ABSTRACT

Sometimes due to lack of concentration and our ignorance, we are unable to hear anything around
us. And, that could lead to unfortunate misfortunes which could have been avoided with appropriate
precautions. This circuit called "LISTENING BUG" is what detects vibrations of the sound waves
and amplifies it to be heard distinctly by human ears. As per design of the scanner, it works
efficiently within the 6 meters limit around the vicinity where it is fixed. This setup can be done in
any desirable places like car porches and at the corner of house.

As soon as a microphone incorporated in this project detects sound wave vibration, the sound
amplifier circuit using Op-Amp 741 amplifies the sound signal through the components used and
produces an amplified signal at the speaker. The analysis of the circuit was done as a comparator
and the based on this the design was finalized. The design is still being in a prototype form on
breadboard, but due to not too much familiarity with Electronics, the circuit is implemented on
bread board and not on wire board (PCB).
Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

Security is the most important area of any civilization. When technology is mixed up with our daily
life and makes our life easier, a need arises to involve the technology for security purpose. In this
digital era, everything tends to electronics security system and is more reliable than electro-
mechanical system. In this project our mission is to design such a system which amplifies any sound
(especially human voice) detected by sound detection technique. We use a voice condenser as a
receiver of voice signal (human voice) and an op-Amp for amplification purpose.

1.2 Objectives

It is a simple inexpensive and hi-fi device for listening to the conversation going on in an adjoining
room or for the parents wishing to keep a strict, vigil on the activities of their children through the
sound in children's room. It is one evening project for an experimenter.

1.3 Organization of project report

The report is organized in the following manner.

The chapter 1 gives the overview and the objectives of the project. It gives a brief idea about the
purpose and goal of the project.

The chapter 2 gives detailed description about the design of the project and its implementation. It
also gives a brief idea about the components used in the project.

The chapter 3 gives the outcome of the project along with its advantages and disadvantages of the
working model designed and developed. It also gives a brief description on a real time example of
the project.
CHAPTER II

2.1. Design Details

2.1.1 Block Diagram

2.1.2 Circuit Diagram

2.1.3 Components used in the Circuit

2.2 Description of components

2.2.1 LM741 Op-amp

2.2.2 AC 187 & AC 188 transistors

2.2.3 Resistors

2.2.4 Capacitors

2.2.5 Potentiometer

2.2.6 Battery & Connecting wires

2.2.7 Bread board

2.2.8 Condenser microphone

2.2.9 Preset Pot

2.3 Implementation details

2.3.1 Construction of the circuit

2.3.2 Working of the circuit

2.1 DESIGN DETAILS:

2.1.1 Block Diagram

The entire circuit is complex. The block diagram makes the circuit easy to understand. The function
of each block discussed below

1. Microphone takes the voice signal as input.

2. HPF is used for noise reduction purpose.

3. Op-Amp IC 741 amplifies the signal 100 times.

4. The gain of IC 741 can be set by varying the feedback through 2.2M potentiometer.

5. The output of IC741 is further amplified using transistors.

6. The output signal is carried to the speaker through the shielding wire.

Voice Signal Microphone High Pass Filter

Amplified using
op-amp IC741

Output signal Further Gain of IC741 is

through Speaker amplification using set by
transistors potentiometer

Figure: Block Diagram for sound Detector using 741 Op- Amp
2.1.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2.1.3 Components used in the circuit :

Components specifications:

R1 3K3Ω Orange, Orange, Red

R2 4.7KΩ Yellow, Violet, Red

R3 4 10KΩ Brown, Black, Orange

P1 2.2MΩ PRESET

Q1 BEL187 Transistor

Q2 BEL188 Transistor

IC1 LM741 IC

8 PIN IC SOCKET

C1 47Kpf 0.047µf / 473

C2 10µf / 25V Electrolytic Capacitor

C3 220µf / 16V Electrolytic Capacitor

C4 1000µf / 16V Electrolytic Capacitor

MIC COND MIC

SPK 8Ω / 0.5W SPEAKER

SNAP 9V BATTERY SNAP

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT

2.2.1 LM741 IC:

NEED OF IC:- When electronics valves were in the full fledge of communication, transistors came
into existence. These functioned as valves even with their small size. Then it was felt that there was
great revolution in the field of electronics. And same has happened. After the development of
transistor due to mass scale integration (MSI) & large scale integration (LSI), it has become possible
to fabricate complicated circuits on a very single chip of silicon. Due to the development of IC’s,
electronics circuits & equipments have become very small in size and weight. So the space, time of
production of equipment, cost of production etc. have been reduced very much. At the same time
there is increase in reliability and the time of fault finding and repairing has reduced. Due to all
these reasons integrated circuit has become important in electronic equipments.

SYMBOL OF IC 741:-

• PIN CONNECTION:- This IC needs dual power supply. In this IC pin no.7 is for +Vcc & pin no. 4 is
for – Vee. In this output is taken from pin no. 6. Pin no.2 is non-inverting input (+), when pin no.2
is inverting input (-).

The lC or integrated circuit is a little black chip, it is a root of modern electronics, and also an
essential component circuits. The application of integrated circuits involve in each and every
electronics circuit board, embedded system and various electronic projects. An integrated circuit is
asset of various electrical and electronic components like resistors, capacitors, transistors. All these
components are integrated onto a single chip.
Op-Amp Characteristics:

1. Short circuit and overload protection provided.

2. Low power consumption.

3. No latch-up problem.

4. Large common mode rejection ratio (CMMR) and differential voltage ranges.

5. The Input impedance of the lC 741 op amp is l00kilo-ohms.

6. The O/P of the 741 lC op amp is below 100 ohms.

7. The frequency range of amplifier signals for IC 741 op amp is from 0HZ-1MHZ.

8. Offset current and offset voltage of the lC 741 op amp is low.

9. The voltage gain of the lC74l op amp is about 20.

• APPLICATION:-

There is numerous application of IC. Some important applications are discussed here. These are:-

1. Unit gain amplifier.

2. Integrated.

3. Differentiator.

4. Clipping & limiter circuit.

5. Comparator.

2.2.2 Transistors:

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signal and power. The
basic construction of bipolar transistor consists of two PN junction. lt is composed of a
semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. These
three terminal are known and labelled as the Emitter(E), the Base(B), the Collector(C) respectively.
Bipolar transistor are current regulating devices that control the amount of current flowing through
them in proportion to the amount of biasing voltage applied to their base terminal acting like a
current- controlled switch. The principle of operation of the two transistor type PNP and NPN, is
exactly the same only difference being in their biasing and the polarity of the power supply for each
type. Then Bipolar Transistors have the ability to operate within three different region:- Active
Region- The transistor operates as an amplifier .

2.2.3 Resistors:

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in
electronic circuit. Resistor can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a
transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a
resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance and directly proportional to the voltage across it.
This is the well known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long
as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance. Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of
ways. The most common type in electronic device and system is the carbon-composition resistor.
Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the
proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the resistance.
2.2.4 Capacitors:

Just like a Resistor, the Capacitor sometime referred to as a condenser, is a simple passive device
that is used to "store electricity". The Capacitor is a component which has the ability or "capacity" to
store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (static voltage)
across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery. In its basic form, a Capacitor consist of two
or more parallel conductive (metal) plates which are not connected or touching each other, but it is
electrically separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating material such as waxed
paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors. The
insulating layer between capacitor plates is commonly called Dielectric. Due to this insulating layer,
DC current cannot flow throw the capacitor as it blocks allowing instead a voltage to be present
across the plate in the form of an electrical charge. The conductive metal plates of a capacitor can be
square, circular or rectangular, or they can be a cylindrical or spherical shape with the general
shape, size and construction of a parallel plate capacitor depending on its application and voltage
rating. When used in a direct current or a DC circuit, a Capacitor charges up to its supply voltage but
block the flow of current through it because the dielectric of a capacitor is non-conductive and
basically an insulator. However, when a Capacitor is connected to an alternating current or AC
circuit, the flow of the current appears to pass straight through the capacitor with little or no
resistance.
Figure shows the DC capacitor: This type of Capacitor are used to store the charges in the form of
electric field. The DC Capacitors are also of different types like Ceramic, Electrolyte Capacitor,etc.

2.2.5 POTENTIOMETER:

Potentiometer also known as pot is generally used in circuits to provide variable resistance or
variable voltage. The heart of the potentiometer is a resistive strip inside it through which one can
adjust the amount of resistance/voltage to pass in a circuit through it. Potentiometers are commonly
used in circuits for various purposes like to control the volume in audio circuits, to regulate the
speed of the motor in a fan, as light dimmer, etc.

2.2.6 CONNECTING WIRES & BATTERIES:

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear
mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the
metal though a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges comes in various standard sizes, as
expressed in terms of a gauge number. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle
of such strands, as in 'multistranded wire', which is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics,
or a cable in electricity.
BATTERY: An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells contains a
positive terminal, or cathode and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move
between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform
work. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchange
and computer data centres.

2.2.7 BREAD BOARD:

A breadboard is a construction base for protyping of electronics. Originally it was literally

breadboard, a polished piece of wood use for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solder less breadboard
become available and now a days the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer these.
"Breadboard" is also a synonym for "proto type". Because the solderless breadboard does not require
soldering, it is reusable .This make it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and
experimenting with circuit design. For this reason solderless breadboard are also extremely popular
with student and in technological education. The breadboard most commonly used today is usually
made of white plastic and is a pluggable (solderless) breadboard. lt was designed by Ronald J.
Portugal of El instrument in L97L.
2.2.8 Condenser Microphone:

Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component which stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but has stuck as the name for this type of
microphone, which uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into electrical energy. Condenser
microphones require power from a battery or external source. The resulting audio signal is stronger
signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers also tend to be more sensitive and responsive than
dynamic, making them well-suited to capturing subtle nuances in a sound. They are not ideal for
high-volume work, as their sensitivity makes them prone to distort.

Working of Condenser Microphones: A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them.
In the condenser mic, one of these plates is made of very light material and act as the diaphragm.
The diaphragm vibrates when struck by soundwaves, changing the distance between the two plates
and therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are closer together,
capacitance increases and a charge current occurs. When the plates are further apart, capacitance
decreases and a discharge current occurs. A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work.
This voltage is supplied either by a battery in the MIC or by external phantom power.

2.2.9 PRESET POT:-

These are also known as the trimmers or trim pots. These are variable resister but not of
continuously variable type. These are used to make desired adjustment. The resistance is joined in
the circuit, necessary adjustment is made and then left. Present pots are small in size and can be
mounted on PCB. These are single turn type or multi turn type. There are two types of preset pot:

(I) Single turn preset pot.

(II) Multiturn type preset pot.
Out of these two we select Single turn preset pot. In this pot the resistance material is deposited on
insulator strip like Bakelite. The resistance material is carbon or cermets. The film is annual ring
shaped. The wipe can be moved over it to change the resistance. Three terminals are taken out on
the lug so that these can be inserted in holes drilled on PCB. These are available in the range of few
ohms to several hundred kilo ohms. These are designed for low power rating.

2.3 Implementation details:

2.3.1 Construction of the circuit :

The circuit of listening bug shown in figure 1 comprises an op-amp IC 741, one complementary pair
transistor (One NPN and one PNP transistor), a loudspeaker, a microphone and few other passive
components like resistor and capacitor. A microphone is a transducer which converts audio signal to
voltage in range of milli which further need amplification. A long wire from microphone is
connected to inverting input (pin 2) of IC1 through resistor R2 and capacitor C1. The output of
IC1 from pin 6 is given to base of transistor T1 and T2.

A voltage divider network is designed using two 10K resistors (R3 and R4) in order to set reference
voltage at non-inverting pin (Pin 3). Pure DC power supply of 9V to 15V is given pin 7 whereas pin 4
is grounded. Feedback network is designed using one resistor (R5) and one variable resistor (VR1)
as shown in figure. The amplified output is taken from pin 6 which is used to drive the
complementary pair transistor (T1 and T2). There we had used complementary pair in order to
provide more power to the speaker. Capacitor C2 is used to filter out the DC component if available
any.

2.3.2 Working of the circuit:

The condenser microphone picks up the sound signals (even at a distance of 5 meters from the
mike), and converted into electrical variations, which are amplified by the op-amp IC 741 used in the
inverting mode with a single supply using divider network of resistors. Varying the feedback through
2.2MΩ preset can set the gain of IC 741. The output of IC 741 is further amplified using transistors
BC 187/188 pair.A shielded wire should be used to suppress hum for carrying the output signal from
the output of the amplifier to speaker fitted in the other room. Alternatively, from point C onwards,
the amplifier can be dispensed with by feeding the output of the IC 741 to the pick-up point of an
ordinary transistor radio.The microphone used in this project is of the condenser type for greater
sensitivity. The supply voltage required for the correct operation of the LISTNING BUG is 9VDC we
can use 9v battery. Make a careful visual inspection for mistakes. The battery snap must be
connected at points "VCC (+) / GND (-)" and the microphone contacts are marked as "MIC". The
microphone, speaker and preset are to be connected with a wire.
CHAPTER III

3.1 APPLICATIONS:

l. This can be used as security system for home/office.

2. The system can be used as a spy circuit i.e. voice recorder. '

3. The system can be used as a clapping switch.

4. It can be used for listening to the conversation going on in an adjoining room or for the parents
wishing to keep a strict, vigil on the activities of their children through the sound in children's room.

3.2 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:

3.2.1 Advantages:

l. Security system for our house office or store.

2. It consumes less power compared to other devices.

3. It is reliable.

4. Used as a door bell.

5. As a spy purpose.

6. It offers better functionality.

7. Due its simplicity, the bug project can be used as monitor audio or sound monitor

8. Listening Bug can be useful for mobility impaired and paralyzed patients.

3.2.2 Disadvantages:

l. Electrets microphone inserts are low cost, but only produce a very small signal which requires
amplification.

2. The background noise level can vary considerably, and so some form of calibration is required.

3.3 Real time case study :

A spy bug is basically an cyberbanking accessory which is acclimated to secretly aces and address the
conversations demography abode in a allowance to a abroad area it is heard by the being who
anchored it. As the name suggests it is commonly actual baby in size, difficult to visually analyse and
can be hidden into some crevice, absolutely assuming a bug.
Such bugs can be either in the anatomy of a tiny wireless FM transmitter or through affairs which
may be appropriately buried and laid beyond the transmitting and the accepting ends. In actuality it
will be absorbing to apprentice the ambit of a spy transmitter application wires. Though the
captivation of a wire articulation makes the assemblage low tech but has its own different
advantages.
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

CONCLUSION:

In this project we got lots of concept regarding the sound detector which provides sound detecting
process, this can be used as our modern electronic security system, doorbells, at our homes or
offices. This circuit are also similar as cell phone detector, metal detector etc. we got lots of concept
over op-amps and when treating op-amp as a comparator. We got how gain is produce amplification
and how the reference voltage changes the intensity of output is affected.

SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK:

It works for those signals whose input is a line level signal, which means that if we want to amplify a
signal coming from a microphone (mic level) we need a pre- amplifying stage. So, that would be the
work we should do in future, as an improvement of our amplifier. Depending on for what we are
going to use the amplifier, there are different types of microphones. The best microphone price for
the value is the dynamic one, it captures the voice very well and it works between 50 Hz and
18kHz.If we are really looking for a good quality of audio, then it is better to use a capacitor
microphone, but it is more fragile and expensive. The bigger the microphone level, the better
definition we will have.

Revising the circuit to reduce the distortion at a full performance output sine signal would also be
an important aspect to work on in the future.
APPENDIX:

Cost analysis:

AC188 1
AC187

3
PRESET POT

SPEAKER
PHOTOGRAPHY:
REFERENCES:

l. Principle of electronics- V.K Mehta and M. K. Mehta.

2. Electronic device and circuit- Anil k. Maini and Varsha Agarwal.

3. Semiconductor physics and devices- S.S Islam.

4. Electronics fundamentals and applications- D. Chatopadhyay, P.C. Rakshit.