6/26/2009

-Is seepage reduction the purpose?

-Is soil stabilization required?

-Must the remediation be permanent?

-Is
Is the work space for the remediation project limited in
area?

-Compared to other techniques, is permeation grouting the

most feasible?

1
 6/26/2009

C HEMICAL G ROUTING After deciding to use permeation grouting for a project,

the engineer must select the grout type that the ground
would easily accept.

Groutable soil characteristics depend on the grain size

Dr.
D D.D L.
L Shah
Sh h distribution and on the intrinsic soil permeability, that is,
Professor the ease with which water is transported through a mass.
Applied Mechanics Department
Faculty of Technology & Engineering
M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara

An understanding of soil structure and soil properties
would provide better insight into the relationship between
grain size distribution and intrinsic soil
permeability. However, since soil contains both voids and
water, this gap between particles reduces the shear
strength.
An artificial adhesive filler, such as grout that fills up empty
and water entrained voids, would provide the additional
force to better hold the soil matrix, enhancing its strength. If
it effectively reduces the seepage through the voids, the
grout also reduces the soil’s permeability.
High permeability and coarse grain size ranges are suitable for
suspension, or cement grouts. Chemical grouts are more
effective for the low permeability and fine grain size ranges.
Generally, cement grouts are effective in materials no finer than
sands whereas chemical grouts would can still be effective in
some silts.
silts
For soils containing a mixture of both coarse and fine grains,
either cement or chemical grouts can be used, depending on
additional factors, such as relative cost of materials, design
objectives, and product availability.

2
6/26/2009

3
6/26/2009

4
 6/26/2009

The permeability of the soil also determines whether or not grout

Void size dictates the grout type that can be used. In practice, the
average void size must be at least three to ten times larger than the
maximum particle size in the grout medium otherwise injection
becomes difficult. Void size is dependent on grain size. Large
particle sized soils tend to have bigger voids than small particle
sized soils.
A sample sometimes may appear to be composed of mostly
uniform grain sizes, but soil naturally contain particles of various
grain sizes. Silty-sands or clayey-silts combinations exist. Though a
soil type may appear to be groutable in general for a particular
grout, there are exceptions because of the soil’s heterogeneous
injection will be feasible. In-situ field permeability tests give more
accurate results than lab permeability tests performed on
representative field samples. Laboratory test results often have
systematic errors. Furthermore, undisturbed cohesionless soil
samples are difficult to obtain since they fall apart easily. In this
case, a field permeability test is more appropriate. Permeability is
measured in cm/sec expressed by the variable k:
k = 10-6 or less: un-groutable
k = 10-5 to 10-6: groutable with difficulty by grouts under 5cP viscosity
and un-groutable for higher viscosities
k = 10 to 10 : groutable by low-viscosity grouts but with difficulty when
-3 -5

nature. According to R. H. Karol in Chemical Grouting, soils in viscosity is more than 10 cP

k = 10-1 to 10-3: groutable with all commonly used chemical grouts
which the silt content exceeds 20% can make grouting difficult.
k = 10-1 or more: use suspended solids grout or chemical grout with a
Dense silts are difficult to grout. Silty clays are un-groutable. solids filler

Since about 1970, silicate and acrylamide-based grouts share a

market percentage between 85% and 90%, with the remaining
portion of the market divided among other products. Chemical
grouts fall into the following categories:

Sili t fformulations
Silicate l ti
Acrylics (includes acrylamide and acrylate grouts)
Lignosulfonates
Phenoplasts
Aminoplasts
Other materials

5
 6/26/2009

Sodium silicate (SiO2*Na2O) is used to any extent for chemical

grouting. Sodium silicate is basic (pH > 7). It is prepared by heating
sand or any form of silica with Na2CO3 at around 900oC, which after the
refinement process becomes a viscous solution. Dilution with water
yields various concentrations to suit client needs. Sodium silicates are generally considered to be non-
hazardous to health and environmentally safe. The organics
The grout gels by neutralization with addition of an acid or salt acid used as reactants may be toxic, corrosive, or have an
reactant.
reactant Both the grout and reactant can be diluted with water,
water making unfavorable
f bl effect
ff t on the
th environment
i t . Japanese
J literature
lit t
the mixture more manageable to grout. Dilution slows down the indicates that silica sol, colloidal silica, and activated silica
reaction that otherwise with high concentrations would be too rapid for are non-pollutants and non-hazardous (Yonekura and Kaga).
practical purposes.

For sodium silicates in particular, the silica/alkali ratio (SiO2/Na2O)

quantifies the grouting suitability. A solution that bonds well to the soil
after setting falls in the silica/alkali ratio range between 3 and 4, with 4
and above being unstable. An unstable solution tends to “bleed,” that
is, the solids and liquid separate when the grout becomes stationary.

6

Appearance of acrylamide grouts began in 1953 with AM-9 in the
US. This chemical grout starts out as a white powder consisting of a
mixture of two organic monomers (single-chained molecular units)
which polymerizes into long molecular chains at ambient
temperature. The water content comprises (87-97%) of the grout by
weight. AM-9 can have a viscosity lower than 2cP. AM-9 uses
ammonium persulfate as a catalyst, trietanolamine as an activator,
and potassium perricyanide as an inhibitor.
inhibitor
Acrylamide grouts are neurotoxic. Laboratory experiments indicate
that it is carcinogenic in animals. Skin contact with acrylamide is
extremely hazardous since it is readily absorbed through the
skin. Chronic occupational exposure to the chemical is a hazard
because of its high degree of cumulative toxicity. Exposure causes
muscular weakness and disequilibrium and locomotion disorders.
Phenoplasts are “polycondensates resulting from the reaction of a
phenol on an aldehyde.” According to The American Heritage
Dictionary, a phenol is “[a] caustic, poisonous, white, crystalline
compound, C6H5OH, derived from benzene and used in various
resins, plastics, disinfectants, and pharmaceuticals,” and an
aldehyde is “any of a class of highly reactive organic chemical
compounds obtained by oxidation of primary alcohols.”
There are several factors that control the phenoplast gel time. pH
affects setting time. For any given solution concentration, a pH
slightly above 9 achieves the shortest gel time. Nonetheless, a
catalyst, usually sodium hydroxide, is required to control
pH. Another variable factor affecting gel time is the diluted grout
concentration. Initial viscosity for field work ranges from 1.5 to
3cP. Like the acrylics, phenoplasts maintain a steady viscosity and
gels rapidly in the end.
6/26/2009
Lignosulfonates are waste by-products of wood processing in paper
manufacturing. Lignosulfonate composition depends on the wood
type and the manufacturing method. Though the grout is non-toxic
by itself both in its original liquid state and dried form, the sodium
dichromate additive is highly toxic. The grout has a viscosity range
between 3cP to 8cP with a strength comparable to acrylamide
grouts.
Hexavalent chromium, a highly toxic substance in the gel, may
leach into the environment at levels exceeding the U.S. Public
Health Service limits. Sodium dichromate salt and the benzene
type molecules in lignosulfonates are also highly
toxic. Lignosulfonates are not currently used domestically.
Phenoplasts set in high temperature environments. At
ambient temperatures, phenoplasts require an acid medium
to set. However, some grouts can react in ambient
temperatures without an acid medium. One of these is
resorcinol, which is used with formaldehyde. The strength
of phenoplasts is comparable to high-concentration silicates.
Phenoplasts are toxic. The phenol, formaldehyde, and
alkaline base are all health hazards and environmental
pollutants. At low atmospheric conditions, formaldehyde
causes chronic respiratory problems. Gels are generally
inert, but improper mixture proportioning could allow
unreacted substances to leach into the environment.
7

Aminoplasts consist of urea and formaldehyde. The rapid grout
reaction is hot and acidic environments makes this product difficult to
handle. An intermediate stage between liquid and solid urea-
formaldehyde is used instead of the pure liquid phase. Known also as a
precondensate or a prepolymer, this intermediate stage grout has a
higher initial viscosity than the urea solution, but better gel time control
makes it easier to handle. The prepolymer is in a suspended reaction
state that reanimates when an acid catalyst brings down the pH. Urea-
formaldehyde soil composites have comparable strengths to
phenoplasts, are less sensitive to testing strain rates, and are relatively
inexpensive compared to other grouts. Aminoplasts with formaldehyde
and acid catalyst contents are toxic and corrosive.
Aminoplasts contain formaldehyde and an acid catalyst, which are
both toxic and corrosive. In the gelled state, the aminoplast may
contain leachable unreacted formaldehyde.
Viscosity affects the ease with which a grout penetrates a soil
mass. An ideal grout has the same viscosity as water of about 1
centipoise (cP) at 27OC. At this low viscosity value, the grout easily
enters and fills up the pore spaces in soil.
Dilution with water lowers the grout viscosity. In all silicate-based
grouts,
grouts sodium silicate content directly affects viscosity and
strength. Dilution with water also improves workability, but
reduces the strength . For projects that require a high unconfined
compressive strength of 700kN/m2, for example, the viscosity must
be increased to approximately 10cP, which makes the grout hardly
injectable for soils below k = 10-2 cm/s. Similarly, achieving
adequate soil impermeabilization by filling up most of the soil voids
requires using grout of approximately 3cP at the expense of
strength. Depending on the priorities, one must compromise
between low viscosity and increases strength.
6/26/2009
The transformation of a chemical grout into a viscous gel and eventually
into a solid requires adding a reagent, such as an acid or metal salt . Gel
time, generally measured in minutes after injection, determines when
the grout loses its flowable property and begins to set. In order to be
effective, the grout must have good gel time control. Ideally, it should
remain fluid long enough to penetrate the soil matrix and fill up the
voids before it sets . A g grout that sets too earlyy would not have
permeated the soil enough to significantly enhance its strength or
impermeability. One that sets too late could be washed away by
subsurface water flowing near the target area.
The time lag from injection till final gelation depends on the
concentration of the activator (a second component required for setting),
inhibitor (a setting retarder), and catalyst (a substance that accelerates
setting) in the grout. Gel time is relatively independent of the grout
concentration for most solutions. Agitation from turbulent flows within
the grout stream also tends to increase gel time.
Viscosity is a good measure of injectibility for
grouts, which differ widely in viscosity and
physico-chemical characteristics. It is
evidence that the speed at which a grout runs
down through a sand column is inversely
proportional to the grout’s average viscosity
during the test. Viscosity is a measure of the
internal friction of a fluid and is more exactly
defined as the ratio of the shearing stress to
the flow of the liquid. This friction becomes
apparent when a layer of fluid is made to
move in relation to another layer.
The viscosity of a grout is most usually measured using a Brookfield viscometer of
rotational variety. It measures the torque required to rotate an immersed elemental
in a fluid. The spindle is driven by a synchronous motor through a calibrated
spring, the deflection of the spring is indicated by a pointer and dial, by utilizing an
eight-speed transmission and interchangeable spindles.
8

The rotational viscometric procedure of this
viscometer provides continuous shear-stress
measurements at a given rate of shear for any period
of time, which facilitates time-dependent viscometric
observations in contrast to time of afflux over the
amount of flow in a finite period of time as measured
in a marsh cone and flow meter.
Limiting injection time is the time at which the
viscosity starts commencing increase such that
injection has exhibited initial resistance to flow, and
geometrically it is a point on time-viscosity plot at
which the curve deviates from horizontal.
Zero displacement time is the time at which grout
has acquired sufficient viscousness tending to zero
displacement requiring little more injection pressure
for free flow, and geometrically it is a point on time-
viscosity plot at which the curve deviates from
vertical showing end point of the curvature.
A durable grout exposed to external influences resists
deterioration and retains most of its mechanical properties
((Krizek and Madden). ) y, cement and chemically
Obviously,
grouted soils do not last eternally. Aging and harsh
environmental conditions may affect their permanence and
strength.
6/26/2009
Toxicity and causticity are intrinsic characteristics for many of the
chemical grouts, its degree may range from causing a simple skin rash
to more serious effects of being carcinogenic or neurotoxic. Often, the
grout, catalyst, or reactant is dangerous by itself, but when they are
mixed and bonded to soil, the toxic elements may become inert
(Karol). A major concern regarding chemical grouts is the health effects
on work crews, endangering not only themselves during mishandling
but also the public.
Of all mentioned grouts, sodium silicate and acrylates are the least
toxic. Training personnel and providing proper equipment are
essential preventive measures against accidents. Negligence, such as
placing the grout in a known reactive environment, which causes the
gel to leach into nearby groundwater, would endanger public
health. However, once placed in the ground under appropriate
conditions, the gel poses no significant hazard to the public. Grouts
could be used effectively when used with safe and proper handling
procedures.
Environmental changes may accelerate degradation of
chemically grouted samples. A freeze/thaw or wet/dry cycle
can mechanically deteriorate a grouted mass containing high
amounts of free water. Grouts placed in certain soil regions
may never experience complete wet/dry cycles, such as close to
y the water table,
table or complete freeze/thaw cycles,
cycles such as below
the frost line. In the vicinity of a leaky underground steam
pipe, the wet/dry cycle phenomenon occurs often (Karol). Dry
environments cause cement grouts to shrink after setting,
forming micro fissures that increase permeability (Littlejohn).
9

Chemical grouting can be effective near groundwater, provided the
chemical and hydraulic effects of the groundwater are taken into
consideration. High groundwater flows may disperse the liquid grout
significantly before setting. Groundwater can also dilute the
grout. One can overcome these effects by injecting the grout at a rate
that exceeds the grout dispersion rate and shorten the gel time enough
before excessive dilution takes effect. The ground and groundwater
may contain organics that alter the gel time or react with the
grout. Consequently, the solidified gel-soil matrix would lack the
intended strength and impervious qualities. For sodium silicate grouts,
a high pH groundwater environment prevents initial gellation and
encourages grout degradation with time. Low pH accelerates setting
for sodium silicates, but retards setting for acrylamide or acrylate
grouts (Baker). Cement grouts are susceptible to deterioration as
well. The common causes for deterioration of cement grouts after
placement are reaction to sulfate in groundwater, prolonged exposure
to sea water, and large scale temperature fluctuations.
Over time after placement, deteriorating grouts lose their
strengths. Hayward Baker, a grouting engineer, comments on
sodium silicates:
“Silicate grouts may provide excellent waterproofing characteristics
and low strength structural improvement for temporary works up to
several months. They should not be considered to be permanent with
a lifetime of several yyears,, unless the p y
particular silicate catalyst
system has been shown to be permanent under the expected service
conditions.” (Clifton)
In static conditions, such as under a constant hydraulic head, the
grout may weaken. Studies conclude that acrylamide gels are
permanent, lasting for many years, whereas sodium silicates are
not. The acrylamide gels resist less severe chemical attacks. Strong
acids and bases, though rarely found in soils, are detrimental to
acrylamide gels (Karol).
6/26/2009
Syneresis, a condition in which a cured gel shrinks and
exudes water, can destroy the initial impervious qualities of
the chemically grouted sample. The effects are more
predominant in gels with a low silicate content and long
setting times. For medium to fine sands, syneresis effects are
negligible (Karol). An experimental test performed in Japan
showed that syneresis effects on colloidal silica were
negligible (Yonekura and Kaga).
Continuous monitoring during the injection process is necessary, if not
essential, to the successful completion of the grouting job. During the
procedure, the grouting operator must not only monitor the injection
pressure, grout volume take, and injection rate, but also make
adjustments to prevent damage to the equipment or to the treated
ground.
Mete
Meteringg equ
equipment
p e t ass
assists
sts tthee ope
operator.
ato . A ppressure
essu e gauge, which c
constantly measures the pressure in the injection tube, alerts the operator
of excessive pressures that may damage the ground formation. An
automatic pressure shutoff device is absolutely necessary to protect
against over pressuring in the formation and in the equipment because of
plugging by gelled grout. Accurate, variable volume pumps enable the
operator to quickly adjust or fine-tune the amount of grout injected. The
rate meter used in conjunction with the pressure gauge indicates whether
or not the formation can continue to accept grout or if the intake has
reached the maximum point (Baker).
10
 6/26/2009

Quality assurance involves ascertaining that grouting process will

proceed as effectively as possible for the particular project
requirements. Factors to consider are:
1. The amount of grout required in the project zone.
2. The adequacy of the grout hole placement method.
3. The injection plan.
4. The quality of the grout.
All of the above may have reasonable answers, even then the project is
not guaranteed to be successful. These factors address only the extent of
consideration put into the grout plan design (Karol). The following
should be considered during grout injection:
-low viscosity facilitates permeation into tight voids.
-injection pressure must be low enough to prevent hydraulic fracturing
of formation or to prevent ground heave.
-injection rate controls treatment time for a given area -- higher rates
shorten treatment.
Times-high injection pressures or low viscosity grouts require large
injection rates.
-gel time must be long enough so that gellation takes place before the
grout front passes the treatment boundary (Hausmann).

Schedule of experiments for optimum dosage of chemical

admixtures

Grout Sodium Water Polymer Additive Powder

type silicate (ml) (ml) (ml) (gm)
(100 ml) (ml)
Grout-A 15 85 1, 2 & 3 2 &3 1,1.5,2,2.5,3&3.5
Constituents Specific Na2 O SiO2 Na2O:SO2 Moral Total Density
gravity (%by (% by ratio solids g/cc
wt.)
Grout-B 20 80 1, 2 & 3 2 &3 1,1.5,2,2.5,3&3.5
wt.)
Percentage Be59 22.17 35.26 1:1.59 1:1.64 57.43 1.75 Grout-C 25 75 1, 2 & 3 2 &3 1,1.5,2,2.5,3&3.5
Grout-D 30 70 1, 2 & 3 2 &3 1,1.5,2,2.5,3&3.5

11
 6/26/2009

Schedule of experiments for optimum raw grout mix

Schedule of experiments for grouted mass and stabilized soil
Grout type Grout-A Grout-B Grout-C Grout-D
Gel Time D D D D Grout type Triaxial test UCS test Wash out CBR test
test
Specific Gravity D D D D (3 &7 days) (3,7,14 & 28 days) (7 days)
(7 days)
pH-value D D D D
Grouted mass NP NP
Shrinkage
Sh i k with
ith grout-A,
t A B,
B D D
D D D D C and D
(Wet and dry state )(28 days) Stabilized soil NP NP NP
Viscosity Test (in min) with grout D
D D D D A,B &C
1,10,20, near gel time Stabilized soil NP NP
D D
with grout-D
Vane shear test
D D D D
3 &7 days
UCS test (3, 7, 14 & 28 days) D D D D
Ultrasonic test NP NP NP D

Schedule of experiments for grouted mass soil with grout-D

100%
Grout type UCS test UCS test Curing condition 92%
wet curing dry curing

(sand (wet & (wetting & 90% 87%

condition) dry drying cycle 80%

75%
curing) curing)
of shrinkage

70%
Grouted mass 3,7,14,& 1,5,10,15&20 Wet Curing with water of 14%

with water of 28 days cycles pH-8.2, Dry curing & 60%

pH-8.2
H 8 2 (Dry
(D Wetting
W tti and
d drying
d i curing
i
percentage o

50%

& wet) with water of pH-8.2 40%

Grouted mass 3,7,14,& 1,5,10,15&20 Wet Curing with water of
with water of 28 days cycles pH-7, Dry curing & Wetting 30%

20%
pH-7(Wet) and drying curing with 20% 18%
13%
water of pH-7 10%
5%
Grouted mass 3,7,14,& 1,5,10,15&20 Wet Curing with water of
with water of 28 days cycles pH-9, Dry curing & Wetting 0%
grout-A grout-B grout-C grout-D
pH-9 (Wet) and drying curing with
water of pH-9

12
 6/26/2009

120 160
200 300

140 180
100 Grout-A Grout-B Grout-D
Grout-C 250
160
120
140
80 200
100

Visccosity(cP)
osity(cP)
osity(cP)

120
Viscosity(cP)

150
60 80 100

Visco
Visco

80
60 100
40 60

40
40 50

20 20
20
0
0
0 20 40
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0 20 40 Time(min)
0 20 40 60 Time(min)
Time(min) Time(min)

Design and characteristics of sodium

silicate grout

6 4
3.52

5.5 Grouted mass-A

3.35
5.11

Grouted mass-A Grouted mass-B 3.5

Grouted mass-B
4.9

5
Grouted mass-C
gth(kg/cm2)

4.5 3
Grouted mass-C Grouted mass-D
ngth(kg/cm2)

Grouted mass-D
4 2.5
3.51

3.5
2.04
Peak ucs streng

2
Peak ucs stren

3
1.36
2.7

1.33
2.4

1.5

2.5
1.35
2.02

1.5
1.3
1.81

1.14

2
0.82
1.36

1.36

1.5 1
0.67

0.8
1.2

0.43
1.03

0.7
1.1

0.45

1
0.41
0.8
0.6

0.6

0.5
0.3

0.5
0 0
3Days 7days 14days 28days
3Days 7days 14days 28days
Curing time(days)
Curing time(days)

13
 6/26/2009

6
Alternate cured Dry cured Wet cured 5.11
5

3.92
m2)

4
UCS strength(kg/cm

3.59 3.52

3
2.4
2.13
2
1.33
1.36 1.36 1.36
1.14
1 Grouted mass before test
0.45
Failed grouted mass with
different curing condition
0
3 days(1cycle) 7days(2cycle) 14 days(3cycle) 28 days(4cycle)
Curing time

6
pH-7 pH-8.2 pH-9 5.31 4 3.78
5.11 5.01 pH-7 pH-8.2 pH-9
5 4.86 3.45 3.31
4.71 4.62 3.5 3.39
gth(kg/cm2)
Peak ucs strenght ((kg/cm2)

2.93
4 3 2.75
3.53
3.35
32
3.2 25
2.5
Peak ucs streng

2 09
2.09
2.22
3 2.65 2.02
2.39 2.3
2
1.66 1.63 1.56
2 1.5
1
1
0.5
0
0
3 days 7 days 14days 28days
3 days 7 days 14days 28days
Curing time(days)
Curing time(days)

14
 6/26/2009

Stabilized soil-A Stabilized soil-B

4
6 Stabilized soil-C Stabilized soil-D

5.58
3.5
4.64

5
4.61

Stabilized soil-A Stabilized soil-B Stabilized soil-C Stabilized soil-D

4.52
4.31

4.23
4.13

4.13

4.07
kg/cm2)

4.02

4.02
3.93

2.54
UCS strength(kg/ccm2)
3.63

2.38
3.62

22.36
2.5

2.221
UCS strength(k

2.1

2.1

2.1
1.95
2.84

1.87

1.87
1.86
1.82
1.81
3 2
2.7

1.71
1.47
1.43
1.5
2

0.5

0
0
3 days 7days 14days 28days
3 days 7days 14days 28days

7
virgin soil Dry cured wet cured alternate cured
4
6
5.58

3.5 Stabilized soil-A Stabilized soil-B

Stabilized soil-C Stabilized soil-D
h(kg/cm2)

5
g/cm2)

4.52

3
4.31
2.54

4.23
4.07
2.38
2..36

2.221
UCS strength(kg/

3.775

2.5
25
UCS strength

4
2.1

2.1

2.1
1.95
1.87

1.87
1.86

3.24
1.82
1.81

3.13
1.71

2
1.47

3
1.43

2.54
2.38
2.21

1.5
2.1

2
1

0.5 1
0.462

0.462

0.462

0.462

0
0
3 days 7days 14days 28days Stabilized soil-A Stabilized soil-B Stabilized soil-C Stabilized soil-D

15
 6/26/2009

20
2.5mm 5mm
18

14.50
16

13.92
13.49

14
11.75

10.88

12
value

10
CBR v

6.96

8
6
4.13

3.92

4
2
0
VIRGIN SOIL GROUTED SOIL VIRGIN SOIL GROUTED SOIL

SOAKED VALUE UNSOAKED VALUE

16
6/26/2009

17
6/26/2009

18
 6/26/2009

Acrylic Sheets
1.5 mm thk

60 cm
30 cm

Laboratory Model Of 10 mm Plywood With PVC Flooring

19
 6/26/2009

DIGITAL
THERMOMETER
SOIL pH METER

MULTIMETER

ATOMICAC
AC-
-DC CONVERTER
ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER

EKG Experiment For Silty Soil EKG Experiment For Black

(Phase
( 1, 2 & 3)) Sandyy Silt ((Phase 1 & 3))

EKG Experiment For Black Cotton EKG Experiment For Silty Soil
Soil (Phase 1) (Phase 2)

20
 6/26/2009

Complete Setup of Electrokinetic

Grouting Testing

Geotechnical Properties Silty soil

Specific gravity 2.59
Liquid limit 28.00%
Plastic limit 24.67%
Shrinkage limit 23.00%
Free swell 10%
OMC 13.80%
MDD 1.76 gm/cc
Permeability Coefficient, k 1.38 X 10-6 cm/s

Chemical Properties Silty soil

pH 8.6
Sodium Content 40.70 mg/kg
Observations Taken & Samples Collected For
Testing

21
 6/26/2009

Geotechnical Properties Black Cotton soil Geotechnical Properties Black Sandy Silt
Specific gravity 2.58 Specific gravity 2.72
Liquid limit 59.70% Liquid limit -
Plastic limit 38.24% Plastic limit NP
Shrinkage limit 11.64% Shrinkage limit -
Free swell 75% Free swell NS
OMC 20 50%
20.50% OMC 14 00%
14.00%
MDD 1.59 gm/cc MDD 2.00 gm/cc
Permeability Coefficient, k 1.283 X 10-7 cm/s Permeability Coefficient, k 1.979 X 10-2 cm/s

Chemical Properties Black Cotton soil Chemical Properties Black Sandy Silt
pH 8.5 pH 8.2
Sodium Content 45.80 mg/kg Sodium Content 54.00 mg/kg

0.350

virgin soil 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days 35 days

0.300

0.250
ngth in kg/ sq cm

0.200

0.150
shear stren

0.100

0.050

0.000
near anode at centre near cathode

Comparison Of UCS Of Silty Soil At Various Stages Of Electrokinetic Grouting

Experiment

22
 6/26/2009

1.80E-06
virgin soil after Electrokinetic Grouting 0.200
virgin soil 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days 35 days
1.58E-06 1.58E-06 1.58E-06 0.180
1.60E-06

0.160
1.40E-06
Coefficient of Permeability, k, cm/sec

0.140
1.20E-06

shear sttrength in kg/ cm2

0.120

1.00E-06
0.100

8.00E-07
0 080
0.080

5.97E-07
6.00E-07 0.060

4.40E-07
0.040
4.00E-07

0.020
2.00E-07
1.01E-07
0.000
0.00E+00 near anode at centre near cathode
near anode at centre near cathode
Comparison Of UCS Of Black Sandy Silt At Various Stages Of Electrokinetic Grouting
Comparison Of Permeability Of Silty Soil Before And After Electrokinetic Grouting Experiment

2.50E-02 0.140

virgin soil after Electrokinetic Grouting virgin soil 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days 35 days

0.120
1.98E-02 1.98E-02 1.98E-02
2.00E-02

0.100
hear strength in kg/ cm2
Permeability, k, cm/sec

1.50E-02
0.080

0.060
1 00E 02
1.00E-02
sh
Coefficient of P

0.040

5.00E-03 4.06E-03
3.93E-03
3.21E-03
0.020

0.00E+00 0.000
near anode at centre near cathode near anode at centre near cathode

Comparison Of Permeability Of Black Sandy Silt Before And After Electrokinetic Comparison Of UCS Of Black Cotton Soil At Various Stages Of Electrokinetic
Grouting Grouting Experiment

23
 6/26/2009

virgin soil after Electrokinetic Grouting

1.80E-07
1.68E-07 1.68E-07 1.68E-07

1.60E-07
1.42E-07
1.40E-07
Coefficient of Permeability, k, cm/sec

1.33E-07

1.20E-07
1.06E-07
1.00E-07

8.00E-08

6.00E-08

4.00E-08

2.00E-08

0.00E+00
near anode at centre near cathode

Comparison Of Permeability Of Black Cotton Soil Before And After Electrokinetic

Grouting

1.80E-06 virgin soil after Electrokinetic Grouting

1.58E-06 1.58E-06 1.58E-06

1.60E-06
Coefficcient of Permeability, k, cm/sec

0.300 1.40E-06

virgin soil 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days 35 days

1.20E-06
0.250

1.00E-06
shear strength in kg/ sq cm

0.200 8.57E-07
8.20E-07
8.00E-07

0.150
6.00E-07

0.100 4.00E-07 3.54E-07

2.00E-07
0.050

0.00E+00
0.000 near anode at centre near cathode
near anode at centre near cathode

Comparison Of UCS Of Soil At Various Stages Of Electrokinetic Grouting Experiment Comparison Of Permeability Of Soil Before And After Electrokinetic Grouting

24
 6/26/2009

1.80E-06
virgin soil after Electrokinetic Grouting

1.58E-06 1.58E-06 1.58E-06

1.60E-06

1.40E-06
0.350

Coefficient of Permeability, k, cm/sec

virgin soil 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days 35 days
1.20E-06
0.300

1.00E-06
h in kg/ cm2

0.250

8.00E-07
0.200
shear strength

0.150 6.00E-07

0.100 4.00E-07 3.47E-07

3.16E-07

0.050 2.00E-07
9.87E-08

0.000 0.00E+00
near anode at centre near cathode near anode at centre near cathode

Comparison Of UCS Of Soil At Various Stages Of Electrokinetic Grouting Experiment Comparison Of Permeability Of Soil Before And After Electrokinetic Grouting

0.250
virgin soil 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days 35 days

0.200
ngth in kg/ sq cm

0.150
shear stren

0.100

0.050

0.000
near anode at centre near cathode

Comparison Of UCS Of Soil At Various Stages Of Electrokinetic Grouting Experiment

25
 6/26/2009

1.80E-06
virgin soil after Electrokinetic Grouting

1.58E-06 1.58E-06 1.58E-06

1.60E-06
0.180
virgin soil 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days 35 days
Coefficient of Permeability, k, cm/sec

1.40E-06
0.160

1.20E-06
0.140

1.00E-06 0.120

shear strength in kg/ cm2

8.00E-07 0.100

5.97E-07 0.080
6.00E-07

4.40E-07 0.060
4.00E-07

0.040
2.00E-07
1.01E-07
0.020

0.00E+00
near anode at centre near cathode 0.000
near anode at centre near cathode

Comparison Of Permeability Of Soil Before And After Electrokinetic Grouting Comparison Of UCS Of Soil At Various Stages Of Electrokinetic Grouting Experiment

2.50E-02 7000
6271
5998
virgin soil after Electrokinetic Grouting 6000 5773

1.98E-02 1.98E-02 1.98E-02 5000 4762 virgin soil

2.00E-02 4638
Na content in mg/kg

4172
4000 3600
ermeability, k, cm/sec

3000 after
1.50E-02 electrokinetic
grouting
2000

1000
Coefficient of Pe

1.00E-02
40.7 54 45.8 40.7 40.7 54 40.7
0

5.00E-03 4.58E-03 4.27E-03

3.38E-03

0.00E+00
near anode at centre near cathode

Comparison Of Permeability Of Soil Before And After Electrokinetic Grouting Sodium Content Before And After Electrokinetic Grouting

26
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27