PADOLINA, Ma. Angelica Q.

PHA 6113

2HPH

 Define intermolecular force.

Intermolecular force is the reason for how molecules hold together between themselves.

 Enumerate and differentiate the:

A. Common types of intermolecular forces

a. Dipole – dipole interaction

- Also known as Keesom forces, it is present in polar molecules and stronger than
London dispersion forces.
b. Dipole-induced dipole forces
c. Also known as Debye forces, it is present between permanent dipole and induced dipole
and weaker than dipole – dipole forces.
d. Induced dipole-induced dipole or dispersion forces
a. Also known as London dispersion forces, it is present in all atoms and molecules
and weakest of all types.
e. Ion – dipole forces
- It is present in mixtures of ionic compounds and polar compounds and strongest of
all types.
f. Ion-induced dipole
- It is the weak attraction of an ion induces a dipole in an atom or in a nonpolar
molecule by disturbing the arrangement of electrons in the nonpolar species.
g. Hydrogen bonding
- It is present in molecules containing hydrogen bonding to fluorine, oxygen, and
nitrogen and stronger than dipole – dipole interaction.
h. Hydrophobic interactions
- It is the relation of water and hydrophobes which are non polar molecules.

B. Main types of solid

 a. Crystalline solids
- This kind of solids is large and has a definite melting point. The arrangement of the
molecules or atoms is on repetitious three dimensional lattice units or angle.
b. Amorphous solids
- This kind of solid does not have a melting point however, it has a glass transition
temperature or the temperature when it its glass form is converted into liquid form.
Also, unlike crystalline solids, it does not have lattice units.
c. Polymeric solids
- This kind of solids depends its properties on different temperature. Also, unlike the
former two types, it has repeating units of polymer which is responsible for its
arrangement such as size or molecular weight.
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 Differentiate the following:

a. Cohesion and Adhesion
- Cohesion and adhesion is both the attraction of molecules. However, cohesion is
the attraction between similar molecules while adhesion is the attraction between
different molecules.
b. Solid, Liquid, and Gas (In terms of characteristics and strength of their intermolecular
forces)
- First, in solid, the intermolecular forces is very strong low kinetic energy which
makes it incompressible, high density, has a definite volume and shape. Second, in
liquid, the intermolecular forces is just strong enough to hold the molecules but
lower kinetic energy than gas which makes it slightly incompressible, high density,
has a definite volume but assume the shape of its container. Third, in gas, the
intermolecular forces is very weak and high kinetic energy which makes it
compressible, low density, and assumes the volume and shape of its container.

 Give the crystal systems for crystalline materials.

There are seven crystal systems for crystal materials namely cubic, tetragonal. Orthorhombic,
rhombohedral, hexagonal, monoclinic, tricilinic.
  What is the importance of intermolecular forces to pharmaceutical practice specifically to
physical pharmacy?
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