Lecture 6

Digital System

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 Digital vs. Analog Systems
Digital Analog

Discrete signals sampled in time Systems capable of processing

continuous range of values w.r.t. time

Digital representation i.e. 0 or 1 Analog representation i.e. I, V

Basic elements i.e. AND, OR, NOT Basic elements i.e. resistors,
capacitors, transistors
Examples: digital watch, ipod, Example: audio amplifiers,
CD/DVD player, digital computers microphone, radio

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 Digital vs. Analog Systems
• Analog information is made up of a continuum of values within
a given range

• At its most basic, digital information can assume only one of

two possible values: one/zero, on/off, high/low, true/false, etc.

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 ADC and DAC
• Analog to digital converter (ADC)
- capable of converting analog signals to digital signals
• Digital to analog converter (DAC)
- capable of converting digital signals to analog signals

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 Number System

System Base Symbols Used by Used in

humans computers
Decimal 10 0,1,…..9 Yes No

Binary 2 0,1 No Yes

Octal 8 0,1,……7 No No

hexadecimal 16 0,1,…….9, No No
A,B,……..F

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 Binary System
• Digital systems represent information using a binary
system, where data can assume one of only two possible
values: zero or one.

• Pulse code modulation (PCM) is used to represent binary

numbers electrically, as a string of high and low voltages

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 Number System
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
(base 10) (base 2) (base 8) (base 16)
00 0000 00 0
01 0001 01 1
02 0010 02 2
03 0011 03 3
04 0100 04 4
05 0101 05 5
06 0110 06 6
07 0111 07 7
08 1000 10 8
09 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D 7
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Conversion Among Bases
Decimal to Decimal
• Multiply each bit by 10 , where n is the weight of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 5 on the
right

325 =>
5 x 10 = 5
2 x 10 = 20
3 x 10 = 300
325

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 Conversion Among Bases
Binary to Decimal
• Multiply each bit by 2 , where n is the weight of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the
right

Example:
110010 =>
0x2 = 0
1x2 = 2
0x2 = 0
0x2 = 0
1x2 = 16
1x2 = 32
50 10
 Conversion Among Bases
Octal to decimal
• Multiply each bit by 8 , where n is the weight of the
bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0
on the right

Example:
750 =>
0x8 = 0
5x8 = 40
7 x 8 = 448
488
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 Conversion Among Bases
Hexadecimal to decimal
• Multiply each bit by 16 , where n is the weight of the
bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from F
on the right

Example:
A5F =>
F x 16 = 15 x 1 = 15
5 x 16 = 5 x 16 = 80
A x 16 = 10 x 256 = 2560
2655
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 Conversion Among Bases
Decimal to binary
• Divide by two, keep track of the remainder

Example:
850 =>
2 850
2 425 0
2 212 1
2 106 0
2 53 0
2 26 1
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1

850 = > 1101010010

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 Conversion Among Bases
Octal to binary
• Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary
representation

Example:
750 =>
7 5 0

111 101 000

750 => 111101000
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 Conversion Among Bases
Hexadecimal to binary
• Convert each octal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary
representation

Example:
17BC =>
1 7 B C

0001 0111 1011 1100

17BC => 0001011110111100
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