Atomic Structure

Summary
Estimation of closest distance of approach (derivation) of α - particle
4kZe 2
R=
mαVα 2
(closest distance of approach)
Size of the nucleus:
The radius of a nucleus
R = R0 (A)1/3 cm
where R0 can be 1.1 × 10-13 cm; to 1.44 × 10-13 cm; A = mass number; R = Radius of the nucleus.
Planck’s Quantum Theory
hc
Energy of one photon = hv =
λ
h = planck’s constant = 6.625 × 10-34 Js, v = frequency of light.
If a change ‘q’ is accelerated through a potential difference of ‘V’ volt then its kinetic energy will
be increased by q.V.
1 2
=K .E = mv qv
2
Photoelectric Effect:
1
= hv0 + me v 2
hv
2
Where me is the mass of the electron and v is the velocity associated with the ejected electron.
Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen like atoms:
h
1. mvr = n (Quantization of angular momentum)
2π
nh
v=
2πmr
2. E z2 z2
− 21 z 2 =
En = −2.178 ×10−18 2 J / atom =
−13.6 2 eV
n n n
−2π2 me 4 z 2
=E1 = ( z 1, for H − atom)
n2
n2 h2 0.529 × n 2
3. rn = × = Å
Z 4π 2 e 2 m Z
2πze 2 2.18 ×106 × z
4. v = = m/s
nh n
0.657 × Z 2 ×1016
5. Revolutions per sec = f = v / 2πr =
n3
1.52 ×10−16 × n3
6. Time taken for one revolution = 2πr/v =
Z2

1
 Atomic Structure

1
7. En = K .E + P.E =
− K .E = P.E
2
8. P.E = - 2K.E
9. T.E = - K.E
1 ze 2
10. K.E = 1/2 mv2, P.E = −
4πε 0 r
De – Broglie wavelength
h h
λ =
= (for photon)
mc p
If a charged particle Q is accelerated through potential difference V from rest then de – broglie
wavelength is
h h h
=λ = =
mv 2m( K .E ) 2mQV
 The circumference of the nth orbit is equal to
n times the wavelength of the electron
2πrn =nλ
 Energy of photon on the basis of Einstein’s mass energy relationship
h
E = mc 2 or λ =
mc
m0
 m = dynamic mass =
2
v
1+  
c
m0 = rest mass of particle, v = velocity of particle, C = speed of light.
If velocity of particle is zero then:
dynamic mass = rest mass
Rest mass of photon is zero that means photon is never at rest
h h
=  λ =
2m( K .E.) 2m(q.V )
If an electron is accelerated through a potential difference of ‘V’ volt from rest then:

h  150  12.3
=⇒λ = ⇒λ  Å= ⇒λ Å V in volt
2me (eV )  V  V

Line Spectrum of Hydrogen:

 1 1 
Energy of emitted photon = (∆E ) n2 →=
n1 13.6 Z 2  2 − 2 
 n1 n2 
Wavelength of emitted photon

2
 Atomic Structure

1 (13.6) z 2  1 1 
=  − 
λ hc  n12 n22 
1  1 1 
= v= RZ 2  2 − 2 
λ  n1 n2 
Wave number
13.6eV
1.1×107 m −1 ; R = ; R ch =
R = Rydberg constant = 1.09678 × 107m-1; R = 13.6eV
hc
n12
The wavelength of marginal line = for all series.
RH
No. of photons emitted by a sample of H atom
If an electron is in any higher state n and makes a transition of ground state, then total no. of
n × (n − 1)
different photons emitted is equal to .
2
If an electron is in any higher state n and makes a transition to another excited state, then total no
∆n(∆n + 1)
of different photons emitted is equal to .
2
Note In case of single isolated atom if electron make transition from nth state to the ground state
then max. number of spectral lines observe = (n – 1)
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle:
h h h
∆x.∆p > or m∆x.∆v ≥ or ∆x.∆v ≥
4π 4π 4πm
Where, Δx = uncertainly in position; Δp = uncertainty in momentum h = Planck’s constant ; m =
mass of the particle; Δv = uncertainty in velocity
Qunatum Numbers:
 Principal quantum number (n) = 1, 2, 3, 4….to ∞
 Number of subshell present in nth shell = n
 Number of orbitals present in nth shell = n2.
 The maximum number of electrons which can be present in a principal energy shell is
equal to 2n2.
nh
 Orbital angular moment of electron in any orbit = .
2π
 Azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) = 0, 1, ….to (n – 1).
 Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2ℓ + 1.
 Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2 × (2ℓ +1)
h  h 
 Orbital angular momentum = L ( +=
1) h ( + 1)  h= 
2π  2π 

3
Atomic Structure

 m (magnetic quantum no.) can have values from - ℓ to + ℓ including zero. i.e., total
(2ℓ+1) values.
eh
 Spin magnetic moment= µ3 s ( s + 1) or=µ n(n + 2) B.M. (n = no. of
2πmc
unpaired electrons)
h
 It represents the value of spin angular momentum which is equal to s ( s + 1)
2π
1
 Maximum spin of atom= × No. of unpaired electron.
2

4
 Atomic Structure

Practice Questions
1. Ejection of the photoelectron from metal in the photoelectric effect experiment can be stopped by
applying 0.5 V when the radiation of 250 nm is used. The work function of the metal is: (2018)

(a) 4.5 eV

(b) 3 eV

(c) 5.5 eV

(d) 5 eV

2. Which of the following statements is false ?

(a) Splitting of spectral lines in electrical field is called Stark effect.

(b) Frequency of emitted radiation from a black body goes from a lower wavelength to higher
wavelength as the temperature increases

(c) Photon has momentum as well as wavelength.

(d) Rydberg constant has unit of length–1 (i.e. cm–1)..

3. A stream of electrons from a heated filament was passed between two charged plates kept at a
potential difference V esu. If e and m are charge and mass of an electron, respectively, then the value of
h / λ (where λ, is wavelength associated with electron wave) is given by (2016)

(a) 2meV

(b) √meV

(c) √2meV

(d) meV

4. Rutherford's experiment, which established the nuclear model of the atom, used a beam of

(2002)

(a) β -particles, which impinged on a metal foil and got absorbed

(b) γ-rays, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered

(c) helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered

(d) helium nuclei, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered

5. Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment eventually led to the conclusion that (1986)

5
 Atomic Structure

(a) mass and energy are related

(b) electrons occupy space around the nucleus

(c) neutrons are buried deep in the nucleus

(d) the point of impact with manor can be precisely determined

6. The radius of an atomic nucleus is of the order of (1985)

(a) 10-10 cm

(b) 10-13 cm

(c) 10-15 cm

(d) I0-8 cm

7. Bohr's model can explain (1989)

(a) the spectrum of hydrogen atom only

(b) spectrum of an atom or ion containing one electron only

(c) the spectrum of hydrogen molecule

(d) the solar spectrum

8. The increasing order (lowest first) for the values of elm (charge/mass) for electron (e), proton (p),
neutron (n) and alpha particle (α) is (1984)

(a) e, p, n, α

(b) n, p, e, α

(c) n, P, α, e

(d) n, α, p, e

9. Rutherford's scattering experiment is related to the size of the

(1983)

(a) nucleus

(b) atom

(c) electron

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 Atomic Structure

(d) neutron

10. Rutherford's experiment on scattering of α-particles showed for the first time that the atom has
(1981)

(a) electrons

(b) protons

(c) nucleus

(d) neutrons

11. The radius of the second Bohr orbit for hydrogen atom is (Planck's constant (h )= 6.6262 x 10-30 Js;
mass of electron = 9.1091 x 10-31 kg ; charge of electron (e) = 1.60210 x 10-19 C; permittivity of vacuum
0
(∈0) = 8.854185 x 10-12kg-1 m-3 A2) (2017) (a) 1.65 A
0
(b) 4.76 A
0
(c) 0.529 A
0
(d) 2.12 A

12. P is the probability of finding the 1s electron of hydrogen atom in a spherical shell of infinitesimal
thickness, dr, at a distance r from the nucleus. The volume of this shell is 4πr2dr. The qualitative sketch
of the dependence of P on r is (2016)

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 Atomic Structure

13. Which of the following is the energy of a possible excited state of hydrogen? (2015)

(a) + 13.6 eV

(b) -6.8 eV

(c) -3.4 eV

(d) + 6.8 eV

14. The correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence electrons of rubidium atom (Z= 37) is
(2013)

1
(a) 5, 0, 0, +
2
1
(b) 5, 1, 0, +
2
1
(c) 5, 1, 1, +
2
1
(d) 5, 0, 1, +
2

15. energy of an electron is given by

 Z2 
−2.178 ×10−18 J  2 
E=
n 
Wavelength of light required to excite all electron in an hydrogen atom from level n = 1 to n = 2 will be
(h = 6.62 x 10-34 Js and c = 3.0 x 108 ms-1) (2013)

(a) 1.214 x10-7 m

(b) 2.816 x 10-7 m

(c) 6.500 x 10-7 m

(d) 8.500 x 10-7 m

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 Atomic Structure

16. The kinetic energy of an electron in the second Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom is [a0 is Bohr radius]
(2012)

h2
(a)
4π 2 ma02

h2
(b)
16π 2 ma02

h2
(c)
32π 2 ma02

h2
(d)
64π 2 ma02

17. The number of radial nodes in 3s and 2p respectively are (2005)

(a) 2 and 0

(b) 0 and 2

(c) 1 and 2

(d) 2 and 1

18. Which hydrogen like species will have same radius as that of Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom? (2004)

(a) n = 2, Li2+

(b) n = 2, Be3+

(c) n = 2, He+

(d) n = 3, Li2+

19. If the nitrogen atom had electronic configuration 1s7, it would have energy lower than that of the
normal ground state configuration Is2 2s2 2p3, because the electrons would be closer to the nucleus, yet
1s7 is not observed, because it violates (2004)

(a) Heisenberg uncertainty principle

(b) Hund's rule

(c) Pauli exclusion principle

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 Atomic Structure

(d) Bohr postulate of stationary orbits

1 1
20. The quantum numbers + and − for the electron spin represent (2001) (a)
2 2
rotation of the electron in clockwise and anticlockwise direction respectively

(b) rotation of the electron in anti-clockwise and clockwise direction respectively

(c) magnetic moment of the electron pointing up and down respectively

(d) two quantum mechanical spin states which have no classical analogue

21. The wavelength associated with a golf ball weighing 200 g and moving at a speed of 5 m/hr is of the
order (2001)

(a) 10-10 m

(b) 10-20 m

(c) 10-30 m

(d) 10-14 m

22. The number of nodal planes in a px orbital is (2001)

(a) one

(b) two

(c) three

(d) zero

23. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d5, 4s1. This represents its (2000)

(a) excited state

(b) ground state

(c) cationic form

(d) anionic form

24. The electrons, identified by quantum numbers n and l,

10
 Atomic Structure

(i) n = 4, 1= 1, (ii) n = 4, 1= 0, (iii) n = 3, 1= 2, (iv) n = 3, l = I can be placed in order of increasing energy,

from the lowest to highest, as (1999)

(a) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i)

(b) (ii) < (iv) , (i) < (iii)

(c) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv)

(d) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii)

25. The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H-atom is —13.6 eV. The possible energy value(s)
of the excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of hydrogen is (are) (1998)

(a) —3.4 eV

(b) — 4.2 eV

(c) —6.1 eV

(d) + 6.8 eV

26. For a d-electron, the orbital angular momentum is (1997)

 h 
(a) 6 
 2π 

 h 
(b) 2 
 2π 

 h 
(c)  
 2π 

 h 
(d) 2  
 2π 

27. The first use of quantum theory to explain the structure of atom was made by (1997)

(a) Heisenberg

(b) Bohr

(c) Planck

(d) Einstein

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 Atomic Structure

28. Which of the following has the maximum number of unpaired electrons ? (1996)

(a) Mg2+

(b) Ti3+

(c) V3+

(d) Fe2+

29. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s-orbital is (1996)

1 h
(a) + .
2 2π
(b) zero

h
(c)
2π
h
(d) 2.
2π

30. Which of the following relates to photons both as wave motion and as a stream of particles? (1992)

(a) Interference

(b) E = mc2

(c) Diffraction

(d) E = hv

31. Which of the following does not characterise X-rays ? (1992)

(a) The radiation can ionise gases

(b) It causes ZnS to fluoresce

(c) Deflected by electric and magnetic fields

(d) Have wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet rays

32. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired electron of chlorine atom is (1989)

n l m n l m

12
 Atomic Structure

(a) 2 1 0 (b) 2 1 1

(c) 3 1 1 (d) 3 0 0

33. The correct ground state electronic configuration of chromium atom is (1989)

(a) [Ar] 3d5 4s1

(b) [Ar] 3d4 4s2

(c) [Ar] 3d6 4s0

(d) [Ar] 4d5 4s1

34. The outermost electronic configuration of the most electronegative element is (1988)

(a) ns2 np3

(b) ns2 np4

(C) ns2 np5

(d) ns2 np6

35. The orbital diagram in which the Aufbau’s principle is violated (1988)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

13
 Atomic Structure

36. The wavelength of a spectral line for an electronic transition is inversely related to (1988)

(a) the number of electrons undergoing the transition

(b) the nuclear charge of the atom

(c) the difference in the energy of the energy levels involved in the transition

(d) the velocity of the electron undergoing the transition

37. The ratio of the energy of a photon of 2000 A wavelength radiation to that of 4000 A radiation is

(1986)

1
(a)
4
(b) 4

1
(c)
2
(d) 2

38. Which one of the following sets of quantum numbers represents an impossible arrangement?

(1986)

39. Electromagnetic radiation with maximum wavelength is (1985)

(a) ultraviolet

(b) radio wave

(c) X-ray

(d) infrared

14
 Atomic Structure

40. Which electronic level would allow the hydrogen atom to absorb a photon but not to emit a photon?
(1984)

(a) 3s

(b) 2p

(c) 2s

(d) 1s

41. Correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence (outermost) electron of rubidium (Z= 37) is

(1984)

1
(a) 5, 0, 0, +
2
1
(b) 5, 1, 0 , +
2
1
(c) 5, 1, 1, + .
2
1
(d) 6, 0, 0, +
2

42. The principal quantum number of an atom is related to the (1983)

(a) size of the orbital

(b) spin angular momentum

(c) orientation of the orbital in space

(d) orbital angular momentum

43. Any p-orbital can accommodate upto (1983)

(a) four electrons

(b) six electrons

(c) two electrons with parallel spies

(d) two electrons with opposite spins

15
 Atomic Structure

44. Spin only magnetic moment of 25Mnx+ ion is √15 B.M. Then, the value of x is

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 4

45. The spin only magnetic moment of Cr3+ in aqueous solution would be :

(a) √13 B. M

(b) √15 B.M.

(c) √8. B.M.

(d) √35 B.M.

46. ψ2 = 0 represent

(a) node

(b) orbital

(c) zero amplitude of wave

(d) wave function

47. Observe the following statements regarding isotones:

i. 39K and Ca are isotones.

40

ii. Nucleides having different atomic number(Z) and mass numbers (a) but same number of neutrons (n)
are called isotones.

iii. 19F and 23Na are isotones.

The correct answer is:

(a) i, ii and iii are correct .

(b) Only i and ii are correct

(c) Only i and iii are correct

(d) Only ii and iii are correct

16
 Atomic Structure

48. If n1 and n2 are the boundary value principal quantum numbers of a portion of spectrum of emission
spectrum of H atom, determine the wavelength (in metre) corresponding to last line (longest λ). Given :
n1 + n2 = 7, n2 - n1 = 3 and RH = 1.097 x 107 m-1. (Give your answer in multiple of 10-6)
(a) 8
(b) 4
(c) 10
(d) 15

49. What is the potential energy of an electron present in N-shell of the Be ion ?
(a) – 3.4 eV
(b) – 27.2 eV
(c) – 13.6 eV
(d) —6.8 eV

50. In which of the following transition, the wavelength will be minimum:

(a) n = 6 to n = 4
(b) n = 4 to n = 2
(c) n = 3 to n = 1
(d) n = 2 to n = 1

51. The ratio of kinetic energy and potential energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of a hydrogen-like
species is:
(a) 1/2
(b) —1/2
(c) 1
(d) —1

52. Total Number of unpaired electrons in d-orbitals of an atom of element of atomic number 29 is: (a)
Ten

(b) One

(c) Zero

17
 Atomic Structure

(d) Five

53. Photons of minimum energy 496 k.J. mol-1 are needed to ionize sodium atoms. Calculate the lowest
frequency of light that will ionize a sodium atom.

(a) 1.24 x 1014 s-1

(b)1.24 x 1015 s-1

(c) 2.48 x 1015 s-1

(d) 2.48 x 1014 s-1

54. According to Bohr's model, if the kinetic energy of an electron in 2nd orbit of He+ is x, then what
should be the ionisation energy of the electron revolving in 3rd orbit of M5+ ion

(a) x

(b) 4x

(c) x/4

(d) 2x

0
55. Last line of Lyman series for H—atom has wavelength λ1, A , 2nd line of Balmer series has
0
wavelength λ2, A then

16 9
(a) =
λ1 λ2

16 3
(b) =
λ2 λ1

4 1
(c) =
λ1 λ2

16 3
(d) =
λ1 λ2

18
 Atomic Structure

56. Wave function vs distance from nucleus graph of an orbital is given below:

The number of nodal sphere of this orbital is

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 4

57. Number of nodal planes (planes of zero electron density) in the dxy orbital is

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 0

(d) 4

58. The uncertainty in position and velocity of the particle are 0.2 nm and 10.54 x 10-27 ms-1 respectively
then the mass of the particle is (h = 6.625 x 10-34 Js)

(a) 48.86g

(b) 30.86 g

(c) 24.86 gm

(d) 100 g

59. A particle initially at rest having charge q coulomb. & mass m kg is accelerated by a potential
difference of V volts. What would be its K.E & de broglie wavelength respectively after acceleration

h
(a) qV,
2qVm

19
 Atomic Structure

h
(b) ,qV
2qVm

h
(c) qV,
mV
h
(d) ,qV
mV

60. The number of possible lines of Paschen series when electron jumps from 7th excited state to
ground state (in hydrogen like atom) is:

(a) 2

(b) 5

(c) 4

(d) 3

61. AIR service on Vividh Bharati is transmitted on 219 m band. What is its transmission frequency in
Hertz?

(a) 1.37 x 106 Hz

(b) 1.37 x 105 Hz

(c) 1.37 x 107 Hz

(d) 2.74 x 105 Hz

62. Calculate the maximum and minimum number of electrons. Which may have magnetic quantum
1
number m = + 1 and spin quantum number s = + in Chromium (Cr).
2
(a) 3, 2

(b) 6, 4

(c) 4, 2

(d) 2, 1

20
 Atomic Structure

63. In the emission spectrum of H-atom from energy level ‘n’ to ground state in one or more step, no
line belonging to the Brackett series is observed. The wave number of lines belonging to Balmer series
may be

8R 5R
(a) ,
9 36
3R 8R
(b) ,
16 9
5R 3R
(c) ,
36 16
3R 3R
(d) ,
4 16

64. The ionisation energy of H is 13.6 eV. Calculate the ionization energy of Li2+ ions.

(a) 54.4 eV

(b) 122.4 eV

(c) 244.8 eV

(d)108.8 eV

65. If Photon having wavelength 6.2 nm was allowed to strike a metal plate having work function 50 eV
then calculate wavelength associated with emitted electron:

(a) 1 x 10-10 m

(b) 2 x 10-10 m

(c) 3 x 10-18 m

(d) 4 x 10-14 m

66. The number of nodal planes in a px orbital is :

(a) one

(b) two

(c) three

(d) four

21
 Atomic Structure

67. The wave number of electromagnetic radiation emitted during the transition of electron in between
two levels of Li2+ ion whose principal quantum numbers sum is 4 and difference is 2 is

(a) 3.5 R

(b) 4R

(c) 8R

8
(d) R
9

68. The correct order of wavelength of Hydrogen (1H1), Deuterium (1H2) and Tritium (1H3) moving with
same kinetic energy is

(a) λH > λD > λT

(b) λH = λD = λT

(c) λH < λD < λT

(d) λH < λD > λT

69. Spin angular momentum for unpaired electron in sodium (Atomic No. = 11) is

3
(a)
2
(b) 0.866 h/2π

3 h
(c) −
2 2π
(4) None of these

70. The distance between 4th and 3rd Bohr orbits of He+ is :

(a) 2.645 x 10-10 m

(b) 1.322 x 10-10 m

(c) 1.851 x 10-10 m

(d) None

22
 Atomic Structure

71. What is the frequency of revolution of electron present in 2nd Bohr's orbit of H-atom ?

(a) 1.016 x 1016 s-1

(b) 4.065 x 1016 s-1

(c) 1.626 x 1015 s-1

(d) 8.13 x 1016 s-1

72. According to Bohr's atomic theory. which of the following is correct?

Z2
(a) Potential energy of electron ∝
n2

(b) The product of velocity of electron and principle quantum number (n) ∝ Z2

Z2
(c) Frequency of revolution of electron in an orbit ∝
n3

Z2
(d) Coulombic force of attraction on the electron ∝
n2

73. If In Bohr's model, for uni-electronic atom, time period of revolution is represented as Tn, z where n
represents shell no. and Z represents atomic number then the value of T1, 2 : T2, 1 will be :

(a) 8 : 1

(b) 1 : 8

(c) 1 : 1

(d) 1 : 32

74. Be. and a proton are accelerated by the same potential, their de-Broglie wavelengths have the ratio
(assume mass of proton = mass of neutron) :

(a) 1 : 2

(b) 1 : 4

(c) 1 : 1

(d) 1: 3 3

23
 Atomic Structure

75. If the ionization energy of He+ is 19.6 x 10-18 J per atom then the energy of Be3+ ion in the second
stationary state is :

(a) – 4.9 x 10-18 J

(b) – 44.1 x 10-18 J

(c) – 11.025 x 10-18 J

(d) – 19.4 x 10-18 J

24
Atomic Structure

Answer Key:

1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. d 9. a 10. c
11. d 12. c 13. c 14. a 15. a 16. c 17. a 18. b 19. c 20. d
21. c 22. a 23. b 24. a 25. a 26. a 27. b 28. d 29. b 30. a
31. c 32. c 33. a 34. c 35. b 36. c 37. d 38. c 39. b 40. d
41. a 42. a 43. d 44. d 45. b 46. a 47. b 48. b 49. b 50. a
51. b 52. a 53. b 54. b 55. b 56. a 57. b 58. c 59. a 60. b
61. a 62. a 63. c 64. b 65. a 66. a 67. b 68. a 69. b 70. c
71. d 72. c 73. d 74. d 75. d

“Detail solutions are mentioned in the content library”

25