Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Several factors may be considered in selecting school and degree program

like quality education, the people from the environment, personal choice; and

accessibility of the school from students' residences. Graduating students from

secondary schools may not have solid decision on where to go in college and what

degree program they may possibly take. They are planning to enter college without

clear idea of what career to pursue for their future Ramirez & Dizon, (2014). They

may sometimes consider the people and the information they received within their

environment. There are several factors that may affect the decision of students

and parents, where it can be a good source of insight for private higher education

institutions to offer quality services that will suit to the needs, expectations and

demands of the community. Academic institutions sought to observe the

requirements of the customers, prospective students and other clients like industry

partners when preparing an educational program .Hrnciar & Madzík, (2013).

Degree programs and other student services are being developed to promote the

image of the university Nadelson, Semmelroth, Martinez, Featherstone, Fuhriman,

&Sell, (2013).

With the curricular offerings of private colleges and universities which are

almost identical programs makes diversification very difficult. Vaz & Mansori,

(2013). Therefore, the competitive edge, uniqueness and quality must be

established in educational marketing through image building while helping and

guiding the parents towards the achievement of their desire for the success of their

children. The decision on good career choice and school sometimes depend on

how the way students perceive the world and their future. Some of them may not

have enough knowledge and consciousness about how they should process

information from personal, social, economical, political, spiritual and environmental

aspects of putting into context and realization of having a successful profession.

Pafili and Mylonakis (2011) emphasized that incoming up with the right decision of

what profession to take, students can properly utilize their skills and knowledge to

gain proper experience who could contribute to the development and welfare of

the society butKoni, Zainal, and Ibrahim (2012) noted that some studies show that

not all students who enter a university have the intention to obtain the degree.

With this, the researchers decided to use a Descriptive Survey method of

research which include multiple variables for analysis, As cited by Aquino (2014)

Descriptive research describes what is it involves the description, recording,

analysis, and interpretation of the present nature, composition or processes of

phenomena with the used of close ended questionnaire and likert scale to know

the factors considered of Freshmen Criminology students in Choosing and

enrolling Criminology courses at BHMC- 2019-2020.

According to Orzel (2016), there are four important things to consider when

choosing a college; First and foremost, if you're choosing between multiple

reasonably good offers, you're in a great spot, and will end up fine. In fact, if you

find that you're stressed out about the choice between multiple good schools, that's
probably an indication that it doesn't much matter which of them you pick. Your

environment matters Ozrel,( 2016). Given that education is mostly self-determined,

the final choice among comparable colleges is to some degree an aesthetic one.

That is, you want to choose the place where you will feel most comfortable, and

most able to make use of the resources provided to you. Your classmates matter

Ozrel, (2016). Far more time is going to be spent outside the classroom, and unless

you're planning to be a total hermit, a lot of that time will be spent interacting with

your fellow students. Academic environment matters. Capino, (2016). The success

of the schools, depending on the following criteria, result of board examination

passers, the profile of the faculty or specific department, or a few departments in

the right general area, and get a sense of that environment as well also to evaluate

its facilities if it cope with demand of society which only constant is change

Thus, the researchers conduct this study to know the factors to be

considered by the respondents in choosing criminology courses at BHMC and to

help the school to improve the things that need to improve to increase the number

of enrollees every year.

Statement of the Main and Sub-Problem

The main purpose of this study is to know the Factors Affecting Criminology

students in choosing criminology course at Bataan Heroes Memorial College S.Y

2019-2020.

It seeks to answer the following questions.

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of?

1.1 age;

1.2 sex;

1.3 parent’s monthly income, and

1.4 resident?

2. What are the factors affecting the freshmen criminology students in

choosing criminology courses at BHMC?

2.1 Department’s achievement?

2.2 Physical and mental training?

2.3 School Facilities?

2.4 Career guidance technique?

3. What are the suggestion of the respondents for BHMC to become more

popular in terms of offering criminology courses?

Scope and Delimitation

This research focuses on the factors affecting to the freshmen criminology

students of BHMC SY 2019-2020 in choosing and enrolling criminology courses,

the respondents of this study are 50 freshmen students who are randomly

selected, form 7 block sections, which corresponds to 7 students per block,

currently enrolled for the School Year 2019-2020 and pass all the requirements

stipulated to enrol on the course, the researchers limit the study on the

criminology courses because it is noticeable that the number of enrolees in this

courses are doubled compared on the previous year and other department.

Significance of the Study.

The researchers have high hope that the result of this study may help the

following person in the field.

Students- the result of this study may help students to develop their interest

toward their career choice, also it will serve as guiding principle about the

information regarding their chosen course

College Administration- The result of this study could serve as a baseline data

to improve programs for school advancement and department such as school

facilities, faculty profile, curriculum and anything related to the operation of the

colleges

Teachers- The result of this study may serve as an eye opener to create and

innovates instructional materials, and to use various and appropriate teaching

strategies or style that may encourage students to enroll or go to school.

Parents- it will be beneficial to the parents by means they will have an idea about

the quality of education that colleges offered comparing to other school, the result

of this study may also serve as the baseline to improve facilities, teaching styles,

and curriculum which also parent look for, because they are likely to enroll his/her

students in a prestigious school which offer quality education

Future Researchers- The result of this study can serve as basis a reference in

the other professional in the future who conduct same study.

Definition of Terms

The following defined operationally on how they used on this research

study.

BHMC- a one of the colleges in the province of Bataan offer criminology courses

the will serve as the research local of the study and the place where the research

study conducted.

Criminology- a courses offered by BHMC and the center of the research study.

Factors- referring to the different things that might affect someone in decision

making, in this research it pertains to the things that serve as the cause of reason

why the respondents enrol criminology courses at BHMC.

Profile: Referring to the background or personal information of the respondents

such as their age, gender, income, and area of residency.

Department achievement- this are the performance of the department in a long

run such as the result of board examination, competencies of the faculty and

graduates.
Training- an activity conducted by the faculty to the students as a preparation to

their field. Moreover, it develops physical and mental skills of the students which

the things needed to their job preference.

Conceptual Framework

*Profile of the Respondents

* Department’s achievement

*Physical and mental

training PROCESS
*Facilities

*Career guidance technique

*Survey
Questionnaire
*Data Tabulation,
Analysis and
OUTPUT Interpretation
*Statistical
Treatment
-Weighted Mean

*Improve the service offered

by the criminology department
* Increase the number of the
enrolees of the department

Figure 1: Research Paradigm.

 The first box above shows the input of the research study which served as

the major variables of the study such as, the profile of the respondents perceived

to be the factors of freshmen BHMC students to enrol criminology courses in

addition to, department’s achievement, physical and mental training facilities,

career guidance and personal choice are also included.

On the other hand, The second frame of the study is the process which

are the questionnaire use to gain the data needed to answer the research problem

of this study also data tabulation, interpretation and statistical treatment such as

weighted mean to answer the sub-problem number 2 took place, after the research

data was tabulated computed and undergo on the different statistical treatment

transcoding of data follow to answer sub-problem number 3

After conducting this research, the third frame which is the output of the

study such as it will give idea to improve the service offered by the criminology

department and to increase its number of the enrolees perceived and expected by

the researchers to be their contribution on the field. On the other hand, the arrow

of each frames show the actual flow of this study in performing this research.
Assumption of the Study

1. To determine the factors considered by the students in choosing school in

college and deciding their career choice.

2. To determine if the accessibility and facilities of school and faculty profile

influence and affect in choosing colleges and deciding on the career choice

of students.

Theoretical Framework

Education would fully help in developing socialized individuals, create a

cooperative and harmonious society, and release creativity in all of its forms. In

19th century Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (2012) developed a theory called

theoretical perspectives on modern societies. Believing that without education the

working class is condemned to a life of drudgery and death, but that with education

they had a chance to create a better life. This theory have been used to highlight

the social functions of education, their concepts and this methods have served to

both theorize and criticize education in the reproduction of societies, and to support

projects of alternative for the quality of education. Therefore, looking at the above

theory the researcher ought to emphasize the importance and the significance of

the quality of education in reshaping the individuals and the society at large. In

order to arrive at full fulfilment of this task, the educationalists need to offer the

best quality of education and to improve the academic excellence of the students.
 Profile
Variables

Students
Career School Facilities/
Guidance Training/Faculty

Department
Achievement

Figure 2: Relationships among Variables

The figure above theoretically anchored and shows the relationship of the

variables of this study as a factors in choosing career, and school of the

students.
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

In this chapter, a number of relevant past studies from local and foreign will

be reviewed, explained and linked with our present investigation. Hence, in this

chapter each possible independent variable will be defined based on relevant past

studies from other prominent researchers.

The concepts and theories found wherein provided rich background

information on the conduct of study.

Literatures Review

School Performance

According to, Smith (2009), Students would likely to enrol in one university

or colleges that perform well in academic and sports this is because they see that

the name and performance of the school in licensure examinations and the quality

of education that school’s offered, are the thing that served as the criteria of the

employer in hiring graduates.

Similarly, Mallari (2017), said that training such as on the job training are

also one of the factor it offers actual job experience and some company directly,

hired OJT students after colleges,

Furthermore, Luiz (2015), notice that background of the faculty and

competencies mattered most students who are likely to enrol in the school which

have a faculty staff who is approachable, and has a mastery on their subject
thought by the students and use variety of styles in teaching, location of school

also take considerations

Moreover, Phillipson, (2019) said that students were prefer to enrol in

school nearer to their residency especially if the school offer courses they prepared

in a low tuition fee.

According to, Nanor (2015) school facilities should also one of the factors

in choosing colleges by the students, they likely to enrol in school that has a high

value of facilities such as modern library, air condition room, that make them

comfortable in studying.

According to Baloch & Shah (2014), Career guidance is offered at

institutions of learning such as schools, colleges and universities among others.

High schools are a transition to higher institutions of learning and the world of work

so they have a critical role in assisting students choose careers. If students have

too many choices of careers or have not made a decision on which career to take,

school career guidance is helpful in selecting their study paths and in identifying

their potential strengths to enhance their competitiveness for positions.

Krumboltz’s theory of Social Learning Theory (2014) of career development,

which informs this study, emphasises teaching people career development

techniques so that they can give career guidance in schools.

Similarly Lapan, Tucker, Kim and Fosciulek (2003) stated that the

transition from high school to university or the world of work has been understood

as one of the most difficult developmental challenges confronting adolescents and

that schools play a pivotal role in guiding the students towards a career. The

current study sought to find out whether career guidance offered in schools

influences students’ career choices.

Interest in Field

Begs (2008), some students grow up knowing what they want to do in life.

These are the students who will go the extra mile to reach their dream job.

However, students often settle on a different path due to many factors they can’t

control. Students will research their chosen career path and explore everything

about it. The salary and benefits of that job do not play a role in this decision. In a

research study the factor “match with interest” rated over job characteristics, major

attributes, and psychological and social benefits in importance when students

choose a major.

In addition to, Nabor, (2015), said that students will seek out schools that

are well known for that major or trade. Most students today are more concerned

with the amount of money they can earn. However, there are a few students who

pursue their dreams.

Furthermore, Mcglyn (2008) found out that many students choose their

major based on their academic ability However, some students do not have the

ability or the work habits to succeed in some majors that may require more study

than other fields of studies. These students may find a better fit in a less work

intensive major that requires fewer difficult classes. This affects the career paths

of these students. Other students have the ability to handle majors with greater
workloads and choose the career path that will lead to a job requiring more

education. Examples in this category include veterinarians, doctors, or lawyers.

For jobs such as these, students need more than one degree. On the other hand,

some students have the drive to put in the work in very labor intensive fields but

do not have the intelligence to perform the tasks that are needed for their chosen

field.

Similarly, Roca, (2014) said that students often receive help from tutors,

special education teachers, and special exceptions when taking exams and doing

homework. Students are given every opportunity to excel and work in their field.

Based on grade point averages, agriculture colleges are receiving students with

good high school GPA’s. Studies show that the average high school GPA of

students is above. Therefore, students who enter board courses generally have

the ability to excel in their selected areas or specializations.

Nature of Job and Students Interest

Stamps (2008), most parents want their children to go college and get great

jobs. However, not all high school students want to or have the ability to go to

college. Some students want to be carpenters and construction workers. The

workforce will always need the blue collar people who do manual labor jobs. Even

though technology continues to evolve and grow, there will always be a demand

for trade centered who want to work straight out of high school. Some high school

students join the armed forces after graduating. Such students may want to follow
the path of their parents or find that military service is a way to pay for more

education.

Hence, Gilroy (2007), said that the armed forces can help students who

struggle with structure and motivation, something that students need when

continuing on to college or trade school. Some students will go to trade schools

instead of attending college. Trade schools can provide training in fields such as

mechanics, welding, electricity, or plumbing.

In addition to, Stamps, (2008), the short school year allows students to go

to work more quickly after graduating from high school instead of having to stay in

school for four or more years. Trade schools also allow students to work in a field

of interest while going to school.

Kerka, (2003), socioeconomic factors, therefore, are also important in

motivating the students to make career decisions

Gender

Bronstein (1998) in the past, gender roles in the work force have been

uneven and unfair). Women usually had lower paying jobs than men.

Moreover, Greenwood (2009), said that currently the playing field between

the two are more even. However, when looking at the workforce you can still find

men and women in stereotypical job fields

Mihyeon (2009), studies have shown that young men and women have

different styles when it comes to choosing a career. Men have a more liberal and
progressive style of thinking. Women prefer a hierarchical style of thinking. So that

more male students prefer to enrol in criminology courses because of the

stereotype believe that this job is for men only, other the intensity of training

physical and mental are designed to test the optimum development of the man.

Personality

Cayabyab (2010), defined personality as another important factor in career

choice. Studies have shown that students will choose a major that they think will

fit their personality type. The confidence that a student has can determine how far

a student will go with their education. Students who believe in themselves have

more confidence and are more likely to go for what they want instead of settling

for something that is comfortable. The personality of students can also play a role

in choosing a major.

According to Porter (2006), students who have an investigative

personality are more likely to major in science fields. Students with an artistic

personality are more likely to major in arts and in interdisciplinary fields. Students

who are very social people are more likely to major in the social sciences.

In addition to, Wildman and Torress (2006), said that family and friends

are considered to be an influential part of students’ choice of major. Parents with

a criminology background most often have an impact in where students go to

college. Family role models have more of an influence on what students major in

there are many people in a student’s life who can influence their career decisions.
Most of the time, parents and friends play a large role, but coaches and teachers

can also have a huge impact on a student’s life.

Similarly, Ozel (2016), said that teachers and coaches can help a student

to do better in school, to get into college or to get on a better path. The impact that

these adults have on young students can have a major influence on their career

path. Academic or athletic coaches are role models for students and also play a

big part in moulding future generations. Coaches help prepare young men and

women for the challenges outside of high school by exposing them to challenges

including situations in and out of the classroom.

Blum, (1995), affirms that how students react to these lessons early in life

can play a big part in what decisions students make down the road. A bad role

model or coach can have a negative influence leading to bad life choices, while a

good role model or coach can have a positive influence leading to good decisions.

According to Edwen (2000), different values are attached to different career

options. These values according to him stem from life experiences, educational

background, and the environment. Values are also attached to the stability which

is attached to a particular career. An important factor in determining students’

career choice is the school to which they belong. Different curriculum options,

hidden curriculum, and school culture are all determinant of a student’s career

choice. Schools role is to provide accurate guidance, and also encourage students

to continue with education and not drop out.

 Oladele, as cited in Nyarko-Sampson (2013), they further elaborates that

some parents are receptive to suggestions. However these types of parents

usually set high standards from the very outset, and then pave the way for

their children to follow that path.

Related Study

Bean (2000), in his studies have been done in order to explore the various

antecedents and factors which effect the university or college selection choice

decisions among students. Many variables have been identified and investigated

to determine their impact on the student choice of university or college.

Ariffin et al (2008), the student’s own ability and aptitude also reported as

one of the important contributor in selection of colleges.

Manski (2004), college location also found to be a significant predictor of

College choice. He noted that college proximity and distance from home could also

have a significant impact on student choice to enrol in college. Academic program

offerings, its content range and duration also found to have a significant

association on student’s college selection.

As the research study by Ford (2008), college Reputation found to be a

very strong predictor of College choice. He observed that college reputation has a

strong influence and persuasiveness power on student’s college selection

decisions. Cost associated with college also termed as an important factor to be

discussed by various researchers.

 Webb (2003), Joseph and Joseph (2008), revealed that cost has a strong

influence in college choice decisions. Availability of financial aid also has a

persuasive power on student college attendance. They analyzed that financial aid

will likely to induce more enrolments in colleges than other factors.

Paulson (2001), examined the impact of Employment opportunity and its

relation with college choice decisions and found that employment opportunities are

the stronger predictor of enrolment decisions.

In another study, Garma and Moy (2003), also identified and reported a

significant association between employment rates of graduates in determining the

college attendance decisions.

In addition, Sever (2002), campus visit also found an important factor in

college selection process. He concluded that student’s visit to college also

persuade them to enrol in the college. On the other hand Marketing Mix, Marketing

efforts and channels also found to be an important factor in influencing student’s

college choice. Many researchers study this variable and found it a very significant

contributor of enrolment decisions.

Felix (2006), while investigating the impact of marketing mix strategies

explained that Program and Price attribute of Marketing mix are significant

determinants of student enrolment choice than other marketing mix variables.

CAREER GUIDANCE
 Hossler (2010), also examined the influence of advertisement on student

college selection and found that radio and television ads provide a good vehicle

for educational marketers to communicate a good image and build strong brand

recognition among students in an effective way.

Moreover, Ngesi (2003), reports that students from poor socioeconomic

backgrounds made wrong career decisions, and chose professions which

required a short duration of training, primarily due to financial constraints. As the

old adage goes, nothing succeeds like success, similarly, a student who fare well

academically have better career prospects and choices as compared to the

struggling ones.

Dempsey &Sadler (2000), assert that a well-read person has more

information related to career choice, and reads more to make the crucial

decision. Thus their decisions are likely to be correct and wise. The role of parents

in the lives of children is undeniable.

Olayinka (2005), asserts that it so happens that parents have pre-

determined the careers for their wards, and only serve to steer them in that

direction. In other research, it is elaborated that the attitude of parents and the

influence of the home environment influences a child's career path. Similarly,

parents’ education has been proven as a factor influencing career choice.

Nyarko-Sampson (2013), explains that parents exert emotional pressure

on their wards regarding the choice of careers. They make independent

consultations regarding the career they think is most suitable for their children.

The child’s preferences are never a matter of concern for them.

Edwards and Quinter (2011), emphasised the influence of Kenyan

schools in students’ choices of careers when they argue that it is in schools where

students learn about and explore various careers before they make career choices.

Korrir and Wafula’s (2012), study highlighted the influence of the school

on choosing a career. It investigated the factors that influence the choice of

hospitality careers at Moi University. They concluded that Kenyan students’

interest in this career could have been developed at high school. The study was

carried out at a university and looked at a particular career. The current study does

not look at a particular career but careers in general. Also, the participants in Korrir

and Waffle’s study are different from the current study which looks at high school

students in Zimbabwe.

Similarly, Faiter and Faiter (2013), emphasised that American students

were influenced at high school to follow STEM subjects which eventually prepare

students for careers that are scientific in nature.

GENDER

In addition, Adebanke, (2012), the influence of gender in career choices

has been documented in many studies. In Nigeria, female students go for careers

that are feminist in nature while their male counterparts opt for careers that are

masculine in nature.
 In China, Chow and Ngo (2002), state that gender differences are

attributed to sex role socialisation which creates a clear distinction between sex

roles, prejudice and discrimination which affect the status of women in the

economy.

Griffin et al. (2011), established that, in America, when gender beliefs are

salient they shape behaviour most powerfully by affecting people’s sense of what

others expect of them.

Similarly, Ahuja et al. (2006), revealed that gender influences behaviours

and preferences across a variety of contexts. Ahuja et al.’s study further explained

that male students use computers earlier in life especially to play computer games.

The current study sought to establish if similar results could be found in Zimbabwe.

It was also established in Nigeria that the use of computers and internet has the

potential to equip students with career information that would give male students

an edge over their female counterpart. On the other hand, an Australian study by

Miliszewska and Sztendur (2010), indicated a positive attitude towards

computers among girls. The participants were of different origins, among them

Europeans, Asians, Australians and Africans at different high schools in Melbourne

Australian.

The current study sought to establish whether there is gender disparity in

computer and ICT careers among high school students in Zimbabwe. Igbinedion

(2011) revealed that Nigerian male students perceived parental influence as a

factor that influenced their choice of a secretarial career, which is more inclined

towards female students.

Similarly, Agarwala (2008), established that Indian fathers were found to

be the most significant influence in the career choices of Indian boys and girls in

management. The same study further revealed that mothers also influenced girls.

The Indian study is consistent with Paa and McWhirter (2000), who

reported that American girls consistently reported more positive influences from

same sex parents, friends and teachers. Although the results for boys perceived

positive influences from their fathers, they also reported an equal and occasionally

higher percentage of positive influences from their mothers. The present study

sought to establish if the above was applicable in Zimbabwe. In the Netherlands,

technical and natural sciences are still male dominated despite efforts to

encourage females to study them.

Klapwijk & Rommes, (2009), in spite of the fact that, in the Netherlands,

girls have wide ranging professional values and form a heterogeneous group, the

masculine image remains an important and persistent obstacle. Like in many other

countries, the belief that girls do not like to work with physical objects is also quite

pervasive in the Netherlands.

Similarly, male and female American medical students differed in the value

they placed on comprehensive patient care when selecting careers.

Behrend, Thompson, Meade, Grayson & Newton, (2007), female

students in America were more likely than their male counterparts to choose
occupations that involve helping others and expressing themselves while, in

contrast, boys were more interested in having higher self-efficacy and were more

likely to choose occupations involving data or realistic, investigative, enterprising

and conventional occupations.

Griffin et al., (2011), also purport that, generally, Nigerian girls are

interested in literacy, clerical, artistic, musical and social activities while boys

indicated preferences for outdoor, mechanical, computational, business and

industrial professions. The belief that boys and girls choose careers based on

gender lines is built during adolescence when gender roles manifest.

Klapwijk & Rommes, (2009), for girls, the gender bias may result in an

aversion to all technical occupations since they represent masculinity. Similarly,

English boys tend to choose more traditionally male subjects and girls more

traditionally female subjects which are likely to influence their choices of gender

based careers.

Favara, (2012), this is in line with the Social Learning Theory, which informs

this study, which emphasises that students (boys and girls) will choose careers

that are dictated by their social interaction which is the environment. The present

study sought to establish whether similar results found in America, Netherlands

and Nigeria could be manifested in Zimbabwe.

A survey on Public Relations students in America indicated that college

students categorise public relations specialties, in terms of those areas and

qualities they seek in their own careers based on gender

 Andsager & Hust, (2005), although the study above was carried out at

only one university in America, it established that the public relations profession is

feminine in nature. Another study in America indicated that men and women in the

medical profession were different in their areas of speciality where women place

more value on comprehensive patient care than their male counterparts.

This is also in line with Corrigall and Konrad (2007, who purport that

women and men in America vary in their individual views concerning appropriate

roles and behaviours for the sexes in the paid work and family domains. This

implies that gender plays a pivotal role in career choice at different levels in life.

However, the present study sought to establish if girls in Zimbabwe choose

different careers than boys.

Furthermore, Andsager and Hust (2005), purported that if American

professionals and students perceive that specialties involving mathematics,

science and physical exertion are gendered male, that perception is likely to be

based on differential educational expectations. Students identified female-oriented

specialty areas as more ethical and more caring. Such areas have significantly

lower salaries than the male-oriented areas, which did not fare well in terms of

ethics and caring.

Similarly, Mutekwe et al. (2011), established a distinction between

Zimbabwean male and female students in the choice of subjects where males

chose the sciences and females chose the arts. Such choices would influence

students to pursue different careers as guided by the subjects they had done. The
above studies indicate gender disparity among students. The present study sought

to establish whether gender influenced career choices as indicated above. Since

the studies were carried to establish how gender influences career choices on

certain types of careers, they cannot be generalised to other careers hence the

need to carry out a study that does not pay attention to a particular career.

Klapwijk and Rommes (2009), argue that gender is still a hindrance to

career choices.

Similarly, Balin and Hirschi (2010), indicated that Swiss boys were less

likely to seek career guidance and counselling as compared to their female

counterparts. This implies that their line of thinking has already been established

due presumably to socialisation resulting in them choosing careers that are in line

with their gender.

Eyo et al. (2010), also stated that gender has a significant influence on the

attitudes of the students towards guidance and counselling services. They further

revealed that gender difference in the students’ attitudes gave a mean score of

22.00 for female and a lower mean score of 19.00 for male. The study also

concluded that females responded favourably to career guidance services when

compared to boys.

Similarly, Dellana and Snyder (2004), revealed that American female

students were more satisfied than male students with career counselling they

received. However, in the same study, females, more than males, reported feelings

of uneasiness when talking with guidance counsellors and males reported, more
often than females, that guidance counsellors were not well informed in terms of

careers. This implies that gender affected the way students responded to career

counselling.

A later American study by Griffin et al. (2011), also purported that, unlike

male students, female students reported that school counsellors and college

resource materials were helpful. In the same study, female students were more

likely than male students to report using various sources for information about their

educational and occupational aspirations. The present study sought to establish if

girls in Zimbabwe are more satisfied than boys with career counselling in schools

and whether career counselling benefited both male and female students the same

way.

PEER

On the other hand, Bett (2013), purported that the rationale of peer

counselling is based on the assumption that people who share similar

characteristics and ages tend to influence one another.

Similarly, Chireshe (2013), in japan reiterated the importance of peer

counselling in schools when he argued that information was easily disseminated

through peer counselling. Peer counselling is consistent with Social Cognitive

Theory which informs this study which purports that social variables, such as

peers, may influence earners’ career choices.

Otabong, (2015), in Kenya that peer interactions influence students in

choosing careers. As the students interact, they share information about careers.
This is in line with Krumboltz’ Social Learning Theory which emphasises the

importance of learners interacting with one another in their environment

. In his study in China, Yi-Hui (2006), revealed that students’ interactions

with peers of diversified interests, races and backgrounds have the potential to

stimulate reflection, knowledge and beliefs which may lead to new ways of thinking

about the world, other peers and eventually themselves. For peers to understand

the world of work, their interaction makes it possible for them to venture into

careers they were unaware of.

Kiuru (2008), also revealed the importance of peer interaction in Finland

when he stated that the academic orientation typical of the peer group to which

they belong may potentially have a long term impact on individual adolescents’

vocational careers.

Kiuru (2008), purports that, in Finland, peer group members who are

closely related are likely to end up in similar educational trajectories as they are

likely to accept opinions from members who are similar to themselves.

Kibor (2016), espouse that peer encouragement was found to be a critical

factor in influencing American students’ choice of careers. This is in line with

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory which states that realistic encouragement

leads to greater effort and eventually to greater success. Since high school

students are adolescents, they may rely on people of their own age.
SCHOOL.

Edwards and Quinter (2011), emphasised the influence of Kenyan

schools in students choices of careers when they argue that it is in schools where

students learn about and explore various careers before they make career choices.

Wafula’s (2012), study highlighted the influence of the school on choosing

a career. It investigated the factors that influence the choice of hospitality careers

at Moi University. They concluded that Kenyan students’ interest in this career

could have been developed at high school.

Lima (2010), decision making is a complex process which can often be

difficult and confusing for many Spaniards. In general, career guidance

interventions in Philippine schools are concerned, not with telling students what to

do, but with helping them acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes that will help them

make better career choices and transitions hence ameliorating the problem of

career decisions.

Similarly, Hansen (2006), stated that, in Switzerland, school career

exploration and career decision-making activities can be used to broaden students’

awareness of their interests and abilities as well as the career opportunities that

exist.

Bouwer, (2011), American school engagement involves behavioural as

well as emotional components that play a mediational role in the association

between developmental assets such as careers and academic competence.

 Bardick et al. (2004), revealed that a proactive career counselling

approach that benefits Canadian students would include building trusting

relationships with students, encouraging them to closely examine and explore their

occupational interests, providing students with information about the stages of

decision making involved in career planning and guiding them in their search for

information about careers.

Balin and Hirschi’s (2010), study was carried out in the German speaking

region of Switzerland. They concluded that Swiss students should work on more

career guidance activities that will provide awareness, comfort and skills for career

exploratory behaviours. This, they believed, would develop career adaptability,

such as learning about the educational and vocational system and transitions, the

actual opportunities and barriers of the system and individuals, decision-making

skills and the importance of seeking help from professionals

Walters (2010), identified the characteristics of teachers that Australian

learners identified as supportive of their career pathways. They include: connecting

pedagogical practices with students’ interests, being passionate about their

subject matter, having good content knowledge, making learning experiences

relevant, setting high expectations of students, being a good explainer of complex

ideas and being a good classroom manager.

The above study revealed the relationship of the different variables in

choosing career and school of the students.

 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures that were applied in this

study. It was organized under the following subheadings: Research Methodology,

Respondents of the Study, Sample and Sampling Technique, Research

Instrument, Administration and Retrieval and Statistical Treatment of Data.

Research Method Used

The research design used in this study is a Quantitative Descriptive

Research. Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the

statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls,

questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using

computational techniques.

The main aim of using descriptive method is to find out what is so

observational by describing the nature of the situation as it exists in the time of the

study and to explore the cause of the particular phenomena through survey

methods which are frequently used to collect descriptive data.

In this particular study, the researchers want to know the factors affecting

criminology freshmen students in enrolling and choosing criminology students at

BHMC SY 2019-2020.
Respondents of the Study

The population of the study are 50 first year criminology student here at

Bataan Heroes Memorial College who has been randomly selected and subjected

as respondents in this study. The table below shows the actual breakdown of the

respondents based on their sex

Table 1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents as to their sex

Item F %
Male 36 72
Female 14 28
Total 50 100

Population Sampling

Sampling design is a process of selecting an appropriate amount of units

from the population of interest to provide accurate information about the entire

population.(Hair, Babin, Money, & Samouel, 2003).

A total sample size of 50 freshmen criminology students were served as the

respondents of this study. The researcher used the random sampling technique or

method in gaining data needed for this study.

Research Instrument

The researchers read literature and study which were published in the

internet source to find the research gap of this study, after conceptualizing the data

needed the researchers decide to create a self-constructed questionnaire inline or

anchored on the gap from the previous literature and study that has been read.

The research questionnaires has 2 parts, the first parts of the questionnaire is the

demographic profile of the respondents designed to answer sub-problem number

1. The second part contains the close-ended question in connection with the

factors affecting freshmen criminology students in choosing criminology course

such as department’s achievement, physical and mental training, school facilities,

and career guidance technique which also aims to answer research problem

number 2 and 3. Items were answered and scored based on the scale displayed

on table 2.

Table 2

Likert Scale

To interpret the result the scale below was used:

Assigned Weight Score Descriptive

Rating
4 3.25– 4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.50– 3.24 Agree

2 1.75– 2.49 Disagree

1 1– 1.74 Strongly Disagree

Validation of Research Instrument and Reliability

Validity is the extent to which an instrument measures what is supposed to

measure and performs as it is designed to perform. It is rare, if nearly impossible,

that the instrument be 100% valid so validity is generally measured in degrees. As

a process, validation involves collecting and analysing data to assess the accuracy

of an instrument. Reliability indicates whether an assessment is measuring a

concept consistently. The researchers seek and ask the guidance of three person

that has enough training and MAED degree in Language and Mathematics in

validations of research instruments in terms of face, construct, and content and

criterion validity

Statistical Treatment of Data

The results will tabulate, analyze and constructe in appropriate tables. The

following descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the data:

1. Frequency Count and Percentage were used to classify respondents

according to their population per section.

P= (f/n) x 100%

Where:

P= percentage

F= frequency

N= number of cases

2. Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the weight of responses with

the Formula;

Wm=Tw/N

Wm= Weighted Mean

Tw= Total of Weight

N= Total Number of Frequency

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will send a letter of request to the Dean of BHMC asking

for approval and permission to conduct research study to the freshmen criminology

students of BHMC after securing the approval the researcher will also sent a letter

of request to the adviser and written consent to all selected criminology students

indicating the purpose of this research study. After securing all the required things

and legal document needed for this research, the researchers will set schedule on

the respondents for the distribution of questionnaire which the respondents needs

to answer for 30 minutes or hour the researchers will also consider the availability

of the respondents in which there is no classes or class disturbances upon

distributing or conducting this study. Afterwards, the group will tally and organized

the data necessary to answer the main and sub-problem of this study applying

statistical treatment took place base on the advisers consent.

 Notes in Chapter III

Fraenkel, Jack R, Wallen, Norman E. (2000) How to design and evaluate

research in (7th Education Edition 2008), New York, USA, McGraw-Hill)

Abbasi, M.N. & Sarwat, N. (2014). Factors inducing career choice:

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Commerce and Social Sciences, 8(3): 830-845.

Abiola, J. (2014). Impact of educational aspirations on vocational choices

of the female secondary school students on Ondo West local Government area of

Ondo State, Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 1:224-233.

Balin, E. & Hirschi, A. (2010). Who seeks career counselling? A prospective

study of personality and career variables among Swiss adolescents. International

Journal of Vocational Guidance, 10:161-176.

Baloch, R.A.S. & Shah, N. (2014). The significance of awareness about

selection and recruitment processes in students’ career decision making.

European Scientific Journal, 10(14):536-552.

Berns, J.S. (2010). Survey based evaluation of self perceived competency

after nephrology fellowship training. American Society of Nephrology, 5(30):490-

496.
 Corrigal, E.A. & Konrad, A.M. (2007). Gender role attitudes and careers: A

longitudinal study. Sex roles, 56(11):847-855.

Creswell, J.W. & Miller, D.L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative

inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3):124-131.

Cheema, J.R. (2014). Some general guidelines for choosing missing data

handling methods in educational research. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical

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Chemeli, S.P. (2013). The influence of gender and school type on

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