Tristan Yves M. Roño Nov.

21, 2019
BS ECE - 5

1. What are the different layers of OSI model? Expalin.

An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection model.
It was first introduced in the late 1970s. An open system is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems
to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture. The purpose of the OSI model is to show how to
facilitate communication between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying
hardware and software. The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows
communication between all types of computer systems. It consists of seven separate but related layers, each of
which defines a part of the process of moving information across a network.

Layer Description Application/ Example

Application Enables the user, whether human or software, to access the Programs that open what was sent
network. It provides user interfaces and support for or creates what is to be sent. i.e.
services such as electronic mail, remote file access and resource sharing, remote file
transfer, shared database management, and other types of access, remote printer access,
distributed information services. directory services, network
manager
Presentation Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the Encryption and decryption (if
information exchanged between two systems. The needed) i.e. character code
presentation layer is responsible for interoperability translation, data conversion, data
between devices that use different encoding methods. This compression, data encryption,
layer also encrypts and decrypts data for security purposes character set translation
and also compresses data to reduce bits during
transmission. Data compression is important in
multimedia transmission such as text, audio, and video.
Session The session layer is the network dialog controller. It Synch and send logical ports i.e.
establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction session establishment, maintenance
among communicating systems. The session layer allows and termination, session support
a process to add checkpoints, or synchronization points, to (perform security, name
a stream of data. recognition, logging, etc.)
Transport Responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire host-to-host delivery, flow control,
message. A process is an application program running on packet filtering i.e. message
a host. The transport layer ensures that the whole message segmentation, acknowledgement,
arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control and traffic control; session
and flow control at the source-to-destination level. multiplexing
Network Responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a Packet filtering and designation
packet, possibly across multiple networks (links). It does (contains IP address) i.e. routing,
not recognize any relationship between individual packets. subnet traffic control, frame
It treats each one independently, as though each piece fragmentation, logical-physical
belonged to a separate message, whether or not it does. address mapping, subnet usage
The network layer ensures that each packet gets from its accounting
point of origin to its final destination.
Data Link Transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, end-to-end delivery & Frames
to a reliable link. It makes the physical layer appear error- (contains MAC address) i.e.
free to the upper layers. The data link layer also oversees establishes & terminates the
the delivery of the packet between two systems on the logical link between nodes; frame
same network (links). traffic control, sequencing,
acknowledgement, delimiting,
error checking; media access
control
Physical Coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream Structure (cables, hub, etc.) i.e. data
over a physical medium. It deals with the mechanical and encoding, physical medium
electrical specifications of the interface and transmission attachment, transmission technique
medium. It also defines the procedures and functions that (baseband or broadband), physical
physical devices and interfaces have to perform for medium transmission (bits and
transmission to occur. volts)
2. What are the layers of Network model?

Network models serve to organize, unify, and control the hardware and software components of data
communications and networking. Although the term "network model" suggests a relationship to networking, the
model also encompasses data communications. Standards are needed so that these heterogeneous networks can
communicate with one another. The two best-known standards are the OSI model and the Internet (TCP/IP)
model.

OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Application
Presentation Application
Session
Transport Transport (Host-to-host)
Network Internet
Data Link Network Interface
Physical (Hardware)

The TCP/IP architectural model has four layers that approximately match six of the seven layers in the OSI
Reference Model. The TCP/IP model does not address the physical layer, which is where hardware devices reside.
The next three layers—network interface, internet and (host-to-host) transport—correspond to layers 2, 3 and 4
of the OSI model. The TCP/IP application layer conceptually “blurs” the top three OSI layers. It’s also worth
noting that some people consider certain aspects of the OSI session layer to be arguably part of the TCP/IP host-
to-host transport layer.

The network interface layer as its name suggests, this layer represents the place where the actual TCP/IP protocols
running at higher layers interface to the local network. This layer is somewhat “controversial” in that some people
don't even consider it a “legitimate” part of TCP/IP. This is usually because none of the core IP protocols run at
this layer. Despite this, the network interface layer is part of the architecture. It is equivalent to the data link layer
(layer two) in the OSI Reference Model and is also sometimes called the link layer. You may also see the name
network access layer.

On many TCP/IP networks, there is no TCP/IP protocol running at all on this layer, because it is simply not
needed. For example, if you run TCP/IP over an Ethernet, then Ethernet handles layer two (and layer one)
functions. However, the TCP/IP standards do define protocols for TCP/IP networks that do not have their own
layer two implementation. These protocols, the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and the Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP), serve to fill the gap between the network layer and the physical layer. They are commonly used
to facilitate TCP/IP over direct serial line connections (such as dial-up telephone networking) and other
technologies that operate directly at the physical layer.