Namma Kalvi

www.nammakalvi.org
,ay;: 5
<rp jkpH; ? 12 ehfhpfk;/ bjhHpy;/ tzpfk; ,ay; :5
byhnahyh

ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

ciueil : kjuhrg;gl;odk;
Jizg;ghlk; : jiyf;Fsk;

bra;a[s; : bja;tkzpkhiy

,yf;fzk; : gokk;

njthuk;
mfehD}W

ciueil

5. kjuhrg;gl;odk;
ek;ik msg;nghk;
I. gyt[s; bjhpf

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. brd;id btWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y/ mJ ek;gpf;if ikak; ? fhuzk;.
m) neuo/ kiwKf ntiytha;g;g[fspd; fsk;

M) bkd;bghUs;/ td;bghUs;/ thfd cw;gj;jpapy; g=;F

,) bkd;bghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy
<) m/ M/ , ? midj;Jk;  tpil: <) m/ M/ , ? midj;Jk;
 

2. Tw;W : ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; berthsh;fs; brd;id nehf;fp te;jdh;

fhuzk; : fpHf;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;/ Jzp rhh;e;jhfnt ,Ue;jJ.

m) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; jtW
M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rhp

,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; jtW

<) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; rhp

 tpil: <) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; rhp

 

3. bghUj;Jf
m. jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW 1. khtypg[ur; bryt[
M. gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha; 2. fy; nfhlhp
,. gy;yhtuk; 3. mU=;fhl;rpafk;
<. vGk;g{h; 4. Ttk;
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3
M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
  ,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
  <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1
 

 tpil: ,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
 

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; EiHt[thapy; vd;wiHf;fg;gLtJ __________
m) fy;fj;jh
  M) g[Jjpy;yp
  ,) brd;id
  <) gk;gha;
 

 tpil: ,) brd;id
 

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byhnahyh ,ay;: 5 <rp jkpH; ? 12

2. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ik efu=;fSs; xd;whft[k; jkpHfj;jpd; jiyefuhft[k; jpfH;tJ __________

m) brd;id
  M) bg=;fAh;
  ,) gk;gha;
  <) fy;fj;jh
 

 tpil: m) brd;id  

3. Foak;/ mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; nghd;w gFjpfspy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l mfHha;t[fs; kdpj ehfhpfj;jpd; gHikia

__________ Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd epWt[fpwJ
m) Mapuk;
  M) ,uz;lhapuk;
  ,) Ik;gjhapuk;
  <) xU yl;rk;
 

 tpil: <) xU yl;rk; 

4. brd;idapy; kdpj ehfhPfj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd fs=;fspy; xd;W __________

m) fhnthpahw;Wg;gLif
  M) jpUty;ypf;nfzpahw;Wg;gLif
 

,) g[Hyhw;Wg;gLif
  <) bfhw;witahw;Wg;gLif
  

 tpil: <) bfhw;witahw;Wg;gLif

 

5. gy;yhtuj;jpy; mfHha;t[j; Jiwahy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;l khDl vr;rk; __________

m) KJkf;fs; jhHpfs;
  M) brg;ngLfs;
 

,) kl;ghz;l=;fs;
  <) fy;nfhlhp
   tpil: <) fy;nfhlhp 

6. fp.gp. 2k; E}w;whz;oy; jhykp vd;gtuhy; `ky;ypah;gh~ vd;Dk; JiwKfkhfr; Rl;lg;gl;l gFjp ________
m) jpUty;ypf;nfzp
  M) g[Hy;
 

,) kapyhg;g{h;
  <) TLth+;nrhp
 

 tpil: ,) kapyhg;g{h;
 

7. brd;idapy; fpilj;jtw;Ws; gHikahd fy;btl;L __________ fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ

m) Kjyhk; knfe;jputh;kd;
  M) ee;jpth;kd;
 

,) rpk;k tp&Q
  ; <) g[ypnfrp
 

 tpil: m) Kjyhk; knfe;jputh;kd;

 

8. gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;thapy; bra;j glFgazj;ij `khtypg[ur; bryt[~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;

ftpijahf;fpath; __________
m) ghujpahh;
  M) ghujpjhrd;
 

,) nrhkRe;jughujpahh;
  <) r=;fujh!;Rthkpfs;
 

 tpil: M) ghujpjhrd;
 

9. Ttk; MW __________ vdt[k; miHf;fg;gl;lJ

m) gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha;
  M) jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW
 

,) g[Hy; MW
  <) milahW
  

 tpil: M) jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW
10. brapz;;l; $hh;$; nfhl;ilf;F cs;ns tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp __________

m) fUg;gh; efuk;
  M) tpUe;jpdh; khspif
 

,) bts;isah; efuk;
  <) tzpfh; FoapUg;g[
 

 tpil: ,) bts;isah; efuk;

 

11. gzpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; tzpfh;fSf;fhf brapd;l; $hh;$; nfhl;ilf;F btspna mike;j FoapUg;g[fs;

cs;s gFjp __________

m) bts;isah; efuk;
  M) fUg;gh; efuk;
 

,) khspif
  <) tzpfh; fhyzp
 

 tpil: M) fUg;gh; efuk;

 

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<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh
12. `bts;isah; efuk;~/ `fUg;gh; efuk;~ vd;w ,U gFjpfSk; ,ize;j gFjpna __________vdg;gl;lJ

m) vGk;g{h;
  M) jpUty;ypf;nfzp
 

,) kjuhrg;gl;odk;
  <) tz;zhh;g;ngl;il
 

 tpil: ,) kjuhrg;gl;odk;
 

13. Tw;W 1 : tlbrd;idg; gFjpfs; kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;lJ

Tw;W 2 : bjd;brd;idg; gFjpfs; brd;idg;gl;odk; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;lJ

m) Tw;W 1/ 2 ,uz;Lk; rhp
  M) Tw;W 1 kl;Lk; rhp  

,) Tw;W 2 kl;Lk; rhp <) Tw;W 1/ 2 ,uz;Lk; jtW

   

 tpil: ,) Tw;W 1/ 2 ,uz;Lk; rhp;

 

14. __________Ml;rpf;fhyj;ij brd;idapd; bghw;fhyk; vd;gh;

m) vypnay;
  M) jhk!;gpl;  ,) $hh;$;
  <) kt[z;ld;
 

 tpil: M) jhk!;gpl;
 

15. brd;idapy; Inuhg;gpa Kiwf;fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; epWtd=;fs; njhd;wpa fhyk; __________

m) fp.gp 18 k; E}w;whz;L
  M) fp.gp 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L
 

,) fp.gp 19 k; E}w;whz;L
  <) fp.gp 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L
 

 tpil: m) fp.gp 18 k; E}w;whz;L

 

16. 1715 ,y; Mrpahtpy; cUthd Kjy; Inuhg;gpaf; fy;tp Kiwapyhd gs;sp __________

m) gpurpbld;rp gs;sp
  M) ,uhzp nkhp fy;Y}hp
 

,) g[dpj nkhp njthya jh;kg; gs;sp

  <) brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}hp
 

 tpil: ,) g[dpj nkhp njthya jh;kg; gs;sp

 

17. brd;id gy;fiyf;fHfk; cUthd Mz;L __________

m) 1856
  M) 1857   ,) 1858
  <) 1859  

 tpil: M) 1857
 

18. 1914 y; bjhl=;fg;gl;l bgz; fy;tp tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fy;tp epWtdk; __________

m) gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}hp
  M) khepyf; fy;Y}hp
 

,) fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp <)

    ,uhzp nkhp fy;Y}hp
 tpil: <) ,uhzp nkhp fy;Y}hp
 

19. ,e;njh ? rhurdpf; fl;llf; fiyg; ghzpapy; 1768 ,y; fl;o Kof;fg;gl;l Kjy; fl;llk; ______

m) nrg;ghf;fk; muz;kid
  M) vGk;g{h; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak;
 

,) cah;ePjp kd;wk;
  <) hpg;gd; fl;olk;
 

 tpil: m) nrg;ghf;fk; muz;kid

 

20. jkpH;r; r@fj;jpd; tuyhw;iw mwptjw;fhd Kjd;ikj; jut[fs; gy ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;w ,lk; __________

m) jkpH;ehL Mtzf; fhg;gfk;

  M) hpg;gd; fl;llk;
 

,) tpfn; lhhpnah mu=;F

  <) nrg;ghf;fk; muz;kid
 

 tpil: m) jkpH;ehL Mtzf; fhg;gfk;

 

21. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; bghJ E}yfk; __________

m) mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk;

  M) jkpHha;t[ E}yfk;
 

,) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;<) fPH;j;jpir Rtofs; E}yfk;

   

 tpil: ,) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;

 

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byhnahyh ,ay;: 5 <rp jkpH; ? 12

22. ouhk; tz;ofs; ,af;fg;gl;l efu tPjp __________

m) fy;fj;jh
  M) brd;id
  ,) gk;gha;
  <) g[Jbly;yp
 

 tpil: M) brd;id
 

23. 2010 Mk; Mz;oy; bjhl=;fg;gl;l Mrpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg; bghpa E}yfk; __________

m) mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk;

  M) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;
 

,) jkpHha;t[ E}yfk;
  <) fPHj
  ; ;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk;
 tpil: m) mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk;
 

24. 1856? ,y; bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak; __________

m) vGk;g{h;
  M) ,uhag[uk;
  ,) kj;jpa brd;id
  <) g{tpUe;jty;yp
 

 tpil: M) ,uhag[uk;
 

25. ,e;jpa jpiug;glj;Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpapy; bgUk; g=;fhw;wpa ,lk; __________

m) Kk;ig
  M) fy;fj;jh
  ,) bg=;fAh;
  <) brd;id
 

 tpil: <) brd;id

 

II. FWtpdh

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk;
fhypd; bkf;fd;rpapd; bjhFg;g[fis mog;gilahff; bfhz;L 1869,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l
,e;E}yfk; mhpa Xiyr;Rtofs;/ jhs; Rtofs;/ g[j;jf=;fs; vdg; bgUk; bjhFg;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ.

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. brd;idapy; gHikia ekf;F czh;j;Jtd ahit>
khDl vr;r=;fs;
➢ ,e;jpa mfH;tha;t[j; Jiwapduhy; gy;yhtuj;jpy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;l fy;nfhlhp.
 

➢ TLth+;nrhp/ gy;yhtuk;/ g[Hy; nghd;w gFjpfspy; ,d;Wk; fpilf;Fk; bjhy;gH=;fhy khDl

 

vr;r=;fs; brd;idapd; gHikia ekf;F czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

2. brd;id efuj;jpYs;s Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l jy=;fs; ahit>
Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l jy=;fs; :–
➢ jpUbthw;wpa{h;
  ➢ jpUthd;kpa{h;
  ➢ kapyhg;g{h;
  ➢ jpUKy;iythapy;
 

3. ts;sy; gr;irag;ghpd; ehl;Fwpg;gpYs;s Fwpg;g[ ahJ>

gr;irag;ghpd; ehl;Fwpg;g[
ts;sy; gr;irag;gh; Ttk; ejpf;fiuapy; Fspj;J tpl;L mUfpy; cs;s nfhtpypy; tHpgl;ljhf/ mtuJ


ehl;Fwpg;g[ Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
4. gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha; g[Jr;nrhp tiu ePz;oUe;jJ vd;gijg; ghujpjhrd; ftpij tHp epWt[f.
khtypg[ur; bryt[ :
`khtypg[ur; bryt[~ vd;w jk; ftpijapy; ghujpjhrd;/ gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;thapy; kapiy rPdp/ nt=;flrhkp/
g.$Pthde;jk; cs;spl;l ez;gh;fSld; glFg; gazk; bra;a[k; nghJ/
`brd;idapy; xU tha;f;fhy; g[Jr;nrhp efh; tiu ePSk;~
→ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

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5. brd;id gFjpapy; 400 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dnu g[fH;bgw;w fpuhk=;fshf ,Ue;jd ahit>
12?13 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; g[fH; bgw;wit
➢ nrj;Jg;gl;L
  ➢ E=;fk;ghf;fk;
  ➢ tpahrh;gho
  ➢ khjtuk;
 

➢ nfhak;ngL
  ➢ jhk;guk;
 

6. Fg;gk; efukhf khw;wk; bgw;w brd;idapd; tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ vJ>

Fg;gk; efukhd tuyhW :
fp.gp 1647?,y; vGjg;gl;l gj;jpuk; xd;wpy; `bjhz;ilkz;lyj;Jg; g[Hy; nfhl;lj;J +hapW ehl;Lr;
brd;dg;gl;odk;~ vd;w Fwpg;gpd; @yk; 400 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; t=;ff; fiunahuk; rpW Fg;gkhf
,Ue;j brd;id efukhf khw;wk; bgw;w tuyhw;iwf; TWfpwJ.
7. M=;fpnyah; Fonaw;wj;Jf;fhfj; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ>
M=;fpnyah; Fonaw;wk; :
kapyhg;g{Uf;F tlf;nf rpy Fg;g=;fs; kl;Lnk ,Ue;j kzy;btspiaf; fpHf;fpe;jpa tzpf
epWtdj;jpd; mYtyh; gpuhrp!;nl M=;fpnyah; Fonaw;wj;Jf;fhd ,lkhfj; njh;e;bjLj;jhh;.
8. ,e;njh ? rhurdpf; fl;llf; fiy vd;why; vd;d>
,e;njh ? rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy :
➢ Kfyhaf; fl;llf; fiy
 

➢ gphpj;jhdpaf; fl;llf;fiy
 

➢ ,e;jpa ghuk;ghpag; ghzp

 

→ Mfpatw;iwf; fye;J cUthf;fg;gLtJ

9. jkpH;r;r@fk; mwpt[j;Jiwapy; bgUk; gha;r;riy nkw;bfhz;l fhyfl;lk; vJ>
mwpt[j; Jiwapy; jkpH;r;r@fk; :
➢ 19 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; epfH;e;j mr;Rg;guty;
 

➢ ehspjH; bgUf;fk;
 

→ Mfpait brd;idapd; mwpt[ tsh;r;rpf;Fj; Jiz epd;wd

➢ ,Jnt jkpH;r;r@fk; mwpt[j;Jiwapy; bgUk;gha;r;riy nkw;bfhz;l fhyfl;lkhFk;.
 

10. brd;idapd; milahsj;ijg; ngQgit ahit>

brd;idapd; milahsk; ngQgit :

➢ vGk;g{h; mU=;fhl;rpafk;
 

➢ nfhl;il mU=;fhl;rpafk;
 

11. giHa E}yf=;fspy; xd;whd brd;id ,yf;fpar; r=;fk; Fwpj;J vGJf.

brd;id ,yf;fpar; r=;fk; :

1812 ,y; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}hpapd; ,izthf cUthd ,e;E}yfk;/ mhpa gy E}y;fisf; bfhz;l
,e;jpahtpd; giHa E}yf=;fspy; xd;W.
12. fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; gw;wp vGJf.

fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; :
1860 ,y; mU=;fhl;rpafj;jpd; m=;fkhfj; bjhl=;fg;gl;l ,e;E}yfk;/ ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; bghJ
E}yfkhFk;.

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13. brd;idapy; fhzg;gLk; jkpHha;t[ E}yf=;fSs; Kf;fpakhdit ahit>

jkpHha;t[ E}yf=;fs; :
rpwg;g[ epiyapy; jkpHha;t[ E}y;fisf; bfhz;l
➢ cyfj; jkpHhuha;r;rp epWtd E}yfk;/
 

➢ uh$h Kj;ijah Muha;r;rp E}yfk;/

 

➢ kiwkiyaofs; E}yfk;/
 

➢ brk;bkhHpj; jkpHha;t[ E}yfk;

 

→ nghd;wit Kf;fpakhdit.
II. rpW tpdh
g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. brd;id gz;ghl;L milahs=;fspy;/ ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Ug;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gz;ghl;L milahs=;fs; :
➢ jkpH;ehL Mtzf; fhg;gfk;
  ➢ vGk;g{h; mU=;fhl;rpafk;
 

➢ nfhl;il mU=;fhl;rpafk;
  ➢ fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;
 

➢ nrg;ghf;fk; muz;kid
  ➢ kj;jpaj; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak;
 

➢ bjd;dfj; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak;

  ➢ vGk;g{h; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak;
 

➢ bghJ m+;ry; mYtyfk;

  ➢ cah;ePjpkd;wk;
 

➢ brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;
  ➢ hpg;gd; fl;llk;
 

➢ tpf;nlhhpah mu=;F
 

→ nghd;w ,e;jpa rhuhrdpf; fl;llf;fiyg; ghzpapy; fl;lg;gl;l gy fl;ll=;fs; brd;idapd;



gz;ghl;L milahs=;fshf ,d;Wk; epiyj;J epw;fpd;wd.

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
2. brd;id gFjpahdJ kdpj ehfhpfj;jpd; gHik vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf
kdpj ehfhPfj;jpd; gHik :

➢ Foak;/ mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; gFjpfspy; nkw;bfhz;l mfHha;thdJ/ mg;gFjpapd; kdpj ehfhPfj;jpd;

 

gHikia xU yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;Fk; Kw;gl;lJ vd epWt[fpwJ.

➢ m=;Fs;s bfhw;witahw;Wg; gLif kdpj ehfhPfj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd fs=;fspy; xd;W.
 

➢ ,e;jpa mfH;tha;t[j; Jiwahy; gy;yhtuj;jpy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;l fy;nfhlhp/ TLth+;nrhp/ g[Hy;

 

nghd;w gFjpfspy; ,d;Wk; fpilf;Fk; bjhy;gH=;fhy khDl vr;r=;fs; ,g;gFjpapd; gHikia

czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
➢ kapyhg;g{h;/ fp.gp. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhykp vd;gtuhy; `ky;ypah;gh~ vd;Dk; JiwKfkhfr;
 

Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. brd;idapy; mike;jpUe;j ePh;epiyfSk; tofhy;fSk; gw;wp vGJf.
ePh;epiyfs; :
➢ brd;id/ tl brd;idf;Ff; bfhw;witahW
 

204
<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh

➢ kj;jpa brd;idf;Ff; Ttk;

 

➢ bjd; brd;idf;F milahW

 

➢ ghyhW
 

tofhy;fs; :
➢,e;j ehd;F MWfisa[k; ,izf;ff;Toa gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha;.
 

➢fhl;ld; fhy;tha;
 

 
➢tpUfk;ghf;fk; fhy;tha;

  ➢Xl;nlhp ey;yh vd 18 bghpa Xilfs;

  ➢540 f;Fk; nkw;gl;l rpwpa Xilfs;
→ vd ,aw;ifaha; mf;fhyj;jpy; tofhy;fisg; bgw;wpUe;jJ brd;id efuk;.
3. brd;id efuk; cUthd tuyhW Fwpj;bjGJf.
brd;id ? cUthf;fk; :
kjuhrg;gl;odk; :
➢ brapd;l; $hh;$; nfhl;ilf;F cs;ns tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp `bts;isah; efuk;~ vd;Wk;/ nfhl;ilf;F
  

btspna gzpahsh;fs;/ tzpfh;fSf;fhf mike;j FoapUg;g[fs; cs;s gFjp `fUg;gh; efuk;~

vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
➢ ,t;tpU gFjpfSk; ,ize;j gFjpna `kjuhrg;gl;odk;` vdg;gl;lJ.
 

Jzp tzpfk; :
fPHf;fpe;jpa epWtdk; bgUk;ghYk; Jzp tzpfk; bra;jjhy;/ ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspypUe;Jk;
berthsh;fs; brd;id nehf;fp te;jdh;
g[jpa gFjpfs; :
mth;fshy; tz;zhug;ngl;il/ rpe;jhjphpg; ngl;il nghd;w g[jpa gFjpfs; njhd;wpd.
fpuhk=;fis ,izj;jy; :
vGk;g{h;/ jpUty;ypf;nfzp/ g[uirthf;fk;/ jz;ilahh;ngl;il/ jpUbthw;wpa{h; Kjypa fpuhk=;fs;
,izf;fg;gl;ld.
brd;id cUthdJ :
➢ tl brd;idg; gFjpfs; kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;Wk; bjd;brd;idg; gFjpfs; brd;idg;gl;odk;
 

vd;Wk; tH=;fg;gl;lJ.
➢ M=;fpnyah; ,uz;ila[k; ,ize;J cUthf;fpa `kjuh!;~ ,d;W brd;idahf cUthdJ.
 

4. brd;idahdJ mwptpd; efukhfj; jpfHf; fhuz=;fs; ahit>

mwptpd; efuk; :
Inuhg;gpaf; Kiwf; fy;tp :
➢ 18 Mk; E}w;whz;onyna brd;idapy; Inuhg;gpa Kiwf; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; epWtd=;fs; njhd;wpd.
 

➢ 1715 ,y; cUthd `g[dpj nkhp njthya jh;kg;gs;sp~ Mrpahtpy; cUthd Kjy; Inuhg;gpaf; fy;tp
 

Kiwapyhd gs;spahFk;.
fy;tp epWtd=;fs; :
➢ 1812 ,y; brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}hp
 

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➢1837 ,y; fpwpj;jtf; fy;Y}hp

 

➢1840 ,y; gpurpbld;rp gs;sp

 

➢1857 ,y; cUthd brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;

 

➢1914 ,y; bgz;fSf;bfdj; bjhl=;fg;gl;l ,uhzp nkhp fy;Y}hp

 

➢M=;fpnyahpd; epjp cjtpapd;wp ,e;jpah; xUtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}hp

 

→ ,it nghd;w gy;ntW fy;tp epWtd=;fs; brd;idapd; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;Fg; bgUk; g=;fhw;wpd.


5. brd;idapd; jiutHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J Fwpj;bjGJf.

jiutHpg; nghf;Ftuj;J :
➢ M=;fpnyahpd; FoapUg;g[fis Kd;dpl;L ghijfs; aht[k; rhiyfshf khwpd.
 

➢ brd;idapy; mz;zhrhiyf;F mLj;jjhf Kf;fpakhdJ g{tpUe;jty;yp beL+;rhiyahFk;.

 

➢ brd;id efu tPjpfspy; `ouhk; tz;ofs;~ ,af;fg;gl;ld.

 

bjhlh; tz;o epiyak; :

➢ 1856 ,y; bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak; ,uhag[uj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 

➢ mijj; bjhlh;e;J/ brd;id kj;jpaj; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak;/ vGk;g{h; bjhlh; tz;o epiyak;
 

Mfpait cUthfpd.
6. xU efuk; cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w rpwe;j efukhf tps=;Ftjw;fhd jFjpfs; ahit>
cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w rpwe;j efuk; :
➢  xU efuk; cyfg;g[fH; bgWtjw;F/ mJ bjhd;ikr; rpwg;g[ilajhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
➢  bjhHpy; tsk; kpFjpahfg; bgw;wpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
➢  rpwe;j Fokf;fisf; bfhz;oUf;f ntz;Lk;.
➢  JiwKf trjpa[s;sjhft[k; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
➢  Vw;Wkjp/ ,wf;Fkjp tzpfk; bjhlh;e;J eilbgw ntz;Lk;.
➢  etPd bjhHpy;El;g trjpa[ld; kpspu ntz;Lk;.
7. cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w rpwe;j efukhf tps=;Fk; brd;id xU ek;gpf;if ikak; vd;gij epWt[f.
ek;gpf;if ikak; :
➢ brd;idia ikakpl;L cUthd bjhHpw;rhiyfSk; epWtd=;fSk; Vw;gLj;jpa neuo/ kiwKf
 

ntiytha;g;g[fs; efhpd; tsh;r;rpapy; bgUk; g=;fhw;Wfpd;wd.

➢ fzpzp bkd;bghUs;/ td;bghUs;/ thfd cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;wpy; brd;id bgUk;g=;fhw;WfpwJ.
 

➢ ,e;jpa mstpy; bkd;bghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy tfpf;fpwJ.

 

➢ kpd;dQg; bghUs;fis cUthf;Fk; ikakhft[k; jpfH;fpwJ.

 

→ vdnt brd;id btWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y ek;gpf;if ikakhFk;.

IV. beL tpdh

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. `xt;bthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; totHFk; cz;L~ ? eP=;fs; ghh;j;j my;yJ thH;e;j xU efuk; Fwpj;J
,U gf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
`xt;bthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; totHFk; cz;L~
ehd; thH;;e;j efuk; → jpUbey;ntyp

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thH;thjhuk; :
,e;jpahtpd; 12 g[dpj ejpfSs; tw;whj $Ptejpahd jpUbey;ntypapy; gha[k; jhkpuguzpa[k;`
;xd;W. bghjpif kiyapy; njhd;wpf; flnyhL fyf;Fk; jz;bghUie MW gw;wpa ehfhPfnk
Kjy; ehfhPfk; vd;gh;. jhkpuguzpapd; bjhlf;fk; Kjy; vy;iy tiu ePz;oUe;j khtl;lk; gpd;g[
jpUbey;ntyp/ J}j;Jf;Fo vd ,uz;lhdJ. kf;fspd; thH;thjhukhf tps=;FtJ jhkpuguzpna.
bjhd;ik ehfhPfj;jpd; gpwg;gplk; :
Mjpj;j ey;Y}hpy; ele;j mfHha;tpy; fz;blLf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;g[/ btz;fyg; bghUl;fs;/
kl;ghz;l=;fs;/ bghd;/ KJkf;fs; jhHpfs; nghd;w bghUs;fs; jhd; cyfpnyna kpfj; bjhd;ik
tha;e;jjhFk;.
ghuk;ghpak; :
irt rpj;jhe;jKk; fpUj;JtKk; jiHj;njh=;fpa g{kp ,J. fy;tpapy; rpwe;j
ghisa=;nfhl;ilahdJ `bjd;dfj;jpd; Mf;!;nghhh;L~ vd;W nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. jkpH; ,yf;fpa
tuyhw;wpYk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpu nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpYk; ,k;;kz;zpd; ike;jh;fns Kd;ndhofshth;.
@ypiffnshL jhkpur;rj;J epiwe;Js;s jhkpuguzp Mw;W ePhpd; Ritf;F <L ,iz vJt[kpy;iy.
jkpHfj;jpy; rhfpj;a mfhbjkp tpUJfis mjpfKiw btd;W ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapy; khbgUk; rhjid
gilj;jth;fs; jpUbey;ntypiar; rhh;e;jth;fns.
ePh;j;njf;f=;fs; :
400 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghf ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l mizfSk;/ M=;fpnyah;
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l mizf;fl;LfSk; bjd; jkpHfj;jpd; bjhd;ikiag; giwrhw;WfpwJ.
gz;ghl;L milahs=;fs; :
tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;g[ila nfhtpy;fSk; g[z;zpa jPh;j;j=;fSk;/ mUtpfSk;/ gz;ghl;L
milahs=;fshf mike;Js;sd. ghz;oah;fspd; Kjy; jiyefuhd bfhw;if JiwKfj;jpy;
tpise;j Kj;Jfs; cyfg;g[fH; bgw;wit. gd;dhl;L tzpf Vw;Wkjpf;Fg; g[fH; bgw;w efuk;
jpUbey;ntypr; rPikahFk;.

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. xU jpl;lkpl;l bgUefuk; cUthtjw;F ePtpu; jUk; gupe;Jiufis/ ``fdt[ efuk;~~ vd;Dk;

jiyg;gpy; xg;gilthf cUthf;Ff.

➢ fhl;L ts=;fis mHpf;fh tz;zk; ehd;F tHpr;rhiy cUthf;Fjy;.
 

➢ cs;ehl;L tzpfr; re;ijf;F ,ltrjp Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

 

➢ g[iftz;o epiyak; mikj;jy;

 

➢ etPd jukhd fl;ll=;fSld; ngUe;J epiyak; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

 

➢ rhiyfis tpupt[gLj;Jjy;
 

➢ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; miktjw;F Vw;w ,lj;jpidr; rpghupR bra;jy;.

 

➢ khtl;l kf;fSf;F ve;jtpjj; jP=;Fk; ghjpg;g[k; ,y;yhj bjhHpw;rhiyfs; mikj;jy;.

 

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5. bra;a[s; : bja;tkzpkhiy
? ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
1. xUika[ld; → xU bewpg;gl;l kdj;Jld;
2. jpUkyuo → kyh; nghd;w ,iwtdpd; jpUto
3. cj;jkh;
→ rhd;nwhh;fs;
4. cs; → mfk; / kdk;
5. g[wk;
→ btspna
6. g[wbkhd;W ngRnthh;
→ t+;rfh;
7. fythik → ehd; nruhky; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
8. bgUbewp → rpwe;j thH;tpay; bewp
9. kUt[ → Jwt[f;F vjp[uhd
10. cid → ,iwtid
11. kjp
→ mwpt[
12. fUizepjp → ,iwtdpd; mUshfpa bry;tk;
13. jUkkpF → mwk; bra;thh; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;
14. jyk; → jpUf;nfhapy;
15. X=;F → vGe;jUspapUf;Fk;
16. jz;Kfk; → Fsph;e;j Kfk;
17. Ja;akzp → J}a khzpf;fkzp
18. rz;Kfk; → MWKfk;

ek;ik msg;nghk;
I. gyt[s; bjhpf

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. `cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bghd;W ngRthh;~ ? ,j;bjhlh; czh;j;Jk; gz;g[
m) neh;kiwg; gz;g[
  M) vjph;kiwg; gz;g[
 

,) Kuz; gz;g[
  <) ,it midj;Jk;
  

 tpil: <) ,it midj;Jk;

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mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. Md;k nea/ rka xUikg;ghl;ila[k; xsptHpghl;ila[k; cUthf;fp tsh;j;jth; ____________
m) ,uhkyp=;f mofs; M) jpU+hdrk;ge;jh;
   

,) ghujpahh;
  <) Re;juh;
   tpil: m) ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
 

2. ts;syhh; Md;kpf ikaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa ,lk; ____________

m) kUJ}h;
  M) rpw;W}h;
  ,) flY}h;
  <) tlY}h;
 

 tpil: <) tlY}h;

 

3. ts;syhUf;Fr; rpe;jidfspd; Cw;Wf;fskhf ,Ue;jJ ____________

m) brd;id
  M) fe;jnfhl;lk;
  ,) tlY}h;
  <) kapyhg;g{h;
 

 tpil: M) fe;j nfhl;lk;

 

4. jpUtUl;ghtpYs;s jpUKiwfs; ___________

m) ,uz;L
  M) Ie;J   ,) MW  <) vl;L
 

 tpil: ,) MW  

5. jpUtUl;ghtpy; Ie;jhk; jpUKiwapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ghkhiy ___________

m) kDKiw fz;l thrfk;
  M) $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk;
 

,) bja;tkzpkhiy <) njthuk;

   

 tpil: ,) bja;tkzpkhiy
 

6. ____________ mUis ntz;o bja;tkzpkhiy ghlg;gl;lJ

m) mHfh;nfhapy; mHfhpd;
  M) Rthkpkiy KUfdpd;  

,) fe;jnfhl;lj;J KUfg;bgUkhdpd;
  <) gHdpkiy KUfg; bgUkhdpd;
 

 tpil: ,) fe;jnfhl;lj;J KUfg;bgUkhdpd;  

7. grpg;gpzp nghf;fpath; gpwe;j Ch; _______

m) flY}h;
  M) kUJ}h;
  ,) tlY}h;
  <) ngqh;
 

 tpil: M) kUJ}h;
 

8. Cid cUf;fp cs;bshsp bgUf;Fk; jd;ika[ila ghly;fs; epuk;gpaJ _______

m) njthuk;
  M) jpUthrfk;
 

,) jpUtUl;gh
  <) kDKiw fz;l thrfk;
 

 tpil: ,) jpUtUl;gh  

9. kDKiw fz;l thrfk;/ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk; Mfpa ciueil E}y;fis vGjpath; _______
m) jpU+hd rk;ge;jh;
  M) Re;juh;
 

,) mg;gh;
  <) ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
 

 tpil: <) ,uhkyp=;f mofs;

 

II. FW tpdh

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. `jUkkpF brd;idapy; fe;j nfhl;lj;Js;tsh; jynkh=;f fe;jntns~ ? bjhlUf;Fg; gjt[iu vGJf.

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gjt[iu :
mwk; bra;thh; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; brd;idapd; fe;jnfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;nfhtpypy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk;
fe;jntns-
→ vd;gJ bghUs;
mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. mofshhpd; mUk;bgUk; jd;ikfs; ahit>
,uhkyp=;f mofshh; :
➢ rkur rd;khh;f;f bewpfis tFj;jth;
 

➢
grpg;gpzp nghf;fpath;
 

➢
rpWtajpnyna ftpghLk; Mw;wy; bgw;wth;
 

  ➢ ,k;kz;zpy; Md;knea xUikg;ghL v=;Fk; jiHf;ft[k; cz;ikbewp X=;ft[k; ciHj;jth;.
 
➢ thoa gapiuf; fz;lnghJ jhKk; thoath;.
2. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; ,aw;wpa ciueil E}y;fs; ahit>
ciueil E}y;fs; :
➢ kDKiw fz;l thrfk;
 

➢ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk;
 

3. `cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bghd;W ngRthh; cwt[fythik ntz;Lk;~

→ vd;w ghlypy; gapd;W tUk; bjhil ea=;fis vLj;bjGJf.
bjhil eak; :
(i) rPh; nkhid :
 

rPh; njhWk; KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ rPh; nkhid

v.fh :?
cs;bshd;W ? cwt[fs;
(ii) ,iag[j; bjhil
 

monjhWk; filrp vGj;njh/ mirnah rPnuh xd;wp tUtJ ,iag[j; bjhil.

v.fh :
ntz;Lk;
ntz;Lk;
(iii) Kuz; bjhil
 

ghlypy; vjph;r;brhw;fs; gapd;W tUtJ Kuz; bjhil

v.fh : cs; × g[wk;
4. mofshh; vJ jd;id mQfhjpUf;f ntz;Lbkd ntz;Lfpwhh;>
mQfhjpUf;f ntz;Lk; :
kjkhd nga; jd;id mQfhjpUf;f ntz;Lbkd ntz;Lfpwhh;.

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5. ts;syhh; kwf;f ntz;Ltd kwthjpUf;f ntz;Ltd ahit>
kwf;f ntz;LtJ :
Jwt[f;F vjpuhd bgz;zhiriaj; jd; kdk; kwf;f ntz;Lfpwhh;.
kwthjpUf;f ntz;LtJ :
vd;Wk; ,iwtid kwthjpUf;f ntz;Lbkd ntz;Lfpwhh;.
6. jhd; vt;thW ,Uf;f ntz;Lbkd ts;syhh; ,iwtdplk; ntz;Lfpwhh;>
,iwtdplk; ntz;LtJ :
➢ kjpa[k;
 

➢ ,iwtdpd; fUizahfpa epjpa[k;

 

➢ nehaw;w thH;t[k;
 

→ cilatdhfj; jhd; ,Uf;f ntz;Lbkd ntz;Lfpwhh;.

III. rpW tpdh
g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; fe;jntsplk; vj;jifnahh; cwt[ ntz;Lbkdf; nfl;fpwhh;>
cj;jkh; cwt[ :
xU bewpg;gl;l kdj;Jld; ,iwtdJ kyh; nghd;w jpUtofis epidf;fpd;w cj;jkh;fspd; cwt[
jdf;F ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; ts;syhh;.
t+;rfh; cwt[ :
jk; cs;sj;jpy; xd;iw epidj;Jf; bfhz;L g[wj;jpy; ntbwhd;whfg; ngRk; t+;rfh;fspd; cwt[ jdf;F
Vw;glhky; fhf;FkhW ,iwtdplk; ts;syhh; ntz;Lfpwhh;.
mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. fe;j nfhl;lj;J KUfg;bgUkhdplk; ts;syhh; jdf;F ntz;Lk; vd;W ntz;Ltd ahit>
ntz;Lk; vd ntz;Ltd :

  ➢ xU Fwpg;gpl;l kdj;Jld; ,iwtdpd; kyh; nghd;w jpUtofis epidf;fpd;w rhd;nwhh;fspd;
cwt[ ntz;Lk;.
➢
  bgUik rhd;w ,iwtdJ g[fiHna ngr ntz;Lk;.
➢
  rpwe;j thH;tpay; bewpfisg; gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;.
➢
  vd;Wk; ,iwtid kwthjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
➢
  mwpt[k; ,iwtdpd; fUizahd bry;tKk; thH;t[k; cilatdhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. fe;j nfhl;lj;J ,iwtdplk; ts;syhh; jdf;F ntz;lhk; vd ntz;Ltd ahit>
➢jk; cs;sj;jpy; xd;Wk; g[wj;jpy; xd;Wkhfg; ngRk; t+;rfh;fsplk; cwt[ ntz;lhk;.
 

➢bgha;/
 

➢
kjkhd nga;/
 

➢
bgz;zhir/
 

→ ,itbay;yhk; jdf;F ntz;lhk; vd ,iwtdplk; ntz;Lfpwhh; ts;syhh;.

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3. bja;tkzpkhiy gw;wpf; Fwpg;bgGJf

bja;tkzpkhiy :
➢ jpUtUl;gh ,aw;wpath; ,uhkyp=;f mofshhh;.
 

➢ Cid cUf;fp cs;bshsp bgUf;Fk; jd;ika[ila ghly;fs; ,it.

 

➢
jpUtUl;gh MW jpUKiwfshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 

➢
`bja;tkzpkhiy~ vd;Dk; ghkhiyahdJ jpUtUl;ghypy; Ie;jhk; jpUKiwapy; ,lk;
 

bgw;Ws;sJ.
➢ brd;id/ fe;jnfhl;lj;J KUfg;bgUkhdpd; mUis ntz;og; ghoa ghly; bja;tkzpkhiy.
 

4. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; gw;wp vGJf

,uhkyp=;f mofs; :
➢   rpjk;guj;ij mLj;J kUJ}hpy; gpwe;jth;.
➢
  rkur rd;khh;f;f bewpfis tFj;jth;
➢
  grpg;gpzp nghf;fpath;
➢
  rpWtajpnyna ftpghLk; Mw;wy; bgw;wth;

  ➢ ,k;kz;zpy; Md;knea xUikg;ghL v=;Fk; jiHf;ft[k; cz;ikbewp X=;ft[k; ciHj;jth;.

  ➢ thoa gapiuf; fz;lnghJ jhKk; thoath;.
➢   kDKiw fz;l thrfk;/ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk; Mfpa ciueil E}y;fis ,aw;wpa[s;shh;.
➢
  tlY}hpy; rj;jpa jUkr;rhiyia epWtpdhh;.
➢
  m=;nf nrhjpjhprdg; g[Jikiag; g[Fj;jpdhh;.
➢
  m=;F mth; Vw;wp itj;j mLg;gpd; fdy; ,d;Wk; gy;nyhuJ grpg;gpzpiag; nghf;fp tUfpwJ.

IV. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. kyuo
  → ctikj; bjhif
2. kwth
  → <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg;bgabur;rk;
3. tsh;jyk;
  → tpidj;bjhif

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. fythik/ ngrhjpUj;jy;/

gpoahjpUj;jy;
→ vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgah;
 

2. fUiz epjp → cUtfk;

 

3. jUkkpF brd;id → tpidj;bjhif

 

4. jz;Kfk; → gz;g[j; bjhif

 

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VI. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs; mfepiy tpdhf;fs;

1) epidf;fpd;w → epid + f; + fpd;W + m 1) bgWk; → bgW + ck;
epid → gFjp bgW → gFjp
f; → re;jp ck; → bgabur;r tpFjp
fpd;W → epfH;fhy ,ilepiy 2) ngr → ngR + m
m → bgabur;r tpFjp ngR → gFjp
2) itj;J → it+ j; + j; + c m → bgabur;r tpFjp
it → gFjp
j; → re;jp
3) gpoj;J → gpo + j; + j; + c
j; → ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy gpo → gFjp
c → tpidbar;r tpFjp j; → re;jp
j; → ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
3) ngRthh; → ngR + t;; + Mh; c → tpidbar;r tpFjp
ngR → gFjp
4) xGf → xGF + m
t; → vjphf
; hy ,ilepiy
xGF → gFjp
Mh; → gyh; ghy; tpidKw;W
tpFjp. m → bgabur;r tpFjp
5) thH → thH; + m
thH; → gFjp
m → bgabur;r tpFjp

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byhnahyh ,ay;: 5 <rp jkpH; ? 12

VI. g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs; mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1) cs;bshd;W → cs; + xd;W 1) kyuo → kyh; + mo
i) `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd;
  i) `cly; nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ
 

,ul;Lk;~ → vd;w tpjpg;go ,ay;ng~ → vd;w tpjpg;go

→ `s;~ ? ,ul;oj;jJ → h;; + m = `h;~ MdJ
→ cs;s; + xd;W → MdJ → kyuo ⇒ vd;W g[zh;e;jJ
ii) `cly; nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ
 
2) gpoj;bjhGf → gpoj;J + xGf
,ay;ng~ → vd;w tpjpg;go i) `caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ →
 

→ s;; + x = `bsh~ MdJ vd;w tpjpg;go

→ cs;bshd;W → `c~ eP=;fpaJ
→ vd;W g[zh;e;jJ → J = j; + c
2) xUika[ld; → xUik + cld; = gpoj; + j; + xGf → MdJ
i) `, < I tHp at;t[k;~ → vd;w tpjpg;go ii) `cly; nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ
 

,ay;ng~ → vd;w tpjpg;go

 

→ `a;~ ? clk;gLbka; njhd;wpaJ

→ j; + x = `bjh~ MdJ

→ xUik + a; + cld;

→ gpoj;bjhGf

ii) `cly; nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ

→ vd;W g[zh;e;jJ
 

,ay;ng~ → vd;w tpjpg;go

3) nehaw;w → neha; + mw;w

→ a; + c = `a[~ MdJ
i) `cly; nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ

→ xUika[ld;  

,ay;ng~ → vd;w tpjpg;go

→ vd;W g[zh;e;jJ
→ a; + m = `a~ MdJ

→ nehaw;w ⇒ vd;W g[zh;e;jJ

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. bja;tkzpkhiyg; ghly; fUj;JfSf;F ,izahd jpUf;Fws;fisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.

``etpy;bjhWk; E}y;eak; nghYk; gapy;bjhWk;

gz;g[il ahsu; bjhlu;g[~~
`` ths;nghy; giftiu m+;rw;f m+;Rf
nfs;nghy; giftu; bjhlu;g[~~
`` bgha;ahik bgha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gpw
bra;ahik bra;ahik ed;W~~
`` bghwpthapy; Ie;jwptpj;jhd; bgha;jPu; xGf;f
bewpepd;whu; ePLthH; thu;~~
`` jdf;Ftik ,y;yhjhd; jhs;nru;e;jhu;f; fy;yhy;
kdf;ftiy khw;wy; mupJ~~
`` gpwtpg; bgU=;fly; ePe;Jthu; ePe;jhu;
,iwtd; monruh jhu;~~
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<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh

bra;a[s;

5. njthuk;
? jpU+hd rk;ge;jh;;
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
1. kley;yhh;
→ ,sik bghUe;jpa
 7. khkapiy
→ bghpa Cuhd


bgz;fs; jpUkapiy
2. kyptpHh
→ tpHhf;fs; epiwe;j 8. fghyPr;ruk; mkh;e;jhd; → fghyPr;ruk;

3. fyptpHh
→ vGr;rp jUk; tpHh vd;Dk; nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtd;
4. gyptpHh
→  jpir njhWk; g{irapLk; 9. ghly; bra;
→ g{i$fs; bra;a[k;

cj;jpu tpHh 10. fhzhnj

→ fhzhky;


5. xyptpHh
→ Muthu tpHh 11. nghjpnah
→ bry;tJ Kiw MFkh>


6. tPjp
→ bjU

ek;ik msg;nghk;
I. gyt[s; bjhpf

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. irt rkaj; jpUKiwfs;
m) MW
  M) gj;J
  ,) gd;dpuz;L
  <) vl;L
 

 tpil: ,) gd;dpuz;L
 

2. gd;dpU jpUKiwfSs; Kjy; @d;W jpUKiwfisg; ghoath; ___________

m) jpU@yh;
  M) jpU+hdrk;ge;jh;
  ,) jpUeht[f;furh;
  <) Re;juh;
 

 tpil: M) jpU+hdrk;ge;jh;
 

3. ,irg; ghly;fshfnt jpfH;git ___________ ghly;fs;

m) jpU+hdrk;ge;jh;
  M) jpUeht[f;furh;
 

,) Re;juh;
  <) khzpf;fthrfh;
 

 tpil: m) jpU+hdrk;ge;jh;
 

4. gd;dpU jpUKiwfisj; bjhFj;jth; ___________

m) ,uh$uh$ nrhHd; M) ehjKdpfs;
   

,) ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
  <)   TlY}h;f; fpHhh; 

 tpil: ,) ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp

 

215
byhnahyh ,ay;: 5 <rp jkpH; ? 12

5. 4/ 5/ 6 jpUKiwfisg; ghoath; ___________

m) jpU+hdrk;ge;jh;
  M) jpUeht[f;furh;
  ,) Re;juh;
  <) khzpf;fthrfh;
 

 tpil: M) jpUeht[f;furh;
 

6. VHhk; jpUKiwiag; ghoath;

m) jpU+hdrk;ge;jh;
  M) jpUeht[f;furh;
 

,) Re;juh;
  <) khzpf;fthrfh;
   tpil: ,) Re;juh;
 

7. xd;W Kjy; VG tiua[s;s jpUKiwfSf;Fj; ___________ vd;W bgah;

m) njthuk;
  M) jpUthrfk;
  ,) jpUtUl;gh
  <) bja;tkzpkhiy
 

 tpil: m) njthuk;
 

8. jkpGf;F ,Ue;j cah;epiy/ ,irjj;Jtk;/ rkaf; nfhl;ghLfs; midj;Jk; tputpf; fplf;Fk; ghly;fisg;
ghoath; ___________
m) mg;gh;
  M) rk;ge;jh;
  ,) Re;juh;
  <) kzpthrfh;
 

 tpil: M) rk;ge;jh;
 

9. g=;Fdp cj;jpu tpHhtpidf; Fwpg;gJ ___________

m) fyptpHh
  M) xyptpHh
  ,) gyptpHh
  <) kyptpHh
 

 tpil: ,) gyptpHh
 

10. jpUtpHhf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfisa[ila bghpa Ch; ___________

m) jpUkapiy
  M) jpUnt=;flk;
  ,) jpUbthw;wpa{h;
  <) jpUg;g[tdk;
 

 tpil: m) jpUkapiy
 

II. FWtpdh

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. fyptpHh/ xsptpHh ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
fyp tpHh :
➢ vGr;rp jUk; tpHh
 

➢ kf;fSf;F vGr;rp jUk; tifapy; cw;rhfKld; bfhz;lhlg;gLk; tpHh

 

xyp tpHh
➢ Muthu tpHh
 

➢ k=;fy thj;jpa=;fspd; xyp/ thH;j;Jg; ghly;fspd; ,ir xyp nghd;w Muthu=;fnshL fspg;g[ld;
 

bfhz;lhlg;gLk; tpHh.
mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. rk;ge;jh; ghly;fspy; tputpf; fplg;gd ahit>
rk;ge;jh; ghly;fspy; tputpf; fplg;gd :
➢ rKjhaj;jpd; bghUshjhuf; fiy gz;ghl;L epiyfs;
 

➢ jkpGf;F ,Ue;j cah;epiy

 

➢ ,ir jj;Jtk;
 

➢ rkaf; nfhl;ghLfs;
 

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<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh
2. xyptpHhf; fhzhnj nghjpnah> ,jpy; KiwahfhJ vd;W rk;ge;jh; TWtJ ahJ>
Kiw MFnkh> :?
jpUkapiy fghyPr;ruk; nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpu Muthu
tpHhtpidf; fhzhky; bry;tJ Kiw MFkh> vd;fpwhh; rk;ge;jh;.
3. jpUkapiy Ch; vj;jifaJ>
jpUkapiy
,sk; bgz;fs; Muthuj;njhL bfhz;lhLk; jpUtpHhf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfisa[ila bghpa Ch;
jpUkapiy MFk;.
III. rpW tpdh
g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. g=;Fdp cj;jpu jpUtpHh eilbgw;w Kiwiaj; jpU+hdrk;ge;jh; vt;thW gjpt[ bra;fpwhh;.
g=;Fdp cj;jpu jpUtpHh :
➢ ,sk;bgz;fs; Muthuj;njhL bfhz;lhLk; jpUtpHhf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfisa[ila bghpa Ch;
 

jpUkapiy.
➢ m=;F vGr;rp kpf;f tpHhf;fs; epfGk;.
 

➢ kapiy fghyPr;ruk; nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpukhdJ md;W

 

Kjy; ,d;W tiuf; bfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

  ➢ g=;Fdp cj;jpukhdJ k=;fy thj;jpak; kw;Wk; ,irbahypfs; epiwe;j Muthu tpHhthf
eilbgw;wJ.

. mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. jpUkapyhg;g{h; gjpfk; ? Fwpg;bgGJf
jpUkapyhg;g{h; gjpfk; :
➢ jpUkapyhg;g{h; gjpfk; ,uz;lhk; jpUKiwapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
 

➢ gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; Kjy; @d;W jpUKiwfs; jpU+hdrk;ge;jh; ghoa ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[fs;.

 

➢ ,g;ghly;fs; ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp vd;gtuhy; bjhFf;fggl;Ls;sd.

 

➢ ,g;ghly;fSf;Fj; njthuk; vd;W bgah;.

 

➢ rKjhaj;jpd; bghUshjhu fiy gz;ghl;L epiyfs;/ jkpGf;F ,Ue;j cah;epiy/ ,ir jj;Jtk;
 

rkaf; nfhl;LghLfs; midj;Jk; rk;ge;jh; ghly;fspy; tputpf; fplf;fpd;wd.

2. kapyhg;g{h; gw;wpa jdpr;rpwg;g[fs; ahit>
kapyhg;g{h; rpwg;g[fs; :
➢ klyhh;e;J bj=;fpd; kapiy
 

➢ ,Usfw;Wk; nrhjpj; bjhd;kapiy

 

➢ fw;whh;fs; Vj;Jk; fghyPr;ruk;

 

➢ fz;zhh; kapiyf; fghyPr;ruk;

 

➢ fU+;nrhiy R{H;e;j fghyPr;ruk;

 

➢ k=;Fy; kjpjtGk; khltPjp kapyhg;g{h;

 

➢ Ch;jpiu ntiy cyht[k; cau;kapiy

 

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byhnahyh ,ay;: 5 <rp jkpH; ? 12

3. kapiyg; gjpfj;jpy; fhzg;bgWk; tpHhf;fs; ahit?

kapiyg; gjpfj;jpy; fhzg;bgWk; tpHhf;fs; :
➢   Ig;grp ? Xz tpHh
➢   fhh;j;jpif ? tpsf;Fj; jpUtpHh
➢   khh;fHp ? jpUthjpiu tpHh
➢   ij ? ijg;g{r tpHh
➢   khrp ? flyhl;L tpHh
➢   g=;Fdp ? g=;Fdp cj;jpu tpHh
IV. beLtpdh

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. brd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;g{h;/ fe;j nfhl;lg; gFjpfs; bra;a[spy; vt;tpjk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd>
brd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;g{h;
➢ bghpa Cuhd jpUkapiyahdJ ,sk;bgz;fs; Muthuj;njhL bfhz;lhLk; jpUtpHhf;fs;
 

epiwe;j tPjpfisa[ilaJ.
➢ m=;F vGr;rp kpf;f tpHhf;fs; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
 

➢ fghyPr;ruk; vd;Dk; nfhtpy; mike;Js;sJ.

 

➢ fghyPr;ruk; nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpukhdJ Muthu

 

tpHhthf Mz;LnjhWk; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

→ ,t;thW jpUtpHhf;fshy; vGk; Muthuk; epiwe;jjhf kapyhg;g{h; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fe;jnfhl;l gFjpfs;:
➢ mwk; bra;thh;fs; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; gFjp
 

➢ xUikahd kdj;Jld; fe;jnfhl;lj;J jpUf;nfhtpypy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;jntspd; kyh;

 

nghd;w jpUtofis epidf;fpd;w cj;jkh;fs; epiwe;j gFjp.

➢ fe;j nfhl;lj;J KUfg;bgUkhd; Fsph;e;j Kfj;njhw;wj;ija[ila J}a khzpf;fkzpahdth;.
 

➢ MWKf=;fis cila bja;tkhfpa kzpahdth;.

 

→ ,t;thW mwk; bra;gth;fs;/ cj;jkh;fs; epiwe;j gFjp vd;Wk; m=;Fs;s ,iwtd; Fsph;e;j
jd;ik/ mUs;/ MWKfkhdth; vd;Wk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
IV. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. khkapiy
  → chpr;brhw;bwhlh;

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1.   xyptpHh → tpidj;bjhif
2.   nghjpnah → Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W
3.   mkh;e;jhd; → glh;f;if xUik tpidKw;W
4. fz;lhd; → glh;f;if xUik tpidKw;W
5.   ghly; bra; → ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif

218
<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh

V. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1) fz;lhd; → fhz;(fz;) + l; + Md; 2) mkh;e;jhd; → mkh; + j;(e;) + j; + Md;

fhz; → gFjp (fz; vdf; mkh; → gFjp
FWfpaJ tpfhuk;) j; → re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)
l; → ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy j; → ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Md; → Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W Md; → Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W
tpFjp tpFjp

IV. g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1) g{k;ghtha; → g{ + ghtha;
i) `g{g;bgah; Kd; ,dbkd;ika[k; njhd;Wk;~ → vd;w tpjpg;go
 

→ `g;~ ? w;F ,dkhd `k;~ ? kpFe;jJ

→ g{k;ghtha;
⇒ vd;W g[zh;e;jJ
mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1) tpHhg;ghly; → tpHh + ghly;
i) `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph; Kd; frjg kpFk;~ → vd;w tpjpg;go
 

→ `g;~ kpFe;jJ


→ tpHhg;ghly;
⇒ vd;W g[zh;e;jJ

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. c=;fs; gFjpapy; bfhz;lhlg;gLk; jpUtpHhf;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;o ehspjH; xd;wpd;

bra;jpg;gpuptpw;F mspf;Fk; tifapy; bra;jpahf vGJf.

khu;r; ? 2019/
ghgehrk;.
rpj;jpiu tpRj; jpUtpHh:
➢ jpUbey;ntypapypUe;J 56 fp.kP. bjhiytpy; cs;s ghgehrj;jpy; rpj;jpiu tpRj; jpUtpHh
 

219
byhnahyh ,ay;: 5 <rp jkpH; ? 12

btFtpku;irahf eilbgWk;. rpj;jpiu khjg;gpwg;gpw;Fg; gj;J ehl;fSf;F Kd; cyfk;ik rnkj

ghgehru; nfhapypy; jpUtpHhtpw;fhd bfho Vw;wg;gLk;.
➢ md;W bjhl=;fp/ bjhlu;e;J gj;J ehl;fSf;F xt;bthU rKjha kz;lfg;gojhuu;fshy; jpUtpHh
 

elj;jg;gLk;. jpUtpHh Rthkp mk;khspd; tPjpcyh g[wg;ghL khiyapy; eilbgWk;. md;dk;/

up&gk;/ btl;Lk; Fjpiu/ fhknjD nghd;w xt;bthU thfdj;jpYk; xt;bthU ehl;fspYk; tPjpcyh
eilbgWk;. mjpy; rpwg;ghf VHhk; jpUehs; md;W eluhru; rg;guk; tPjp cyh tUtijf; fhiyapy;
`bts;is rhj;jp~ vd;Wk; khiyapy; `gr;ir rhj;jp~ vd;W miHg;gu;.
➢ xd;gjhk; ehs; fhiyapy; Cupd; ehd;F ujtPjpfspYk; Rw;wp tUk; nju;j;jpUtpHh rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
 

gj;jhk; ehs; fhiyapy; `g{k;gy;yf;fpy;~ tPjp cyh eilbgWk;. md;wput[ bjg;gf;Fsj;jpy; bjg;gj;jpy;
Rthkp mk;ghs; cyh eilbgWk;. md;W ,utpy;/ ifyhaj;jpy; eilbgw;w rptd; ghu;tjpapd;
jpUf;fy;ahzj;ijg; ghu;f;f Koahj mfj;jpaUf;F Rthkpa[k; mk;ghSk; fy;ahz nfhyj;jpy;
fhl;rp bfhLg;ghu;fs;. ,t;thwhfg; gj;J ehl;fSk; jpUtpHhf; nfhyj;jpy; jhkpuguzpf;fiu kf;fs;
bts;sj;jpy; kpjf;Fk;.

Jizg;ghlk;

5. mfehD}W
? mk;@tdhh;
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
1. ntl;lk;
→  kPd; gpoj;jy; 16. ms;sy;
nrW
→ 

2. fHp
→
cg;g=;fHp 17. gfL vUJ → 

3. brW
→ tay; 18. cHhmJ cHt[ bra;ahkny
→ 

4. bfhs;is
→  tpiy 19. fjH;nfhy; vUJfis tpul;lg;
→ 

gad;gLj;Jk;
5. vd;W}H;
→ R{hpadpd; btg;gk; jhH;nfhy;
6. tplh;
→ kiybtog;g[ 20. nenu → khw;whf

7. fjH;t[
→  tpiut[ 21. fLf;Fk; → jPapl;L vhpg;gh;


8. ckzh;
→ cg;g[ tzpfh; 22. kh@J → fUk;g[if

9. vy;tis
→ xspUk; tisay; 23. mGe;jpa → rpf;fpf;bfhz;l

10. bjsph;g;g
→  xypg;g 24. rhfhl;L → cg;g[ Vw;wpr; bry;Yk;


khl;L tz;o
11. tpsp mwp → Fuy; nfl;l
→ tz;oia kPl;f vUnj


25. ifg{z;
12. +kyp → eha;


KaYjy;
13. bthP,a
→  m+;rpa 26. tUe;jp → Jd;gg;gl;L

14. kjh;fay;
→  mHfpa kPd; 27. caph;f;Fk; → cjtp bra;jy;


15. g[dtd;
→  fhdtd; 28. nehahfpd;nw → ehd; Jd;g[w;nwd; 

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<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh

ek;ik msg;nghk;
I. gyt[s; bjhpf

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. `tpspawp +kyp~ ? ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpy=;F vJ>
m) vUJ
  M) Fjpiu   ,) eha;
  <) ahHp
  

 tpil: ,) eha;  

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. m) ghly; vz;zpw;F Vw;gj; jpizfs; thpirahf itj;Jj; bjhFf;fg;gl;l E}y; mfehD}W
 

M) vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W mfehD}W

 

,) bea;jy; jpizg; ghly;fisg; ghLtjpy; ty;yth; mk;@tdhh;

 

<) mfehD}W gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W

 

m) m/ M → rhp/ ,/ < → jtW

  M) m kl;Lk; rhp
 

,) m/ < → rhp/ m/ , → jtW

  <) m/ M/ , → rhp/ < → jtW
 

 tpil: <) m/ M/ , → rhp/ < → jtW

 

2. vJ rhpahdJ>
(i) mfehD}W @d;W gphpt[fis cilaJ

(ii) mfg;ghly;fs; kl;Lnk ghoath;fSs; xUth; mk;@tdhh;

(iii) mk;@tdhhpd; ghly;fs; mfehD}w;wpy; kl;Lnk cs;sJ

m) (i) kl;Lk;
  M) (ii) kl;Lk;
,) (iii) kl;Lk;
    <) midj;Jk;
 

 tpil: <) midj;Jk;

3. vJ rhpahdJ>
(i) fspw;wpahid epiu ?
120 ghly;fs;
(ii) kzpkpil gtsk; ?
180 ghly;fs;
(iii) epj;jpyf; nfhit ?
100 ghly;fs;
m) (i) kl;Lk;
  M)   (ii) kl;Lk; ,) (iii) kl;Lk;
  <) midj;Jk;
 

 tpil: <) midj;Jk;

 

4. (1)   Fwp+;rp → 4/ 14....

(2)   Ky;iy → 10/ 20....
(3)   kUjk; → 1/ 3....
(4)   bea;jy; → 6/ 16....
(5)   ghiy → 2/ 8....
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5
  M) 5/ 1/ 4/ 2/ 3
  ,) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
  <) 5/ 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
 

 tpil: M) 5/ 1/ 4/ 2/ 3
 

5. mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypd; motiuaiw ____________

m) 13 ? 31
  M) 4 ? 8   ,) 3 ? 6
  <) 9 ? 12
 

 tpil: m) 13 ? 31  

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byhnahyh ,ay;: 5 <rp jkpH; ? 12

6. mfehD}w;iwj; bjhFj;jth; ____________

m)   gd;dhL je;j khwd; tGjp

M)   kJiu cg;g{hpFofpHhh; kfdhh; cUj;jpu rd;kh;

,)   ghz;oad; cf;fpug; bgUtGjp

<)   TlY}h; fpHhh;

 tpil: M) kJiu cg;g{hpFofpHhh; kfdhh; cUj;jpu rd;kh;
 

7. mfehD}iwj; bjhFg;gpj;jtd; ____________

m) cUj;jpu rd;kh;
  M) ghz;oad; cf;fpug;bgUtGjp
 

,) TlY}h; fpHhh;
  <) khe;jh;+; nruypUk; bghiw
 

 tpil: M) ghz;oad; cf;fpug;bgUtGjp

 

8. mfehD}wpd; ntW bgah; _______

m) mftw;gh
  M) ehD}Wg;ghl;L
  ,) r=;fg;ghl;L
  <) beLe;bjhif
 

 tpil: <) beLe;bjhif 

9. mfk; rhh;e;j mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypd; ghf;fs; _______

m) btz;gh
  M) Mrphpag;gh
  ,) fypg;gh
  <) t+;rpg;gh
 

 tpil: M) Mrphpag;gh  

10. flYf;F mUfpy; kzy; jpl;Lfspy; fly;ePh; nj=;fpapUf;Fk; gFjp _______

m) cg;g=;fHp
  M) bea;jy; epyk;
  ,) Rid ePh;
  <) kPd; gpoj;jsk;
 

 tpil: m) cg;g=;fHp  

11. cg;g[ gotjw;F Vw;w tifapy; ghj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l ,lk; _______

m) cg;g=;fHp
  M) cg;gsk;
  ,) kPd;gpoj;jsk;
  <) JiwKfk;
 

 tpil: M) cg;gsk;  

12. gpw epy=;fspy; fpilf;Fk; bghUs;fis cg;gpw;Fg; gz;lkhw;whfg; bgw;wth;fs; _______

m) Fwth;fs;
  M) Ma;r;rpah;
  ,) cHth;fs;
  <) ckzh;fs;
  

 tpil: <) ckzh;fs;  

13. cg;g[ tpisa[k; fsj;jpw;F _______ vd;W bgah;

m) nfzp   M) Rid
  ,) fly;
  <) msk;
 

 tpil: <) msk;  

14. bea;jy; epy kf;fspd; bjhHpy;fs; _______, _______

m) njbdLj;jy;/ fpH=;F mfH;jy;

  M) bey;yhpjy;/ fisgwpj;jy;
 

,) kPd;gpoj;jy;/ cg;g[ tpistpj;jy;

  <) R{iwahly;/ tHpg;gwp bra;jy;
 

 tpil: ,) kPd;gpoj;jy;/ cg;g[ tpistpj;jy;

 

15. Mz;fSk; bgz;fSk; tzpfk; bra;j bra;jpiag; g[yg;gLj;Jtd _______

m) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
  M) r=;fg;ghly;fs;
 

,) jpUf;Fws;
  <) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;Fg;ghly;fs;
 

 tpil: M) r=;fg;ghly;fs;
 

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II. FWtpdh

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. `bgU=;fly; ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFog; gujth;~ ? ,j;bjhlhpy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
`bgU=;fly; ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFog; gujth;~
Kuz; eak; :
bgU=;fly; × rpWFo
→ gug;gstpy; bghpa flypy; kPd; ntl;ilahLgth;
→ epyg;gug;gpy; rpwpa Foapy; thH;th;.

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. mfehD}W vj;jid gphpt[fis cilaJ> mit ahit>
mfehD}W
@d;W gphpt[fis cilaJ
@d;W gphpt[fs;
➢ fspw;wpahid epiu
   ? 120 ghly;fs;
➢ kzpkpil gtsk;
  ? 180 ghly;fs;
➢ epj;jpyf; nfhit
  ? 100 ghly;fs;
→ bfhz;Ls;sJ
2. mk;@tdhh; gw;wp vGJf
Mk;@tdhh; :
➢ bea;jy; jpizg; ghly;fisg; ghLtjpy; ty;yth; mk;@tdhh;
 

➢ ,tuJ ghly;fs; vl;Lj;bjhifapy; ew;wpiz/ FWe;bjhif/ mfehD}W/ I=;FWE}W Mfpatw;wpYk;

 

bjhFf;fg;bgw;Ws;sd.
3. gH=;fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jpg; bghUshf tps=;fpa cg;g[ Fwpj;J vGJf>
cg;g[ :
➢ gH=;fhyj;jpy; jkpH;ehl;oy; re;ijf;Fhpa cw;gj;jpg; bghUshf cg;g[ tps=;fpaJ.
 

➢ cg;g[ tpisa[k; fsj;jpw;F `msk;~ vd;W bgah;.

 

➢ gpw epy=;fspy; fpilf;Fk; bghUs;fis ckzh;fs; cg;gpw;Fg; gz;lkhw;whfg; bgw;wdh;.

 

4. cg;g=;fHp Fwpj;J vGJf>

cg;g=;fHp
➢ flYf;F mUfpy; kzy; jpl;Lfspy; fly;ePh; nj=;fpapUf;Fk; gFjpf;F cg;g=;fHp vdg; bgah;.
 

➢ fly;ePiug; ghj;jpfspy; njf;fp btapypy; Mtpahf;fp cg;g[g; gotjw;F Vw;wtifapy; mikf;fg;gl;l

 

,lj;ij cg;gsk; vd;fpnwhk;.

➢ Mil nghy; goa[k; ,e;j cg;igf; Tl;or; nrfhpj;J/ gf;Ftg;gLj;jp tpw;gidf;F mDg;g[th;.
 

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5. bea;jy; jpiz ? tpsf;Ff

bea;jy; jpiz :
(i) Kjw;bghUs;

epyk; : flYk; fly; rhh;e;j gFjpa[k;

bghGJ : bgUk;bghGJ → fhh;/ Tjph;/ Kd;gdp/ gpd;gdp/ ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy;
rpWbghGJ → vw;ghL

(ii) fUg;bghUs;

bja;tk; → tUzd;

kf;fs; → gujth;/ guj;jpah;

giw → kPd; nfhl;giw

bjhHpy; → kPd; gpoj;jy;/ cg;g[ tpistpj;jy;/ cg;g[ tpw;wy;

(iii) chpg;bghUs;

➢ ,u=;fYk; ,u=;fy; epkpj;jKk;

 

6. jiykfd; gh=;fw;F ciuj;j Tw;Wj; Jiw gw;wp tpsf;Ff

jiykfd; gh=;fw;F ciuj;j Tw;W
➢ `jiytpiaf; fz;ljhy; Vw;gl;l Jd;gj;ij eP nghf;Ftjw;F chpatd;~ vd;W jiykfd; gh=;fdplk;
 

cs;SWj;Jf; TWtjhFk;.

III. rpW tpdh

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. `bey;ypd; nenu btz;fy cg;g[~ ? ,j;bjhlhpd; tHp gz;lkhw;W tzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.
gz;lkhw;W tzpfk; :
➢ `gujth;/ cg;gs=;fspy; cHt[ bra;ahkny cg;g[ tpistpg;gh;.
 

➢ `me;j btz;zpwf; fy;cg;ig/ cg;g[ tzpfh; j=;fsJ tz;oapy; Vw;wpr; bry;th;.

 

➢ `nfhilf; fhyj;jpd; btg;gj;jhy; gpst[g;gl;l Fd;iwf; fle;J bjhiytpy; cs;s Ch;fspy; tpw;gid
 

bra;th;.
`bey;ypd; nenu btz;fy; cg;g[~
➢ `mk;@tdhhpd; mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypd; jiytp/ `cg;g[f;F khw;whf bey;iyj; je;J cg;gpidg;
 

bgw;Wf; bfhs;s thhPnuh~ vd;W Tt[fpwhh;.

→ ,j; bjhlh; @yk;/ gpw epy=;fspy; fpilf;Fk; bghUs;fis ckzh;fs; cg;gpw;F gz;lkhw;whfg;


bgw;wdh; vd;gij mwpayhk;.

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. mfehD}Wg; ghlypy; mk;@tdhh; cs;Siwiag; g[ide;Js;sij tpsf;Ff.
cs;Siw :
➢ ``tz;oia ,Gf;Fk; vUJfspd; Jd;gj;ij je;ij nghf;fpaJ nghy/ jiytpiaf; fz;ljdhy;
 

vdf;nfw;gl;l Jd;gj;ij eP nghf;Ftjw;F chpatd;~ vd;W jiytd; gh=;fdplk; cs;SWj;Jf;

Twpdhd;.
➢ `vUijj; jiytDf;Fk; je;ijiag; gh=;fDf;Fk; cg;gpd; vilahy; vUJ tUe;Jk; epiyiaf;
 

fhjy; tUj;jj;jpw;Fk; cs;Siwahf itj;Jg; ghly; g[idag;gl;Ls;sJ.

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2. bea;jy; jpizia mk;@tdhhpd; ghly; tHp epWt[f.
bea;jy; jpiz
(i) Kjw;bghUs;

epyk; : flYk; fly; rhh;e;j gFjpa[k;

bghGJ : bgUk;bghGJ → fhh;/ Tjph;/ Kd;gdp/ gpd;gdp/ ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy;
rpWbghGJ → vw;ghL

(ii) fUg;bghUs;

bja;tk; → tUzd;

kf;fs; → gujth;/ guj;jpah;

giw → kPd; nfhl;giw

bjhHpy; → kPd; gpoj;jy;/ cg;g[ tpistpj;jy;/ cg;g[ tpw;wy;

(iii) chpg;bghUs;

➢ ,u=;fYk; ,u=;fy; epkpj;jKk;

 

v.fh : `bgU=;fly; ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFog; gujth;~

E}y; : mfehD}W

Mrphpah; : mk;@tdhh;
ghlypd; bghUs; :
➢ gujth;/ fly;gug;gpy; kPd; ntl;ilahLth;. cg;gs=;fspy; cHt[ bra;ahkny cg;g[ tpistpg;gh;.
 

➢ me;j btz;zpwf; fy; cg;ig/ cg;g[ tzpfh; tpw;gjw;fhfj; j=;fsJ tz;oapy; Vw;wpr; bry;th;.
 

➢ nfhil fhyj;jpy;/ Fd;iwf; fle;J bjhiytpYs;s Ch;fspYk; tpw;gid bra;th;.

 

➢ mj;jifa ckzh; xUthpd; kfs; `cg;g[f;F khw;whf bey;iyj; je;J cg;gpidg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;s
 

thhPnuh-~ vd;W Twpdhs;.

➢  mts; Ttpaijf; nfl;L eha; Fiuj;jJ. mjid vjph;ghuhj mg;bgz;zpd; fz;fs; ,uz;Lk;
mr;rj;jhy; kPd;fs; jk;Kd; nghh; bra;tJ nghy; kUz;ld.
➢  fhdth; giHag[dj;ijj; jPapl;L vhpg;gjhy; cz;lhFk; fUk;g[if nghd;w fU+;nrw;wpy;
mg;bgz;zpd; je;ij cg;g[ Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; tz;o rpf;fpf; bfhz;lJ.
➢  mt;tz;oiar; nrw;wpypUe;J kPl;f Kad;w vUjpw;F mts; je;ij cjtpdhh;.
➢  me;j vUJ mile;j Jd;gk; nghy mts; fz;fshy; ehd; Jd;g[w;nwd;.
jpizg; bghUj;jk; :
bea;jy; epy kf;fspd; bjhHpyhd cg;g[ tpw;wiy ,g;ghlypd; jiytpa[k; mts; je;ija[k;
nkw;bfhs;tjhy; bea;jy; jpizf;Fg; bghUj;jkhdJ.
3. jiytd; gh=;fw;F ciuj;j Tw;Wj;Jiwiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff
jiykfd; gh=;fw;F ciuj;j Tw;W
jiytpiaf; fz;ljhy; Vw;gl;l Jd;gjij eP nghf;Ftjw;F chpatd;~ vd;W jiykfd; gh=;fdplk;
cs;SWj;Jf; TWtjhFk;.
v.fh : `bgU=;fly; ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFog; gujth;~
E}y; : mfehD}W

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Mrphpah; : mk;@tdhh;
ghlypd; bghUs; :
➢  gujth;/ fly;gug;gpy; kPd; ntl;ilahLth;. cg;gs=;fspy; cHt[ bra;ahkny cg;g[ tpistpg;gh;.
➢  me;j btz;zpwf; fy; cg;ig/ cg;g[ tzpfh; tpw;gjw;fhfj; j=;fsJ tz;oapy; Vw;wpr; bry;th;.
➢  nfhil fhyj;jpy;/ Fd;iwf; fle;J bjhiytpYs;s Ch;fspYk; tpw;gid bra;th;.
➢  mj;jifa ckzh; xUthpd; kfs; `cg;g[f;F khw;whf bey;iyj; je;J cg;gpidg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;s
thhPnuh-~ vd;W Twpdhs;.
➢  mts; Ttpaijf; nfl;L eha; Fiuj;jJ. mjid vjph;ghuhj mg;bgz;zpd; fz;fs; ,uz;Lk;
mr;rj;jhy; kPd;fs; jk;Kd; nghh; bra;tJ nghy; kUz;ld.
➢  fhdth; giHag[dj;ijj; jPapl;L vhpg;gjhy; cz;lhFk; fUk;g[if nghd;w fU+;nrw;wpy;
mg;bgz;zpd; je;ij cg;g[ Vw;wpr; bry;Yk; tz;o rpf;fpf; bfhz;lJ.
➢  mt;tz;oiar; nrw;wpypUe;J kPl;f Kad;w vUjpw;F mts; je;ij cjtpdhh;.
➢  me;j vUJ mile;j Jd;gk; nghy mts; fz;fshy; ehd; Jd;g[w;nwd;.
jpizg; bghUj;jk; :
`tz;oia ,Gf;Fk~; vUjpd; Jd;gj;ijj; jiytpapd; je;ij nghf;fpaJ nghy/ jiytpiaf;
fz;ljhy; vdf;nfw;g;gl;l Jd;gj;ij eP nghf;Ftjw;F chpatd; vd;W jiytd; gh=;fdplk; TWtjhy;
,j;Jiwf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
IV. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. bgU=;fly;
  → gz;g[j;bjhif

2. cHhmJ
  → bra;a[spir msbgil

3. bthP,a
  → brhy;ypir msbgil

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1.   rpWFo/ btz;fy;cg;g[ → gz;g[j;bjhif
2.   tPrp
→ tpidbar;rk;
3.   Fiug;g → bgabur;rk;
4. mGe;jpa → bgabur;rk;
5.   th=;Fk; je;ij → bgabur;rk;
6.   tUe;jp → tpidbar;rk;
7.   nehahfpd;nwd; → jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
8.   tpspawp → ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif

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<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh

V. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs; 6) tUe;jp → tUe;J + ,
1) bra;j → bra; + j; + m tUe;J → gFjp
bra;; → gFjp , → tpidbar;r tpFjp
j; → ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
IV. g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.
m → bgabur;r tpFjp
2) rhw;wp → rhw;W + , g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;
rhw;W → gFjp
, → tpidbar;r tpFjp 1) bgU=;fly; → bgUik + fly;
i) `<Wnghjy;~ → vd;w tpjpg;go
mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
 

→ `ik~ bfl;lJ
→

1) tPrp tPR + ,
→bgUik
tPR → gFjp

→ bgU + fly;
→

, tpidbar;r tpFjp
ii) `,dkpfy;~ → vd;w tpjpg;go
→
 

2) Fiug;g Fiu + g; + g; + m
→ `f;~ ?w;F ,dkhd `=;~ kpFe;jJ
→

Fiu gFjp
→ bgU=;fly;
g; → re;jp

→ vd;W g[zh;e;jJ
g; → vjph;fhy ,ilepiy

m → bgabur;r tpFjp mfepiy tpdhf;fs;

3) bjsph;;g;g → bjsph; + g; + g; + m 1) rpWFo → rpWik + Fo
bjsph; → gFjp i) `<Wnghjy;~ → vd;w tpjpg;go
→
 

g; re;jp → `ik~ bfl;lJ

→


g; vjph;fhy ,ilepiy →rpWik → rpWFo

m → bgabur;r tpFjp → vd;W g[zh;;e;jJ
4) mGe;jpa → mGe;J + ,(d;) + a; + m
2) btz;fy; → btz;ik + fy;
mGe;J → gFjp
 

i) `<Wnghjy;~ → vd;w tpjpg;go

,d; → ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
    

→ `ik~ bfl;lJ
`d;~ g[zh;eJ
; bfl;lJ tpfhuk;


a; → clk;gLbka; re;jp →btz;ik

m → bgabur;r tpFjp → btz; + fy; → btz;fy;
→ vd;W g[zh;;e;jJ
→ th=;F + ck;

5) th=;Fk;
th=;F → gFjp
ck; → bgabur;r tpFjp

227
byhnahyh ,ay;: 5 <rp jkpH; ? 12

3) tpspawp → tpsp + mwp 4) th=;Fe;je;ij → th=;Fk; + je;ij

i) `, < I tHp at;t[k;~ → vd;w tpjpg;go
 i) `kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J caphPW xg;gt[k;~


→ `a;~ ? clk;gLbka; njhd;wpaJ → vd;w tpjpg;go

→ tpsp + a; + mwp → MdJ → `k;~ ? xw;W eP=;fpaJ
ii) cly; nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~
 
→th=;Fk;
→ vd;w tpjpg;go → th=;F+ je;ij
→ a; + m = `a~ MdJ ii) td;ikf;F ,dkhj; jphpgt[k; MFk;~
→ tpspawp ⇒ vd;W g[zh;;e;jJ
 

→ vd;w tpjpg;go
→ `j;~ w;F ,dkhd `e;~ Mfj; jphpe;jJ
→ th=;Fe; je;ij
→ vd;W g[zh;;e;jJ

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. jw;fhyj;jpy; tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tps=;Fk; kfspu; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu vGJf.

fdpfh nlf;upthy;:
➢ 20 tajpnyna nfd;ru; ghjpg;g[f;F cs;shd fdpfh rhjpf;f ntz;Lk; vd epidj;J bjhHpy;
 

Jt=;fpdhu;. mJ rupahff; iftuhjjhy;/ ,e;jpahtpy; jdpegu; tpkhdg;gazk; ,y;iyna vd

nahrpj;J/ `b$l;brl;nfh~ vd;w bgaupy; jdp egu;fSf;fhd b$l; tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;ij ,izak;
@yk; bjhl=;fpdhu;. jw;nghJ ,e;jj; bjhHpypy; Kd;dzpapy; ,Uf;fpwJ ,tuJ epWtdk;.
!;kpUjp ehf;ghy;:
➢ 25 tajhFk; ,tuJ iftpidg;bghUl;fs; tpw;gid bra;a[k; epWtdj;jpd; bgau; mLy;afyh.
 

,it midj;Jk; fhJ nfshj fiy+u;fisf; bfhz;L totikf;fg;gLgit. ,e;jpah fhJ

nfshj kf;fs; mjpfk; cs;s ehL vd;gjhy;/ fw;gid tsj;njhL jpwiknahLk; ,Uf;Fk; me;j
kf;fisf; fz;lwpe;J ntiy bfhLf;fpwhu;.

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Jizg;ghlk;

5. jiyf;Fsk;
? njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
ek;ik msg;nghk;
gyt[s; bjhpf
mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. `xU Fl;oj;jPtpd; tiuglk;~ vd;w rpWfijj; bjhFg;ig vGjpath; ______________
m) njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
  M) ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
 

,) ghyr;re;jpud;
  <) eFyd;
 

 tpil: m) njhg;gpy; KfKJ kPuhd;

 

2. fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk; nj=;fhg;gl;ozk; vd;Dk; rpw;W}hpy; njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; gpwe;j Mz;L
______________
m) 1940
  M) 1941
  ,) 1944
  <) 1945  

 tpil: ,) 1944
 

3. vit rhpahdit>
m) njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; jkpHpYk; kiyahsj;jpYk; rpWfijfisg; gilg;gth;
 

M) g[jpdk;/ rpWfij vd;Dk; gy;ntW ,yf;fpaj; js=;fspy; ,a=;fp tUgth; njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
 

m) m kl;Lk; rhp
  M) M kl;Lk; rhp
 

,) m/ M kl;Lk; rhp
  <) m/ M ,uz;Lk; rhp
 

 tpil: <) m/ M ,uz;Lk; rhp

 

4. 1997 ,y; rhfpj;a mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhdpd; g[jpdk; ______________
m) xU Fl;oj;jPtpd; tiuglk;
  M) rha;t[ ehw;fhyp
 

,) JiwKfk;
  <) Tdd; njhg;g[
 

 tpil: M) rha;t[ ehw;fhyp

 

5. njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhdpd; JiwKfk;/ Tdd; njhg;g[ Mfpa gilg;g[fs; bgw;Ws;s tpUJ ________
m) ghujpjhrd; tpUJ M) jkpHf murpd; tpUJ
   

,) kj;jpa murpd; tpUJ

  <)   gj;k _ tpUJ
 tpil: M) jkpHf murpd; tpUJ
 

6. jk;Kila tl;lhu vGj;jpw;F `fhpry; ,yf;fpak;~ vd;W bgahpl;lth; ________

m) g[Jikg; gpj;jd;
  M) b$afhe;jd;
 

,) jp. $hdfpuhkd;
  <) fp. uh$ehuhazd;
 

 tpil: <) fp. uh$ehuhazd;

 

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II. tpdhf;fs;

1. tl;lhu tHf;F Fwpj;bjGJf

tl;lhu tHf;F
➢ jkpH;bkhHp xd;nwahapDk; tl;lhu=;fSf;bfd;W rpwg;ghd jdp bkhHptHf;Ffs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 

➢ brd;idj; jkpH;/ nfhitj; jkpH;/ bey;iyj; jkpH;/ Fkhpj;jkpH; vd;bwy;yhk; ntWgl;Lj; jkpH;
 

tH=;Ffpd;wJ.
➢ mt;tl;lhu=;fspd; gHf;ftHf;f=;fs;/ bjhHpy;fs;/ gHbkhHpfs;/ rl=;Ffs; rhh;;e;Jk; brhy;
 

khWghLfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
2. tl;lhu ,yf;fpa=;fspy; g[fH;bgw;wth;fs; ahth;>

tl;lhu ,yf;fpa=;fs;
➢
   g[Jikg;gpj;jd; bey;iyj; jkpHpYk;
➢   rz;Kf Re;juk; nfhitj;jkpHpYk;
➢   b$afhe;jd; brd;id tl;lhuj; jkpHpYk;
➢
   jp. $hdfpuhkd; j+;irj; jkpHpYk;
➢   njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; Fkhpj; jkpHpYk;
➢   fp.uh$ehuhazd; nfhtpy;gl;o tl;lhuj; jkpHpYk; vGjpg; g[fH; bgw;wdh;.
3. njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhdpd; jiyf;Fsk; Jizg;ghlj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tl;lhu tHf;Fr;

brhw;fis vGJf.
ck;kh ? mk;kh
thg;gh ? mg;gh
Vr;R ? jpl;Ljy;
flt[ ? goj;Jiw
fd;dpahh; nfhzk; ? xU taw;fhl;od; bgah;
ghthj;J ? Jzp bea;a ntz;oa E}Yf;Fg; gir bfhLg;gJ
Rs;isf;F cs;spUe;J ? (br=;fy;) beUg;g[r; Rs;isf;F cs;spUe;J
mogw;wp ,Uf;Fk; ? moj;jiu bjhpa[k;go ,Uf;Fk;
ntrhilahf ? rw;Wf; nfhgkhf
mkhdpjk; ? ghJfhf;fg;gl; ntz;oa tprak;
VyhtpypUe;J ? bghpa taypy; ,Ue;J
Kf;fh @z;lhdp ? xU mst[
g[d;d @l;lo ? g[d;id kuj;jpd; epHy;

230
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III. beLtpdh

g[j;jfg; g[wepiy tpdhf;fs;

1. `fpuhk=;fs; j=;fs; Kfthpia ,He;J tUfpd;wd~ ? jiyf;Fsk; fijapd;wp c=;fs; fUj;ij tpthpf;f>
Kd;Diu :
fpuhk=;fs; kf;fs; kfpH;r;rpahd thH;f;if thH;tjw;fhd Vw;w ,lkhf ,Ue;J gpd;dh;/ efukhf
khwpaijg; gw;wpa vd; fUj;jpid bkhHpfpd;nwd;.
fpuhk=;fspd; Kfthp :
fpuhk=;fs; vd;whny ek; kdf;fz; Kd; njhd;WtJ gr;irgnry; vd;w tay;btspfs; miyfs;
nkhJk; MW/ Vhp/ Fs=;fs; gR=;fpspfs; ghLk; nrhiyfs;; gwitfspd; xypa[k; jz;zPhpd; epiwthd
trjpfSk; mg;nghija fpuhk=;fspd; Kfthpahf ,Ue;jd.
,d;iwa jiyKiwapd; efu nkhfk; :
,d;iwa jiyKiwapdh; ehfhpfj;ijg; bghpjhff; fUjp efh;g;g[w=;fspy; brd;W ntiy njo
m=;nfna Fonawp tpLfpd;wdh;. fpuhkg;g[w tPl;L mikg;g[ Kiwia btWf;fpd;wdh;. ,aw;if R{Hy;
epuk;gpa thHplj;ij btWj;J tpl;L braw;if R{Hy;fshy; kl;Lnk epuk;gpa efh;g;g[wj;ij nehf;fpr;
bry;Yk; nkhfk; bgUfpa[s;sJ.
Kfthpia ,He;J tUk; fpuhkk; :
bgUthhpahd kf;fs; efuk; nehf;fp efh;e;J tpLtjhy; fpuhkj;jpYs;s tsj;jpidg; ngz
Koahky; mHpe;J tpLfpwJ. efh;g;g[w thHplk; nghd;w mikg;igna fpuhkKk; bgw ntz;oa[s;sjhy;
,aw;if tptrha epy=;fSk; ePUw;WfSk; fhLfSk; mHpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fpuhkk; jdf;Fhpa mj;jid
,aw;if ts=;fisa[k; ,He;J mLf;Fkhof; fl;ll=;fshft[k; tzpf tshf=;fshft[k; kl;Lnk
fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. fhL mHpe;jjhy; kiHtsk; Fd;wp epyj;jo ePh;kl;lk; Fiwe;J. twz;l epy=;fs;
epiwe;j ghiytdkhfj; jw;nghija fpuhk=;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
Kot[iu :
kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fk;/ ehfhpf tsh;r;rp/ efukakhjy;/ g[yk;bgah;t[/ ,isa jiyKiwapdhpd;
kdg;ghd;ik Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthff; fpuhk=;fs;/ j=;fs; Kfthpia ,He;J tUfpd;wd.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. eP=;fs; ,Uf;Fk; Ciur; rpwg;g[ld; thH Vw;wjha; khw;w nkw;bfhs;Sk; tHpKiwfisj;

bjhFf;f.
➢ rhiy trjpfis nkk;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
 

➢ Rfhjhuj; Jiwapd; cjtpia eho neha; tUk; Kd; fhj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; eltof;iffis vLj;jy;.
 

➢ ghjhs rhf;fil mikj;jy;;.

 

➢ Rfhjhukhd FoePu; fpilf;f Vw;ghL bra;jy;

 

➢ cs;Au;r; re;ijfs; mika Vw;g[ila tshf=;fs; mikj;jy;.

 

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,yf;fzk;

5. gokk;

gyt[s; bjhpf
mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. btapy; kiHf;Fr; brhuizaw;w vUik
Fj;jpl;l ghiwahf ejpePhpy; fplf;Fk;
→ ,J/ xU ______________ iag; gokg;gLj;jpa ftpij
m) fhl;rp
  M) fUj;J
  ,) Xtpaj;ij
  <) gaid
 

 tpil: m) fhl;rp  

2. r=;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fspy; gy ______________ gok=;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd

m) cUtf=;fs;
  M) ctikfs;
  ,) mzpfs;
  <) tpidfs;
 

 tpil: M) ctikfs;  

3. ctikfs;/ cs;Siw ctikfs; njhWk; gok=;fspd; kpFjpiaf; fhl;Ltd ______________

m) jpUf;Fws;
  M) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;
 

,) r=;fg;ghly;fs;
  <) jpUthrfk; tpil: ,) r=;fg;ghly;fs;
    

4. ctikapYk;/ ctikapd;wpg; gpwtw;whYk; miktJ ______________

m) gotk;
  M) bka;
  ,) cUtfk;
  <) mzp
 

 tpil: m) gotk;  

5. ftpijapy;/ fUj;ijnah czh;r;rpianah MHg;gLj;jg; gad;gLtJ ________

m) cUtfk;
  M) ctik
  ,) mzp
  <) gokk;
 

 tpil: <) gokk;  

6. `bte;jhW bghd;dpd; me;jp g{g;g~ → ,g;ghlypy; mike;Js;s gokk; ________

m) tpidg;gokk;
  M) gad;gokk;
  ,) bka;g;gokk;
  <) cUg;gokk;
 

 tpil: <) cUg;gokk;

 

7. czit vLj;Jr; bry;Yk; Jjpf;if/ kiyf;Fifapy; EiHa[k; ghk;gpidg; nghy cs;sjhff;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jpaik ________ gokk;
m) tpidg;gokk;
  M) gad;gokk;
  ,) bka;g;gokk;
  <) cUg;gokk;
 

 tpil: ,) bka;g;gokk;
 

8. r=;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fspy; bgUk;ghYk; ______ tHpna brhy;y te;j fUj;ij nkYk; mHFglf; TWth;
m) cUtfk;
  M) ctik
  ,) mzp
  <) bka;
 

 tpil: M) ctik  

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9. r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fspy; bgUk;ghYk; ________ ctikfisna ifahz;Ls;sd
m) fhl;rpjUk;
  M) fhl;rpjuhj
  ,) gad;
  <) cU
 

 tpil: m) fhl;rpjUk;
 

10. gokj;jpw;Fj; njhw;Wthahf ,Ug;gJ ________

m) ctik
  M) cUtfk;
  ,) ctikf;nfhl;ghL <) mzpapyf;fzk;
   

 tpil: ,) ctikf;nfhl;ghL
 

11. ctik xd;iwna mzpahff; TWtJ ________

m) mfj;jpak;
  M) ed;D}y;
  ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
  <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
 

 tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
 

mfepiy tpdhf;fs;
1. gokk; vd;why; vd;d>

gokk; :
➢ gokk; vd;why; fhl;rp vd;gJ bghUs;
  

➢ tpsf;f te;j xU fhl;rpianah/ fUj;ijnah fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpw cj;jp gokk;.

 

2. gokj;jpd; gzpfs; ahit>

gokj;jpd; gzpfs; :
➢ fhl;rpf;Fj; bjspt[ jUtJ.
  

➢ fUj;ijf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JtJ
 

3. gokj;ij cUthf;fg; gad;gLtd ahit>

➢ ctik   

➢ cUtfk;  

➢ brhy;Yk; Kiw  

4. gokk; vj;jd;ikahy; mika[k;>

gokk; :
 gokk; fhl;rpj;jd;ikahy; kl;Lnk mika[k;.
5. gokk; vt;bttw;wpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;>

gokk; :
➢ tpid   

➢ gad;  

➢ bka; (totk;)  

➢ cU (epwk;)  

→ Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.

6. gad; gokk; ? gw;wp vGJf

gad; gokk; :
➢ gad;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; TWtJ gad; ctik.
  

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➢ nehk; vd; be+;nr- nehk;vd; be+;nr-

  

g[d;g[yj;J mkd;w rpwpapiy beU+;rpf;

fl;fpd; g[Jkyh; Kl;gae; jhm=;F
,dpa bra;jek; fhjyh;
,d;dh bra;jy; nehk;vd; be+;nr-
➢ ,dpa bra;jy;/ ,d;dh bra;jy; vd;w gad;fs; (,dpa) beU+;rpg;g{/ (,d;dh) Ks; vd;w
 

fhl;rpg;bghUs;fshy; gokg;gLj;jpa[s;sJ ,f;ftpij.

7. ctikfis vj;jid tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;>

ctikfspd; tif :
i) fhl;rp jUfpw ctikfs;

ii) fhl;rp juh btWk; ctikfs;

→ vd ,U gphpthf ctikfisg; gphpf;fyhk;.

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. ,ut[k; gfYk;

vjpbujpu; nkhjpl
cile;j gfypd; Jz;Lfs; ? ,f;ftpijapy; gok cj;jp gad;gLj;jg;gl;oUg;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
➢ gfy; Koe;J ,ut[ bjhl=;Fk; rkak; vjpbujpnu xU ikag;g[s;spapy; re;jpj;Jr; bry;Yk; nghJ
 

gfy; KGtJk; eP=;fp ,ut[ bjhl=;FfpwJ.

➢ gfypd; xsp M=;fh=;nf thdpy; rpjwp gpd;g[ KGikahf k=;fp ,Us; bjhlu;e;J tpLfpwJ. thdpy;
 

fhzg;gLk; rpW rpW xspr;rpjwy;fis cile;j gfypd; Jz;Lfs; vd;W epwj;ij gok cj;jpahfg;
gad;gLj;jpa[s;shu;.
,yf;fzj; njh;r;rp bfhs;
1. gokk; vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) brhy; M) bray;
 

,) fhl;rp
  <) xyp
 

 tpil: ,) fhl;rp  

2. `fhiy ,sk; btapy; ed;whf nka Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; g[Jbtapy;~ ,f;ftpijapy; _______ gapd;W
te;Js;sJ.
m) gad; gokk;
M) tpidg; gokk;
 

,) bka;gg; okk;
<) cUg;ggokk;
 

 tpil: M) tpidg;gokk;
 

3. Tw;W : ctik cUtfk; nghy gokKk; tpid/ gad;/ bka;/ cU Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy;


njhd;Wk;
fhuzk; : vt;tifahd gokkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp tHpna fUj;jpiz tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.

m) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; jtW

M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rhp
 

,) Tw;Wk; rhp/ fhuzKk; rhp

<) Tw;Wk; jtW/ fhuzKk; jtW
 

 tpil: m) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; jtW

 

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<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh

4. bka;g; gokj;Jf;Fhpa ghliyj; njh;t[ bra;f

m) beU+;rpf; fl;f g[Jkyh; Kl;gae; jh=;F

M)   fl;oy; epzf;Fk; ,Hprpdd; ifaJ

,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk; rptg;g[f; nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk;

<) bte;jhW bghd;dpd; me;jp g{g;g

 tpil: ,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk;; rptg;g[f; nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk;
 

5. `khe;njhg;g[ tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ~ ? ,jpy; vt;tifg; gokk; btspg;gLfpwJ>

`khe;njhg;g[ tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ~
→ ,jpy; cs;shh;e;j xg;gPL gokk; btspg;gLfpwJ.

bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
I. rhd;nwhh; rpj;jpuk; :

tpdhf;fs;
1. nrhk Re;ju ghujpahhpd; gd;Kf MSikj; jd;ikfs; ahit>

➢ ngr;rhsh;
  

➢ r@f rPh;jpUj;jthjp
 

➢ tpLjiy nghuhl;l tPuh;

 

➢ ,yf;fpa Ma;thsh;
 

2. `vd;dplk; ,uz;L ruf;F fg;gnyhL @d;whtjhf xU

jkpH;f;fg;gYk; cs;sJ~ vd;W bgUkpjj;Jld; ahh; ahiuf;

nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;>
(1879?1959)
t.c.rpjk;gudhh; nrhkRe;jughujpahiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
3. t.c.rp./ Rg;gpukzpa rpth Mfpnahh; kPjhd tHf;Ffspy; nrhk Re;ju ghujpahh; thjhodhh;.

→ ,j;bjhliu tpidahyiza[k; bgah; mike;j bjhluhf khw;Wf.

t.c.rp./ Rg;gpukzpa rpth Mfpnahh; kPjhd tHf;Ffspy; thjhoath; nrhkRe;jpu ghujpahh;.
4. fl;lis my;yJ ey;y jkpH; eilf;F ,d;wpaikahjJ vJ>

fl;lis my;yJ ey;y jkpH; eilf;F vspjpy; bghUs; tps=;Fk; bjspt[ ,d;wpaikahjJ.
5. ,g;gj;jpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s rpy brhw;fSf;F ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.

1. ,dpika[k; vHpYk; → vz;Qk;ik

 

2. tHf;fpy;yh
  → <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;

3. mU+;brhw;fs;
  → gz;g[j;bjhif

4. jPe;jkpH;
  → gz;g[j;bjhif

5. ele;j
  → bgabur;rk;

6. brd;wpUe;jdh;
  → gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W

7. brayhw;wpath;
  → tpidahyiza[k; bgah;

8. jkpGk; jkpHUk;
  → vz;Qk;ik

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II. jkpHhf;fk; jUf

 bghpahh; xU r@fg;g[ul;rpahsuhf kl;Lky;yhky; mij tpl ntW jd;ikahdtUk; Tl. mth;
jhH;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhfg; nghuho mjpy; btw;wpa[k; bgw;wth;. mth;fSf;fhd chpik bgWk;
nghuhl;lj;jpy; bghpahhpd; g=;F Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJ. ve;jbthU gpur;ridf;Fk; eltof;if vLf;Fk;
nghJ mjidg; gy;ntW nfhz=;fspy; rpe;jpj;J kpft[k; MHkhd nahridf;Fg; gpd;dnu
KobtLg;ghh;. mth;fs; j=;fsJ chpikiag; bgWtjw;fhd Mjhu=;fisj; bjhpe;J bfhz;L xU
epue;jukhd jPh;tpidg; bgWk; tiu Xa;btLf;fkhl;lhh;. ,thpd; jPtpu Kaw;rpahy; jhH;j;jg;gl;l
kf;fSf;fhd xJf;fPL bgwg;gl;lJ.
III. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf
gpwg;gpdhy; vth;f;Fk; ? cyfpy;
bgUik thuhjg;gh-
rpwg;g[ ntz;Lbkdpy; ? ey;y
bra;if ntz;Lkg;gh-
ed;ik bra;gtnu ? cyfk;
ehLk; nkw;Fyj;jhh;-
jpd;ik bra;gtnu ? mz;oj;
jPz;l xz;zhjhh;-
? ftpkzp njrpa tpehafk; gps;is
Kd;Diu :
ftpkzp njrpa tpehafk; gps;is vspa jkpiHf; ifapbyLj;Jf; ftpa[yfpy; ,kar; rpfu=;fis
vl;oath;.
``XLk; cjpuj;jpy; ? toe;J
XGFk; fz;zphpy;
njog; ghh;j;jhYk; ? rhjp
bjhptJz;nlh mg;gh~~
? vd;gd nghd;w eakhd ftpijfshy; ghhpy; g[fH; bgw;wth; ftpkzp Mthh;. ftpkzpapd; ghly;fs;


jkpH; kf;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j mhpa bry;tk; bjtpl;lhj mKjk;.

jpuz;l fUj;J :
gpwg;gpdhy; kdpjUf;F cah;t[ jhH;t[ vd;gJ tuhJ. kdpjg;gpwtpapy; ehk; rpwg;gpidg;
bgwntz;Lbkd;why; gpwUf;F ed;ik jUk; ey;y bray;fis ehk; bra;a ntz;Lk;/ gpwUf;F
ed;ikfisr; bra;gtnu ,e;j cyfk; tpUk;g[k; nky;Fyj;jth; Mthh;. gpwUf;Fj; jPik jUk;
bray;fisr; bra;gtiu ,e;j cyfk; tpUk;ghJ xJf;fp tpLk;.
ikaf; fUj;J :
gpwUf;F ed;ik bra;gtnu nky;Fyj;jth;/ gpwUf;Fj; jPik bra;gth; jPz;lj;jfhj fPH; Fyj;jth;
Mthh;. vdnt/ kdpjg;gpwtpf;Fhpa rpwg;ghd bray;fis kl;Lnk bra;a ntz;Lk;.

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<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh

bjhil eak; :?
i) nkhidj; bjhil :
`KjbyGj; bjhg;gJ nkhid
→ bjhy; E}w;gh

  → xU bra;a[spy; mofspnyh rPh;fspnyh KjbyGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhidj;

bjhil.
v.fh:
gpwg;gpdhy; ? bgUik
rpwg;g[ ? bra;if
ed;ik ? ehLk;
jpd;ik ? jPz;l
ii) vJifj; bjhil :

`KjbyGj; bjhg;gJ nkhid mBJ

xd;W xHpe;jJ vJif~
→ bjhy; E}w;gh
 → xU bra;a[spy; mofspnyh rPh;fspnyh KjbyGj;J msbthj;J epw;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J


xd;wp tuj;bjhLg;gJ vJifj; bjhil

v.fh:
gpwg;gpdhy; ? rpwg;g[
ed;ik ? jpd;ik
iii) ,iag[j; bjhil :

`,Wjptha; xg;gpdJ ,iabgd bkhHp

→ bjhy; E}w;gh
 → xU bra;a[spd; mofspy; filrp vGj;njh/ mirnah/ rPnuh xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ ,iag[j;


bjhil MFk;.
v.fh:
➢ thuhjg;gh
 

ntz;Lkg;gh
➢ nkw;Fyj;jhh;
 

xz;zhjhh;
iv) Kuz; bjhil :

`bkhHpapDk; bghUspDk; KuQtJ Kunz~

→ bjhy; E}w;gh
 → xU bra;a[spy; brhw;fnsh/ bghUnsh Kuz;gl miktJ Kuz; bjhil MFk;.


v.fh:
ed;ik × jpd;ik
nkw;Fyj;jhh; × jPz;l xz;zhjhh;

237
byhnahyh ,ay;: 5 <rp jkpH; ? 12

mzp eak; :
`fhiy kyUf;Fg; gdp mHF
ftpij kyUf;F mzp mHF~
→ vd;gjw;nfw;g ,g;ghlypy;/ `rpwg;g[ ntz;Lbkdpy; ? ey;y bra;if ntz;Lkg;gh~
→ vd;W kdpj Fyj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;g[ mtuth; bra;a[k; bray;fisg; bghWj;nj mika[k; vd;W
cs;sij cs;sthnw ,ay;ghff; Twpa[s;sjhy; `,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp~ gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
re;j eak; :?
`fspw;Wf;F mHF je;jk;
ftpijf;F mHF re;jk;~
→ vd;gjw;nfw;g ,g;ghlypy; jdpr;brhy; fhzg;gLtjhy; `rpe;Jg;gh~ tifiar; rhh;e;jJ.
`brg;gnyhir~ bfhz;l ,g;ghlyhdJ ,uhfj;njhLk; jhsj;njhLk; ghLtjw;F Vw;g[ila re;j
eakpf;fg; ghlyhf mike;Js;sJ.
Rit eak; :
`eifna mGif ,sptuy; kUl;if
mr;rk; bgUkpjk; ctif btFspbad
mg;ghy; vl;nl bka;g;gh bld;g~
→ vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpah; TWk; vz;tifr; Ritfspy; ,g;ghlyhdJ
~rpwg;g[ ntz;Lbkdpy; ? ey;y
bra;if ntz;Lkg;gh~
→ vd;W kdpj Fyk; bgUikg;gl ntz;Lbkdpy; rpwg;ghd ey;y bray;fisr; bra;a ntz;Lk;
vd;gjpypUe;J `bgUkpjr; Rit~ btspg;gLfpwJ.
jiyg;g[ :   `gpwg;ghy; cah;t[ jhH;t[ ,y;iy~

Kot[iu :?  

`eakhd brhw;fspy; ftp toj;jy;

fiyahff; fw;fspy; rpiy toj;jy;~
→ vd;gjw;nfw;g ,g;ghlyhdJ ,yf;fpa ea=;fis eWe;njdhff; bfhz;L fw;gtUf;F ,dpik


gaf;fpd;wJ. ,J nghd;w ftpijfs; fhyj;jhy; vd;Wk; mHpahjit.

IV. ngr;R tHf;if vGj;J tHf;fhf khw;Wf.
v.fh : ,g;g vdf;Fg; g[hp+;rg; nghr;R. ePa[k; g[hp+;rpf;nfh

,g;bghGJ vdf;Fg; g[hpe;Jtpl;lJ. ePa[k; g[hpe;Jbfhs;.

1. epyj;jf; bfswQk;lh mg;gjhd; tFW epiwa[k;
epyj;ij cH ntz;Lk; mg;nghJ jhd; tapW epiwa[k;.


2. mz;izf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; FLj;J xjtpapUf;f ntz;oajhd.

md;iwf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; bfhLj;J cjtpapUf;f ntz;oaJ jhnd>



3. t{l;lhz;l btisahz;l bfhae;ijia mg;gh v=;f ,!;JfpD nghdhU.

tPl;od; mUfpy; tpisahoa FHe;ijia mg;gh v=;nf Tl;of; bfhz;Lr; brd;whh;>



4. g[s;isf;F clk;g[ rhpapy;iy @Q ehsh rpukg;gLJ.

gps;isf;F clk;g[ rhpapy;iy @d;W ehl;fshf rpukg;gLfpwJ.



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<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh

5. uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; nght brhy;.

,utpy; rpj;jg;ghitf; fhtYf;Fg; nghfr; brhy;



bkhHpnahL tpisahL
I. vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff

bjhHpy; tsk;
 kf;fs; jhk; thGk; epy=;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; bjhHpy;fisg;
bgUf;fp te;jdh;. ,aw;if ts=;fisg; ngzpg;ghJfhj;jjhy;
ey;y tpisr;ry;fisg; bgw;wdh;. jhk; tpistpj;j bghUl;fis
@l;ilahfr; Rke;J brd;W cs;Ah;r; re;ijapYk;/ khl;L
tz;ofspy; Vw;wpf; bfhz;L gpw epy=;fSf;Fk; brd;W
tzpfk; bra;jdh;. jhk; bfhLf;Fk; bghUSf;F <lhf ntw;W
epyj;jpy; tpisa[k; bghUl;fisg; bgw;W gz;lkhw;W tzpfk;
bra;jdh;. vdnt tpisbghUl;fs; ehL KGtJk; gutp vy;yh ts=;fnshLk; kf;fs; thH VJthf
,Ue;jJ.
II. btl;oa[k; xl;oa[k; ngRjy; :
fpuhk=;fs; efukhtJ tsh;r;rpah>
➢ fpuhk=;fspy; midj;J trjpfSk; bgUfpdhy; kf;fspd; thH;f;ifj; juKk; caUk;. kf;fs;
  

etPd thH;f;ifiaj; njo ,lk; bgah;e;J efh;g;g[wk; nehf;fpr; bry;tJ Fiwa[k;. midj;Jj; ju
kf;fSf;Fk; mj;jidj; bjhHpy;El;g trjpfSk; fpilf;Fk;. fpuhk=;fspd; tsh;r;rpna ehl;oid
Kd;ndw;wg;ghijf;Ff; bfhz;L bry;Yk;. fpuhkj;jpidr; Rw;wpYKs;s ,aw;if ts=;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; bjhHpy; tsk; bgUFk;. ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; Fiwa[k;.
➢ fpuhk=;fspy; efh;g;g[wk; nghd;wbjhU tsh;r;rpahdJ bgUfpdhy; kf;fsplk; cs;s ey;y
  

gz;ghLfSk; fyhr;rhu=;fSk; rPuHpe;J tpLk;. gHikiag; ngzhky; tpl;L tpLtjhy; ts=;fs;

Fiwe;J tpLk;. ,aw;if ts=;fis mHpj;J efuk; nghd;wbjhU FoapUg;g[fSk; gy;ntW
fl;ll=;fSk; cUthtjhy; ,aw;ifr; R{Hypy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;Lf; fhyepiyiaa[k; mJ ghjpf;Fk;.
ek; Kd;ndhh;fspd; guk;giuj; bjhHpy;fs; mHpe;J tpLk;. ,e;epiy nkYk; nkYk; Vw;gl xU
ehs; ehk; ,aw;ifg; nghpliu vjph;bfhs;s ntz;oa mty epiy Vw;gLk;.
III. <w;wo vGjpj; Jspg;ghit epiwt[ bra;f.
v.fh :
g{l;oa 1. tpGk;

2. mg;gobad;d 3. g{j;j 4. thdk;

tPl;oYk; ku=;fs; brhy;ypaJ fhw;W

kybuhd;W
mGfpwJ g{kp

g{j;Jr; rphpf;fpwJ mHpa[k; fhL Fjpj;jhLfpwJ nkfk; gwf;fpwJ

rphpf;fpwJ
Ky;iy mghakzp khhpf;fhyk; vUf;fk;g{ milkiH

239
byhnahyh ,ay;: 5 <rp jkpH; ? 12

IV. fUj;Jg;glj;ijg; g[hpe;J bfhz;L gj;jpahf vGJf

r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;

vl;Lj;bjhif gj;Jg;ghl;L

mfk; g[wk;
mfk; g[wk; mfKk;g[wKk;
Fwp+;rpg;ghl;L kJiuf;fh+;rp
ew;wpiz g[wehD}W ghpghly;
Ky;iyg;ghl;L jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
FWe;bjhif gjpw;Wg;gj;J
beLey;thil bghUeuhw;Wg;gil
I=;FWE}W
gl;odg;ghiy bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
mfehD}W
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
fypj;bjhif
Tj;juhw;Wg;gil

r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;
r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; vd;git vl;Lj;bjhifa[k; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; MFk;. ,tw;iw
gjpbdz;nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;gh;. vl;Lj;bjhifa[s; vl;L E}y;fSk; gj;Jg;ghl;Ls; gj;J
E}y;fSk; mike;Js;sd. vl;Lj;bjhifapy; ew;wpiz/ FWe;bjhif/ I=;FWE}W/
mfehD}W/ fypj;bjhif Mfpa Ie;J E}y;fSk; mfk; gw;wpad. g[wehD}W/ gjpw;Wg;gj;J Mfpa ,uz;L
E}y;fSk; g[wk; gw;wpad. ghpghly; vd;w E}yhdJ mfKk; g[wKk; gw;wpaJ MFk;. gj;Jg;ghl;oy;
Fwp+;rpg;ghl;L/ Ky;iyg;ghl;L/ beLey;thil/ gl;odg;ghiy Mfpa ehd;F E}y;fSk; mfg;bghUs;
gw;wpa E}y;fshFk;. kJiuf; fh+;rp. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil/ bghUeuhw;Wg;gil/ bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil/
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil/ Tj;juhw;Wg;gil Mfpa MW E}y;fSk; g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpa E}y;fshFk;.
V. fPH;f;fhQk; gFjpiaf; goj;Jg; ghh;j;J/ gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisf;
fz;lwpe;J jkpH;g;gLj;Jf
rh;f;fhh; bfhLf;Fk; rk;gsk; $Ptdj;Jf;Fg; nghJkh> mjw;Fs; $Ptdk; elj;j Koa[kh> vd;W mth;
rpe;jpj;jJ fpilahJ. rpe;jpf;f Kad;wJk; fpilahJ. vy;yhk; khia" cs;Au epw;Fk; Mj;kh
khRgltpy;iy. jhd; ntW ,e;j khia ntW. jhd; ,e;j gpug+;rj;ij Ml;o itf;Fk; rf;jpapd; xU
mk;rk; vd;W jplkhf ek;gpapUe;jhh;. Vbdd;why;/ mtuJ Mj;k tprhuj;ij nrhjid nghl;Lg; ghh;f;f
,J tiu bja;tj;Jf;nfh kD&Df;nfh mtfhrk; fpilj;jjpy;iy. kD& th;f;fk; KGtJnk
jd;idg; gilj;jtDila jd;ikia !;g[lk; nghl;Lg; ghh;g;gJ nghy jtWf;F nky; jtW bra;J
bfhz;oUe;jJ.

tpil :
 muR bfhLf;Fk; Cjpak; thH;f;iff;Fg; nghJkh> mjw;Fs; thH;f;if elj;j Koa[kh> vd;W mth;
nahrpj;jJ ,y;iy. nahrid bra;a Kad;wJk; ,y;iy. vy;yhk; epiyapy;yhjJ. mfj;jpDs;

240
<rp jkpH; ? 12 ,ay;: 5 byhnahyh

,Uf;Fk; Md;khtpw;F Fw;wk; VJk; ,y;iy. jhd; ntW ,e;j epiyaw;w jd;ik ntW. jhd; ,e;j
cyfj;ij Ml;o itf;Fk; rf;jpapd; Xh; mk;rk; vd;W cWjpahf vz;zpapUe;jhh;. Vbdd;why;
mtuJ Md;khtpd; mfyj;ij Ma;t[ bra;J ghh;f;f ,Jtiu ,iwtDf;nfh kdpjUf;nfh fhyk;
fpilj;jjpy;iy. kdpj Fyk; KGtJnk jd;idg; gilj;jtDila jd;ikiaj; juk; ghh;g;gJ
nghy gpiHf;F nky; gpiH bra;J bfhz;oUe;jJ.

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
I. [MSikj;jpwd; vd;gJ xUtuJ xG=;fike;j ,a=;fpay; elj;ij/ czh;t[/ rpe;jid


Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ. jd;dk;gpf;if/ neh;kiwr; rpe;jid/ mog;gil xGf;fk;/ clw;gapw;rp

Mfpa midj;Jk; MSikg; gz;g[s; ml=;Fk;]
➢ ,kah ,Urf;fu thfdk; Xl;lg; gHFfpwhs;. Xl;Lifapy; ,ilapy; jLkhwpf; fPnH tpGfpwhs;.
  

fw;Wf;bfhLf;Fk; mtSila mz;zd;/ `cd;dhy; ,U rf;fu thfdk; Xl;l ,ayhJ~ vd;fpwhd;.

eP=;fs; ,kahthf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d brhy;tPh;fs;>
tpil :
 ehd; ,kahthf ,Ue;jhy;.... rhpahd gapw;rpnahL jpdKk; Kaw;rp bra;J ,U rf;fu thfdk;
Xl;l vd;dhy; Koa[k; vd;W TWntd;.

➢ gs;sp Mz;LtpHhtpw;F tUif g[hpe;j rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdh;f;F ed;wpa[iu epfH;j;j Mrphpah;

  

miHf;fpd;whh;. me;epiyapy; ePtph; vd;d bra;tPh;>

tpil :
 vd;dhy; ed;whfg; ngr Koa[k; vd;w jd;dk;gpfi; fapy; vGe;J brd;W/ rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdhpd;
mUikfis vLj;Jr; brhy;yp tpHhtpy; fye;J bfhz;likf;fhf ed;wp Twp ciu epfH;jJ
; ntd;.

II. gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (ePjpkd;wk;)

Affidavit ? Miz cWjp Mtzk; Jurisdiction ? mjpfhu vy;iy
Allegation ? rhl;Liu Plaintiff ? thjp
Conviction ? jz;lid Sentence ?jz;lid

☼☼☼☼☼

www.nammakalvi.org

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