DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT
“POWE SUPPLY”
SUBMITTED BY:
Student Name SHAHID IQBAL
Roll No. 005

Student Name SANI FATIMA

Roll No. 007

SUBMITTED TO:
Course Instructor SIR.WAQAD ALI HASHMI
Lab Instructor(s) SIR.ARSALAN ILYAS
Batch SECOND
Semester SECOND

“REPORT WRITING LAB RUBRICS FOR ASSESSING IN-LAB PERFORMANCE”

EXCEEDS MEETS DEVELOPIN UNSATISFACTOR SCOR

CRITERIA
EXPECTATIO EXPECTATIO G Y E
 N N (2-5) (0-2) (0-10)
(10) (6-9)
-Student -Experimental -Experimental -Experimental data is
Data demonstrates data is presented data is poorly presented.
Presentatio diligence in in appropriate presented in
n creating a set of format with only appropriate
visually a few minor format but -Several data is
appealing tables errors or some missing or irrelevant.
and/or graphs omissions. significant
that effectively errors are still
present the evident.
experimental
data.
-Student -Student has -Student has -Student has simply
provides a very analyzed the data, analyzed the re-stated what type of
focused and observed trends, data, observed data was taken with
accurate analysis and compared trends, and no attempt to
of the data. All experimental compared interpret trends,
observations are results with experimental explain discrepancies,
stated well and theoretical results. results with or evaluate the
clearly supported theoretical validity of the data in
Data by the data. results. terms of relevant
Analysis -Any theory.
-Some
discrepancies are
observations
adequately
that should
addressed. -Student lacks
have been
understanding of the
made are
importance of the
missing or
-All expected results.
poorly
observations are supported.
made.

-Lab report has -Lab report has -Lab report has -Lab report has
no grammatical very few some several grammatical
and/or spelling grammatical grammatical and/or spelling errors
errors. and/or spelling and/or spelling and sentence
errors errors and is construction is poor.
Writing -All sections of
fairly readable.
Style the report are -Student uses -Student rarely uses
very well-written technical terms technical terms or
and technically effectively and uses them incorrectly.
accurate. accurately.
-Proper format is not
followed.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
S. No. Topic Page No.
1 Abstract 01
2 List of figures 02
3 List of tables 03
4 Introduction 04
5 Components used in project 05
6

LIST OF FIGURES
S. No. Figure Page No.
1 Block diagram 01
2 Circuit diagram 02

LIST OF TABLES
S. No. Table Page No.
1 Specifications 01
2 Comparison table 02
 ABSTRACT

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. All
power supplies have a power input connection, which receives energy in the form of electric
current from a source, and one or more power output connections that deliver current to
the load. The source power may come from the electric power grid, such as an electrical
outlet, energy storage devices such as batteries or fuel cells, generators or alternators, solar
power converters, or another power supply. The input and output are usually hardwired
circuit connections, though some power supplies employ wireless energy transfer to power
their loads without wired connections. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and
outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring and control.
 COMPONENTS USED IN PROJECT

(*) DIODES:

A diode is defined as a two-terminal electronic component that only conducts current in one
direction (so long as it is operated within a specified voltage level). An ideal diode will have zero
resistance in one direction, and infinite resistance in the reverse direction.

Diode Symbol

The symbol of a diode is shown below. The arrowhead points in the direction of conventional current
flow in the forward biased condition. That means the anode is connected to the p side and cathode is
connected to the n side.

FIG:1(SYMBOL OF DIODE)
FIG:2(PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF DIODE
Working Principle of Diode

A diode’s working principle depends on the interaction of n-type and p-type semiconductors. An
n-type semiconductor has plenty of free electrons and a very few numbers of holes. In other
words, we can say that the concentration of free electrons is high and that of holes is very low in
an n-type semiconductor. Free electrons in the n-type semiconductor are referred as majority
charge carriers, and holes in the n-type semiconductor are referred to as minority charge carriers.
A p-type semiconductor has a high concentration of holes and low concentration of free
electrons. Holes in the p-type semiconductor are majority charge carriers, and free electrons in
the p-type semiconductor are minority charge carriers.

COPIED FROM:

https://www.electrical4u.com/diode-working-principle-and-types-of-diode/
 (*) CAPACITORS

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic
component with two terminals.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any
two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add
capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator.[1] This
name and its
cognates are still widely used in many languages, but rarely in English, one notable
exception being condenser microphones, also called capacitor microphones.

SYMBOL OF CAPACITOR

FIG#3(SYMBOL OF CAPACITOR)
FIG#3.2(DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAPACITORS)

COPIED FROM:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor

(*) RESISTORS:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages,
bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can
dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution
systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with
temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a
volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic
equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms.
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.

SYMBOL OF RESISTOR:

FIG:4(SYMBOL OF RESISTOR)

FIG:4.2(PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF RESISTORS)

COPIED FROM:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor

(*) TRANSISTORS:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output)
power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today,
some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated
circuits.
Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some from germanium, but certain other
semiconductor materials can also be used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge carrier, in a
field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices.
Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller, and require less power to operate.
Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very high operating frequencies or high
operating voltages. Many types of transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple
manufacturers

Copied from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

Fig: 5(symbol of transistor, physical appearance of transistor.

(*) TRANSFORMER:

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits. A
varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a
varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be
transferred between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of
induction discovered in 1831 described the induced voltage effect in any coil due to changing magnetic flux
encircled by the coil.
Transformers are used for increasing or decreasing the alternating voltages in electric power applications, and
for coupling the stages of signal processing circuits.
FIG:6( PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF TRANSFORMER)

FIG:6.2(SYMBOL OF TRANSFORMER)

WHAT’S THE ROLE OF THESE COMPONENTS IN POWER SUPPLY?:

What is the role of transformers in a power system?

Transformer's have very huge role in power system. They step up voltage at the power stations and steps
down for distribution at the receiver end. At power stations, transformers step up voltages( transmission
losses are minimum in high voltage distribution),and at the receiving end reduces the voltage through sub-
stations. This voltage is further reduced at end receiving end to 430/230 Volts using transformers. Usually
we can see it in our roadsides. So for power distribution transformer is an integral part.

COPIED FROM:
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-role-of-transformers-in-a-power-system

WHAT IS THE USE OF DIODE IN POWER SUPPLY?

Power diodes provide uncontrolled rectification of power and are used in applications such as
battery charging and DC power supplies as well as AC rectifiers and inverters. Due to their high
current and voltage characteristics they can also be used as free-wheeling diodes and snubber
networks.

COPIED FROM:
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_5.html

WHAT IS THE USE OF TRANSISTOR IN POWER SUPPLY?

One of the most common uses for transistors in an electronic circuit is as simple switches. In
short, a transistor conducts current across the collector-emitter path only when a voltage is
applied to the base. When no base voltage is present, the switch is off. When base voltage is
present, the switch is on.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF POWER SUPPLY:

Power is the backbone of any electronic system and the power supply is what feeds the system.
Choosing the right supply can be the critical difference between a device working at optimum
levels and one that may deliver inconsistent results.
In addition to alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) power supplies, DC to DC
converters are also available. If DC is already available in your system, a DC to DC converter
may be the better design choice than AC discussed below.
Direct current power supplies are either unregulated or regulated. Regulated supplies come in
several options including linear, switched and battery-based.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY:

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE:

The advantages of power supply are: -

power supply can help you to work for a longer time and its ease of use
and the disadvantage is that :
there is a substantial loss when the voltage difference between input and output is large.

RESULTS: