AC Circuit (Steady State

Analysis)

Prepared by:
Endah S. Ningrum, ST. MT.
Mechatronics Division
DTME-PENS
 Sinusoids

 X(t) = XM sin wt
 X[w(t + T)] = X(wt)

 Where:
Hertz for f, Seconds for T, and
Radian for w

 Example :
 Sinusoids

 Where X(t) could represent either V(t) or I(t).

 XM is the amplitude, maximum value or peak value
 w is the radian or angular frequency
 wt is the argument of the sine function
 Sinusoids

• q is called the phase angle

• Those waveform occurs q radians earlier in time
than the
• Or we can say that XM sin wt lags XM sin (wt + q) by q
radians
• Figure :
 Sinusoids

 Another example : and

 The X1(t) leads X2(t), by:

 If , the waveforms are identical and the functions are said to

be in phase.
 If , the functions are out of phase.
 Another form :

The Same
 Sinusoids

 Three conditions must be satisfied before we can

determine the phase difference :
1. The frequency of both sinusoids must be the same.
2. The amplitude of both sinusoids must be positive, and
3. both sinusoids must be written as sine waves or cosine waves.

 Other trigonometric identities

 Sinusoids Quiz

a. b. c.

b.
c.
Sinusoids Quiz
 Homework

1. Given the voltage .

Determine the frequency of the voltage in Hertz and the phase angle in
degrees!.

2. Three branch currents in a network are known to be:

Determine the phase angles by which i1(t) leads i2(t) and i1(t) leads i3(t).
Sinusoidal and Complex Forcing Functions
The Continuation of Previous….
The Continuation of Previous….
 Sinusoidal and Complex Forcing Functions

 To establish a relationship between time-varying sinusoidal

functions and complex numbers is Euler's equation.
Complex Forcing Functions Quiz
 Fasor

 We can assume the force in 3 form function for a linear

network :
Fasor
 Homework

1. Convert the following voltage functions to phasors.

2. Convert the following phasors to the time domain if the

frequency is 400 Hz.
 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

 Resistance

They are in phase

 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Homework
 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

 Inductance

Voltage leads Current by 90O or

Current lags Voltage by 90O
 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Homework
 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

 Capacitance

Current leads Voltage by 90O or

Voltage lags Current by 90O
 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Homework