”
5. Sample splitter (optional)

TESTING PROCEDURE:

1. Take a representative sample of sand and gravel.

2. Wash it thoroughly with water so that it will be free from silt and decay.
3. Dry the sample.
4. Pass it to one-inch sieve and disregard the sample which is more than one inch in
diameter.
5. Make a mound & divide it into four parts. Take the opposite division for mechanical
analysis of aggregates.
6. In case a sample divider is available pair the sample into the divider and retain the
sample poured on one side.
 P a g e | 10

SIZE OF SAMPLES

Mm Inches Minimum of field Weight samples

9.5 3/8 Lb Kg

12.5 ½ 10 5

19 ¾ 20 10

25 1 30 25

37.5 1½ 50 30

50 2 70 40

63 2½ 90 45

75 3 100 60

90 3½ 150 65

OBSERVATIONS:

The field samples of aggregate must generally be reduced to an appropriate size for testing
to determine physical characteristics, such as, sieve analysis, soundness, hardness, etc. The
methods described in this test method are intended to minimize variations in the aggregate
characteristics between the smaller test sample and the larger field sample.

CONCLUSIONS:

These methods cover the reduction of soil samples to testing size employing
techniques that are intended to minimize variation in measured characteristics between the
test samples selected and the field sample. Specifications, for aggregate require sampling
portion of the material for testing. Other factors being equal, larger samples will tend to be
more representative of the total supply. These methods for reducing the large sample
obtained in the field to a convenient size. This is for the purpose of conducting a number of
tests to describe the material and measure its quality in manner that the smaller portion is
most likely to be a representative of the field sample and thus the total supply.
 P a g e | 11

DOCUMENTATION:
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Determination of Surface Moisture of Course Aggregates

EXPIREMENT #: 3

DISCUSSION:

This method of test covers procedures for determining in the field. The amount of
surface moistures in fine aggregates by displacement in water. The accuracy of the method
depends upon accurate information on the bulk specific gravity of the material in a saturated
surface-dried condition. The same procedure, with appropriate changes in the size of sample
and dimensions of the container may be applied to course aggregates.
STANDARD No.:

 ASTM C 70-75

 ASSHTO 7-142-74
ESSETIAL EQUIPMENT and MATERIALS
1. Sample of aggregates
2. Balance
3. Flask

TESTING PROCEDURE:
1. The surface water content may be determined either by weight or volume in each cause
the test shall be made at a temperature range of 18° to 29°C (65° to 85°)
2. Determination by weight – fill the container to the mark with water and determine the
weight in grams. Empty the container and place enough water in it to cover the sample
0introduce the weighted sample of the course aggregates into the container & remove
the entrained air. Fill the container to the original mark and determined the weight in
grams calculate the amount of water displaced by the sample as follows.

Vs = Wc + Ws – W
where;
Vs = weight displaced the sample g.
 P a g e | 13

Wc = weight of the container filled to the mark with water, g.

Ws = weight of the sample, g.
W = weight of the container of sample, filled to the mark with water, g.

3. Determination by volume – measure a volume of water, millimeters, sufficient to cover

the sample and place in the container introduce the weighed sample of course
aggregates into the container and remove the entertained air determine the combined
volume of the sample and the water by direct reading when a graduated flask is used,
when a pycnometer or volumetric flask of known volume is used, determine the
combined volume of the sample and the water by filling to the mark with a measured
voume of water calculate the amout of water displaced by the weight as follows

Vs = V2 – V1
*where:
Vs = vokume of water displaced by the sample, ml.
V2 = combined volume of sample & water, ml.
V1 – volume of water required to cover the sample, ml.

CALCULATION:
1. Calculate the percentage of surface moisture in terms of saturated surface- dry fine
aggregate as follows.

P = [(Vs-Vd) / (Ws-Vs)] x 100%

*where:
P = surface moisture in terms of the saturated surface dry fine aggregate
 P a g e | 14

Vd = mass of the sample (Ws) divided by the bulk specific gravity of the fine
aggregate in a saturated surface dried condition.
Vs = mass of water displaced, g.
Ws = mass of sample, g.

2. Calculate the percentage of the surface moisture in terms of dry aggregates, if the
absortio of the aggregatese is known as follows:

Pd = P[1 + (Pa/100)]
*where:
Pd = surface moisture in terms of dry fine aggregates, in percent.
Pa = adsorption of the aggregates, in percent.
P = total moisture content on dry aggregates basis, is the sum of the surface moisture
Pd, and absorption, Pa.
 P a g e | 15

SOLUTION’S:

GIVEN:

Wc = 598 g GIVEN:
Ws = 226 g
W = 723 g Wc = 598 g
Ws = 226 g / 9.81 = 23.04g
FORMULA: Vs = 101 g / 9.81 = 10.30g

Vs = Wc + Ws – W FORMULA:

P = [(Vs-Vd) / (Ws-Vs)] x
CALCULATION: 100%
CALCULATION:
Vs = 598g + 226g – 723g
Vs = 101 g P = [(10.30g-23.04g) /
(23.04-10.30g)] x 100%
GIVEN:
P = -1
V1 = 200ml
V2 = 300ml
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
Wc = 598 g
Vs = V2 – V1 Ws = 226 g / 9.81 = 23.04g
Vs = 101 g / 9.81 = 10.30g
CALCULATION:
FORMULA:
Vs = 300ml – 200ml
Vs = 100 ml Pd = P[1 + (Pa/100)]

CALCULATION:

P = [(10.30g-23.04g) /
(23.04-10.30g)] x 100%
P = -1
 P a g e | 16

DOCUMENTATION:

OBSERVATIONS:

Our observation on This method of test covers procedures for determining the
percentage of surface moisture in aggregate samples by water displacement. The measurement
of the moisture content of aggregate in the field must be quick, reasonably accurate and must
require only simple apparatus which can be easily handled and used in the field.

CONCLUSIONS:

Determination of moisture content in total is of key significance in the control

of the nature of cement especially as for workability and quality. The measurement of the
moisture content of aggregates is basically a very simple process. And the moisture content of
aggregate in the field must be quick, reasonably accurate and must require only simple
apparatus which can be easily handled and used in the field.
 P a g e | 17

Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates

EXPIREMENT #: 4

DISCUSSION:

Sieve analysis is used to determine the particle size distribution or graduation

of an aggregate. A suitable graduation of an aggregate in a concrete mix is desirable in order
to secure workability of the mixture and economy in the use of cement. For asphalt concrete.
Suitable gradation only affects the workability of the mixture and economy in the use of the
asphalt, but also affect significantly the strength and other important properties.

STANDARD No.:

 ASTM C 136-76
 ASSHTO 24-74
ESSETIAL EQUIPMENT and MATERIALS

1. Set of Sieves
2. Containers

TESTING PROCEDURE:

1) Obtain proper weight of dry aggregates

a. Coarse aggregates: 10.000 grams used method of quartering or sample splitter.

2) Assemble sieves in the following order:

a. For coarse aggregates: 1”, ¾”, 3/8”, #4, #8, pan

3) Place the weighted aggregates in the top of the sieve stack and cover with lid. Properly
secure the sieves in the mechanical shaker and turn on the shaker for five minutes. In case
of the absence of mechanical shaker, shake the stack of sieves with your hands continuously
for the same time.

4) Weight the materials that are retained on each of the sieves. Including the weight
retained on the pan, and record in the data sheet. If the sum of these weights are not within
1 percent of the original sample weight, the procedure should be repeated. Otherwise, use
the sum of the weight retained to calculate the percentage on each sieve.

5) Compute the cumulative percent retained, and the percent passing each sieve.
 P a g e | 18

6) Plot the gradation curves for the coarse and fine aggregates from the experiment on the
graph provided. Plot the specified gradation curves for the coarse and fine aggregates to be
specified by the laboratory instructor. Plot the combine grading curve using 40% coarse
aggregates and 60% fine aggregates.

SIEVE SIZES
U.S. Standards

Sieve Size Clear Opening in Inches

1 ½” 1.5

1” 1

¾” 0.75

½” 0.50

3/8” 0.375

No. 4 0.187

No. 8 0.0937

MIN MASS OF SAMPLE FOR SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATES

Size of Particle Min. Mass of Sample in Kg

2 20

1½ 15

1 10

¾ 5

½ 2

3/8 1

EXPIREMENT DATA:

Weight of the empty bucket = 391 g

Total aggregate weight = 10,000 g
 P a g e | 19

DATA 1:

SIEVE SIZE BUCKET + EMPTY WEIGHT PERCENTAGE

(INCHES) AGGREGATE BUCKET AGGREGATE (%)
(GRAMS) (GRAMS) (GRAMS)

¾ 8006.5 391 7615.5 76.16 %

1 1406.5 391 1015.5 10.16 %

3/8 1243.5 391 857.5 8.58 %

4 902.5 391 511.5 5.10 %

DATA 2:

SIEVE WEIGHT OF WIEGHT OF WEIGHT OF PERCENTAGE

SIZE SIEVE SIEVE AND AGGREGATES (%)
(INCHES) (KILOGRAMS) AGGREGATES Wa – Wsa – Ws
(KILOGRAMS) (KILOGRAMS)

1 1.15 3.785 No. 1’ Wa – 3.703 – 25.53 %

1.15 – 2.54 kg

¾ 1.145 5.450 No. ¾” Wa – 5.450 46.09 %

– 1.143 – 4.307kg

3/8 1.295 3.706 No. 3/8” Wa – 26.9 %

3.706 – 1.095 – 2.67
kg

4 1.295 1.295 No. 4” Wa – 1.295 2.10 %

– 1.083 – 0.21kg

BUCKET 0.105 0.815 PAN Wa – 0.815 – 1.1 %

0.705 – 0.11kg

DOCUMENTATION:
 P a g e | 20

OBSERVATIONS:

Sieve analysis is the operation of dividing the aggregate into various fractions, each
consisting of particles of same size. The experiment has been performed successfully and the
fineness modulus of different samples have been calculated which are shown in tabular form
above.

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on the experiment, sieving process is one of the method to determine the
size of particles. Ensure that all material entrapped within the openings of the sieve are
cleaned out and included in the weight retained. This may be done using brushes to gently
dislodge entrapped materials
 P a g e | 21

Determination of Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregates

EXPIREMENT #: 5

DISCUSSION:

The unit weight of aggregate is usually expressed in pounds per cubic foot. Unit
weight of aggregate is significant in that it gives a measure of the voids in a unit volume of
aggregate. The voids of aggregate depend upon many factors, among them are size, shape and
surface texture of aggregates, graduation, moisture content, and compaction. For general
information and for comparison of different aggregates, the standard conditions used in
determining the unit weight are dry and compact.

STANDARD No.:

 ASTM C 29-78
 ASSHTO T 19-74

ESSETIAL EQUIPMENT and MATERIALS

1. Tamping rod
2. Volume measure
3. Scale
TESTING PROCEDURE:

1. Select approximately 60 lb. of air-dry thoroughly mixed coarse aggregate.

2. Fill the measure one-third full, level the surface and tamp with 25 strokes. Evenly
distributed over the surface.
3. Fill the measure two thirds full, level and tamp 25 times over the surface. Only enough
force should be used to cause the tamping rod to just penetrate the last layer of
aggregate placed in the measure.
4. Fill the overflowing, tamp as before and strike off the surplus by rolling the tamping
rod over the surface. Do not compress the aggregate.
5. Determine the net weight of the aggregate in the measure and compute the unit
weight. Make at least two determinations. Results should agree within one percent.
 P a g e | 22

CALCULATION:

1. Calculate Volume of the container.

V=LxWxH

2. Calculate the Rodded unit weight of coarse aggregate

MSSD = ( G – T )( 1 + A/100)/V
*where; MSSD = the rodded unit weight of the saturated dry
aggregates, kg/cu. m. (lb/cu. ft.)
G = combined mass of the oven-dry aggregates and the bucket, kg (lb)
T = mass of the bucket alone, kg (lbf)
V = volume of the bucket, cu. m. (cu. ft.)
A = % absorption, determine by ASTM method C 127
SOLUTION’S:

GIVEN: V = 121.37 cu. m.

L = 52.2 cm GIVEN:
W = 15 cm
H = 15.5 cm G = 44kg
T = 1kg
FORMULA: V = 121.37 cu. m.

V=LxWxH FORMULA:
V = 52.2 x 15 x 15.5
V = 12,136.5 cu. cm. MSSD = ( G – T )( 1 + A/100)/V
MSSD = ( 44 – 1 )( 1 +
CONVERT cu.cm. to cu.m; 0/100)/121.37
MSSD = 3.54 kN/cu. m.
V = 12,136.5 cm^3 x ( 1m/100cm)^3

DOCUMENTATION:
 P a g e | 23

OBSERVATIONS:

This experiment was made in order to create a uniform sample. This test
method is often used to determine bulk density values that are necessary for use for many
methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures. This is very useful during a cement
production process. Experiment shows how much the bulk density (unit weight) and
percentage of voids within aggregate are. For better strength less void is desired for cement.
Whenever size of aggregate increases void percentage and volume increases steadily. As a
space within aggregate increases less strength occurs at cement.

CONCLUSIONS:

Aggregate is the mainly used in concrete. Test clearly shows that compacted
aggregate provides better cement strength. Bulk density values used for many methods of
selecting proportions for concrete mixtures. Bulk density values can also be used as
economical means like purchase agreements.
 P a g e | 24

Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate

EXPIREMENT #: 6

DISCUSSION:

Basically, specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of material to the
weight of an equal volume of water. However, there are several variations of this definition
upon the material and purpose for which the volume of the specific gravity is to be used in
concrete work, the term specific gravity customarily refers to the density of the individual
aggregate in a saturated surface dry condition (SSD) the bulk (oven-dry) specific gravity and
apparent specific gravity are used to a less degree. Solid unit weight, in pound per cubic foot
(pcf) of an aggregate is customarily defined as the specific gravity times 62.4 pcf.

The absorption capacity is determined by finding the weight of an aggregate under

SSD condition and an oven-dry condition. The difference in weight expressed as percentage
of the oven-dry sample weight is the absorption capacity coarse aggregates are considered to
be saturated surface, dry when they have been wiped free of visible moisture films with a cloth
after the aggregates have been soaked in water from a long period of time (over 24 hours) the
saturated surface-dry condition of fine aggregates I usually taken as that at which a previously
wet sample just became free-blowing.

STANDARD NO.:

 ASTM C 127-77
 AASHTO T 85-74

ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT (FOR COARSE AGGREGATE)

1. Scale sensitive to 0.01, or 1 gm

2. Wire mesh basket
3. Balance sensitive to 1 gm
4. Drying oven
5. 3/8 sieve

TESTING PROCEDURES:

1. Soak coarse aggregate under water for 24 hours (done for you try laboratory
instructions)
2. Obtain approximately 5 kg of saturated course aggregate (retained o0n 3/8 sieve)
3. Towel the aggregate to the saturated surface dry condition (SSD)
4. Measure SSD weight (B) of aggregate in air to the nearest 1 gm. Do this quickly.
 P a g e | 25

5. Place a sample in a wire mesh basket and determine its weight in water. Be sure to
subtract the submerged weight of the basket from the total.
6. Place wet aggregate in oven and dry to constant weight (A) leave the aggregate in
oven overnight.
7. From the above data (i.e. A:B and C) calculate three types of specific gravity and
absorption as define below.
1.) Apparent specific gravity = A/A-C
2.) Bulk specific gravity (-SSD) = B/B-C
3.) Bulk specific gravity (DRY) = A/B-C
4.) Absorption percent = B-C/ A X 100

DATA:

WT of wire mesh basket = 660g WT of submerged (WMB) = 3930 g

WT of submerged (WMB) = 660g With sample (WMB-WIRE MESH

BASKET)
WT of (WMB) with sample = 5660g

CALCULATIONS:

 A = WT of coarse aggregates 2.) BSG (DRY) = A/ B-C

(DRY) = 3930/ 5000 – 3300
A= 3930g BSG (DRY) = 2.31
 B= 5560 - 660 3.) BSG (SSD) = B/ B-C
B= 5000g = 5000/ 5000 – 3300
 C= 3900 – 600 BSG (SSD) = 2.94
C= 3300g 4.) % Absorption = B-C/ A X 100
1.) ASG = A/ A-C = 5000-3300/ 3930 X
= 3930/ 3930 – 3300 100
ASG = 6.24 % Absorption = 43.26 %
 P a g e | 26

DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION:

Our Observation in this experiment is to determining the specific gravity of

coarse aggregate, we should weigh it in air-dry by means of mesh basket and then submerged
in water to determine its weight. Lastly put aggregate in oven and let it dry.

CONCLUSION:

Current standard test methods for determining the specific gravity and water
absorption of coarse and fine aggregate are AASHTO T 85 and AASHTO T 84, respectively.
There are also several modified and new test methods for determining these procedures for
determining the SSD state in the standard test methods with more complex, costly devices.
 P a g e | 27

SLUMP TEST

EXPIREMENT #: 7

DISCUSSION:

This method requires a fabricated metal with shape and dimension. To identify the
slump of the concrete mixture. And to determine the workability or consistency of concrete
mix.

STANDARD NO.:

 ASTM C143 / C143M - 15a

MATERIALS & EQUIPMENTS:

1. 1 BAG CEMENT 8. TROWEL

2. BAG OF SAND 9. GRADUATED CYLINDER
3. BAG OF GRAVEL (1000ml)
4. CONCRETE BOX 10. METER STICK
5. SHOVEL 11. TAMPING ROD
6. SLUMP CONE 12. METAL BUCKET
7. METAL SHEET

PROCEDURE:

1.) In the concrete box mix the class AA mixture of concrete that consist of 1 bucket of
cement, 1 ½ bucket of sand, 3 bucket of gravel, and 5.5 liters of water.
2.) First, mix the bucket of sand and gravel, after mixing the two, add the bucket of
cement. Mix them all properly.
3.) Add water to the mixture until the desired thickness have achieved. By mixing the
materials properly.
4.) Place a metal sheet under the slump cone.
5.) When adding concrete in the slump cone. Add only ¾ of the height of the cone and
tamp it with a tamping rod. Redo the same procedure until the cone is full. (In
tamping tamp the rod 25 times)
6.) Remove the cone and tilt it upside down by using the meter stick compare the
height of the concrete mix and the cone. To identify if it passes the standard height.
 P a g e | 28

DAIGRAM:

OBSERVATION:

Because slump test is very easy to perform it is used in most construction

sites. The advantages of this test have made it very popular all over the world

CONCLUSION:

A change in slump height would demonstrate an undesired change in the ratio

of the concrete ingredients; the proportions of the ingredients are then adjusted to keep a
concrete batch consistent. This homogeneity improves the quality and structural integrity of
the cured concrete. From the performed experiment we came to know that our mean slump
value was 75mm which describes that it is True Slump and its workability is medium.
 P a g e | 29

COMPRESSION TEST

EXPIREMENT #: 8

DISCUSSION:

Compression test is carried out by using an aluminum specimen in only one

time. The specimen is loaded axially up to failure or any other prescribed level where by the
specimen is deformed and the axial and the radial deformation can be measured using
equipment. The obtained result could be slightly difference from theoretical case. It also
reveals the condition of your specimen.

STANDARD NO.:

 ASTM C- 39
 ASTM C- 39 M standard

EXXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT X MATERIALS:

1. TESTING MACHINE 8. PAPER

2. SHOVEL 9. PENCIL
3. CONCRETE BOX 10. CALCULATOR
4. WATER 11. ROD
5. CEMENT 12. CYLINDER MOULD
6. AGGREGRATES 13. SAFETY GOOGLES
7. RULER 14. GLOVES
PROCEDURE:

1. Placing the specimen on the bearing block with its hardened face up on of the table
of the testing machine directly under the spherically seated bearing block. The
bearing blocks are cleaned and the test specimen is placed on the lower bearing
block.
2. Zero verification and blocks seating prior to testing the specimen., it is verified that
the load indicator is set to zero. If the indicator is not properly set to zero, it is
adjusted.
3. Rate of loading the load is applied continuously add without shock.
4. Standards specify that for testing machines of the screw type, the moving head
shall travel at a rate of approximately 0.05 in. (1mm)/ min when the machine is
running idle. While for hydraulically operated machines, the load shall be applied
at a rate of movement corresponding to a loading rate on the specimen within the
range of 20 to 50 psi/ sec. (0.15 to 0.36 MPa/ sec.)
5. During the application of the first half of the anticipated loading phase, a higher
rate of loading is allowed.
 P a g e | 30

6. No adjustment is made in the rate of movement of the platen at any time while a
specimen is yielding rapidly immediately before failure.
7. Load is applied until the specimen fails. And the maximum load carried by the
specimen. During the test is recorded. The type of failure and the appearance of the
concrete are also noted.

DATA & GRAPH:

DA CROSS- MAX. COMPRES 350

YS SECTIO LOAD SION
300
NAL (kN) STRESS
AREA (MPa) 250

LOAD kN
(sq.mm.)
200
7 5625 172.75 9.78 150
14 5625 190.64 10.79 100

28 5625 291.72 16.51 50

0 7 14 28
DAYS

COMPUTATIONS:

 FOR CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA:

[(150 mm)^2/(4)][π] = 5625 sq. mm.

 FOR COMPRESSION STRESS (σ)

7 DAYS:
Σ= (172.75/5625π)(1000) = 9.78MPa
14 DAYS:
Σ= (190.64/5625π)(1000) = 10.79MPa
28 DAYS:
Σ= (291.72/5625π)(1000) = 16.51MPa

DIAGRAM:
 P a g e | 31

OBSERVATION:

It states in the procedure that when the cone is removed, it should be lifted up vertically,
without any rotational movement at all.

CONCLUSION:

In this test materials that are going to be used should be good and also the
mixing of concrete plays a vital part in the process of the compression test thus resulting to
good results.
 P a g e | 32

TENSILE TEST & YEILD CAPACITY OF STEEL (fy)

EXPIREMENT #: 9

OBJECTIVES;

Tensile testing also known as tension testing, is a fundamental material science and
engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Using the
tensile or tension test method.

MATERIALS X EQUIPMENTS:

 TESTING MACHINE (TENSILE TEST)

 STEEL ROD (REBAR)
 SCAVE
 RULER
 DIVIDERS
 GAGE MARK PUNCH.
PROCEDURE:

1. Prepare the needed materials for the experiment.

2. Measure the DIA. And use the gage mark punch failure to mark a 2“gage length on
each specimen.
3. Install the specimen in the testing machine. Use the hand crank to apply an initial
tensile load to the specimen.
4. Mount the extensometer on the specimen. Set the extensometer dial to zero.
5. Set the range indicator to 24000lbs. set the machine load indicator and the limit
pointer to zero.
6. Have the instructor/ lab custodian check set-up before proceeding.
7. Press the start button.
8. Apply load to the specimen at a very slow rate. Record load and elongation for
constant increments of elongation.
9. At the yield point, remove the extensometer from this point, record the elongation
between gage mark using the dividers.
10. At the ultimate strength, stop recording the elongation strain. Until the specimen
cut in half in other words, fail.
11. Remove the specimen from the machine.

DATA & CALCULATIONS:

 P a g e | 33

Initial length: 4.90mm

Elongation/ Displacement length: 498.66m

Total displacement: 8.66mm

Yielding capacity: 68.08KN

DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION:

The material testing strength using the tensile or tension test method. It Involves
applying an ever increasing load to a test sample up to the point of failure.

CONCLUSION:

Therefore, yield strength is the stress at which time permanent deformation or yielding
is observed to begin. Using the tensile of tension relating to the amount that something can
stretch or be stretched without breaking.
 P a g e | 34

Determination of Compression of Wood Parallel to the Grain

EXPIREMENT #: 10

DISCUSSION:

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the strength of wood under

compressive loading.

STANDARD No.:

ASTM D 143-83
D 198-84

ESSETIAL EQUIPMENT and MATERIALS

1. Testing Machine
2. Load Indicator
3. Bearing blocks
4. Compressometer

TESTING PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the cross section and length of the specimen to the nearest 0.01 in.
Record the dimensions of the specimen.

2. Place the specimen in the machine.

3. Apply the load continuously until the specimen fails. Record the maximum
load.

4. Draw a sketch in perspective, indicating the grain of wood and manner of

failure.

COMPUTATION

1) Compute the compressive strength

Sc = Total Load
Area of Bearing
 P a g e | 35

 FOR PINE

70

TRIAL CROSS- MAX. COMPRE 60

SECTION LOAD SSION 50

AL AREA (kN) STRESS

LOAD kN
40
(sq.mm.) (MPa)
30
1 1520 45.86 30.17
20

10
2 1520 49.17 32.35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TIME (s)
3 1520 63.12 41.53  FOR MAHONGANY
90

80

70
TRIAL CROSS- MAX. COMPRE
SECTION LOAD SSION LOAD kN 60

AL AREA (kN) STRESS 50

(sq.mm.) (MPa)
40

1 2544 81.43 32.01 30

20
2 2646 92.45 34.94
10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
3 1936 66.51 34.35

TRIAL CROSS- MAX. COMPRE

SECTION LOAD SSION
AL AREA (kN) STRESS
(sq.mm.) (MPa)

1 2400 48028 20.21

2 2400 45.83 19.10

 P a g e | 36

3 2304 59.96 26.02  FOR COCONUT

LUMBER TIME (s)

70

60

50

LOAD kN
40

30

20

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TIME (s)

DIAGRAM:

COMPUTATIONS:
Material Area Max load
Pine
45.86×103 𝑁
1 1520mm2 45.86KN 𝑆= = 30.17 MPa
1520 𝑚𝑚2

49.17×103 𝑁
2 1520mm2 49.17KN 𝑆= = 32.35 MPa
1520 𝑚𝑚2

63.12×103 𝑁
3 1520mm2 63.12KN 𝑆= = 41.53 MPa
1520 𝑚𝑚2

Mahogany
49.17×103 𝑁
1 2544mm2 81.43KN 𝑆= = 32.01 MPa
2544 𝑚𝑚2

49.17×103 𝑁
2 2646mm2 92.43KN 𝑆= = 34.94 MPa
2646 𝑚𝑚2
 P a g e | 37

49.17×103 𝑁
3 1936mm2 66.505KN 𝑆= = 34.35 MPa
1936 𝑚𝑚2

Coconut
48.28×103 𝑁
1 2400mm2 48.28KN 𝑆= = 20.12 MPa
2400 𝑚𝑚2

45.83×103 𝑁
2 2400mm2 45.83KN 𝑆= = 19.20 MPa
2400 𝑚𝑚2

59.96×103 𝑁
3 2400mm2 59.96KN 𝑆= = 24.98 MPa
2400 𝑚𝑚2

OBSERVATIONS:
A simple compressive load is applied to a specimen, the following types of
deformation may take place; elastic or plastic shortening in ductile materials, crushing and
fracture in brittle materials, a sudden bending deformation called buckling in long slender
bars, or combinations of these.
CONCLUSIONS
By the results of the analysis of variance was verified statistical equivalence
between the modulus of elasticity of both wood species, revealing, for the specimens tested,
not significant position of dial gauges in the calculation of the modulus of elasticity. As the
wood an anisotropic material (orthotropic), the results obtained in this study cannot be
extrapolated to the same wood species or different species, implying the use of dial gauges in
two different positions in the specimen, enabling assess equivalence or not of the elastic
moduli obtained.
 P a g e | 38

Determination of Compressive Strength

of Concrete Hollow Blocks

EXPIREMENT #: 11

DISCUSSION:

This test seeks to determine the ultimate compressive strength of a concrete

hollow blocks. The procedure of the test is similar to the test for compressive strength of
concrete.

ESSETIAL EQUIPMENT and MATERIALS

 Compression Machine
 CHB (Concrete Hollow Block) (4” & 6”)

TESTING PROCEDURE:

1. Place the bottom of a Concrete Hollow Block on a compression block made of 1-

inch plywood. Place another 1 inch plywood on top of the concrete hollow block.

2. Apply the compression load slowly on the plywood until failure is attained.

3. Test a total of three hollow blocks for each batch.

COMPUTATION:

1. Compute the ultimate compressive stress of concrete hollow blocks.

Ultimate Compressive Stress =

MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE LOAD
AREA OF CHB
2. Compute the average value for the three samples tested.
 P a g e | 39

 FOR CHB 6”:

90

80
TRIAL CROSS- MAX. COMPRE
70
SECTION LOAD SSION
AL AREA (kN) STRESS 60
(sq.mm.) (MPa)

LOAD Kn
50

1 2400 23.35 0.97 40

30

2 2400 53.75 2.24 20

10
3 2400 55.42 2.31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

TIME (s)

FOR CHB 4”:

TRIAL CROSS- MAX. COMPRE
90
SECTION LOAD SSION
AL AREA (kN) STRESS 80

(sq.mm.) (MPa) 70

1 23493.36 45.68 1.94 60

LOAD Kn

50

2 23493.36 29.7 1.26 40

30
3 23493.36 25 0.75 20

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

TIME (s)
 P a g e | 40

DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:
Our observation on this experiment, we first prepared the materials needed for this
particular experiment. On our first hollow block it got destroyed after putting too much load
because the wood doesn’t have the same length with the specimen which is why the pressure
is not properly distributed.
CONCLUSIONS
It is better to use high-quality blocks materials. Therefore, I conclude that the
concrete hollow block compressive strength depends on the materials used to create the
hollow.