Lecture Exam #1

Microbiology

Chapters 4-7: Study Guide

Chapter 4
Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and Archaea

1. Be able to distinguish a bacterial and archaeal cell from a eukaryotic cell by:
a. The way its DNA is packaged
b. Makeup of its cell wall
c. Its internal structures
d. Be able to discuss, identify and label external structures and their functions:
A. Appendages: Cell extensions
A. identify and label the Cell Envelope
B. Differences in cell envelope structure
1. Gram-negative versus gram-positive bacteria
2. Structure of the cell wall
i. Non-typical cell walls
1. Mycobacterium and Nocardia and the acid-fast stain
2. Be able to discuss, identify and label Bacterial Internal Structure
A. Contents of the cell cytoplasm
B. Bacterial endospores: An extremely resistant stage

3. Be able to identify and label in relation to Bacterial Shapes, Arrangements, and Sizes

4. Be able to identify and discuss Archaea: The other prokaryotes

Chapter 5
Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

1.. Be able to explain the History of Eukaryotes

A. Theory of eukaryotic cell evolution: Symbiosis and endosymbiosis
B. Cells, tissues, and organs

2. Be able to explain the form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: External Structures
A. Locomotor appendages: Cilia and flagella
B. The glycocalyx
Form and function of the eukaryotic cell: Boundary structures

3. Be able to identify, explain the functions, and label the Eukaryotic Cell: Internal Structures
A. All organelles covered

4. Be able to identify, label, and explain the Kingdom of the Fungi

A. Macroscopic and microscopic fungi
B. Fungal nutrition
C. Organization of microscopic fungi
 D. Reproductive strategies and spore formation
E. Fungal identification and cultivation
F. The roles of fungi in nature and industry

5. Be able to identify, label, and describe the Protists

A. The algae: Photosynthetic protists
B. Biology of the protozoa
1. Protozoan form and function
2. Nutritional and habitat range
3. Styles of locomotion
4. Life cycles and reproduction

6. Be able to identify and discuss the Parasitic Helminths

A. Flatworms: Phylum Platyhelminthes
B. Roundworms: Phylum Aschelhelminthes (nematoda)
C. General worm morphology
D. Life cycles and reproduction
E. A helminth cycle: The pinworm
F. Helminth classification and identification
G. Distribution and importance of parasitic worms

Chapter 6
An Introduction to the Viruses

1. Be able to explain the Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum

2. Be able to identify, label, and discuss the General Structure of Viruses

A. Size range: ultramicroscopic

B. Viral components: Capsids, nucleic acids, and envelopes

C. Nucleic Acids: At the Core of a Virus

D. Other Substances in the Virus Particle

3. Be able to identify and discuss how viruses are classified and named
A. Classified based on
B. Family name ends in -viridae
C. Examples (Table 6.3)

4. Be able to explain modes of Viral Multiplication

A. Multiplication cycles in animal viruses

B. Viruses that infect bacteria

1. Life cycle of T-even bacteriophages

2. Lysogeny: The silent virus infection

5. Be able to discuss techniques in Cultivating and Identifying Animal Viruses

A. Purposes of viral cultivation:
 B. Using live animal inoculation
D. Using cell (tissue) culture yechniques

6. Be able to discuss the Medical Importance of Viruses

A. Infectious diseases
B. Other non-cellular infectious agents

7. Be able to discuss the Treatment of Animal Viral Infections

A. Antiviral drugs
1. Azidothymidine (AZT)
2. Interferon
B. Vaccines

Chapter 7
Microbial Nutrition

1. Know the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients.

2. List and define four different terms that describe an organisms’s sources of carbon.
3. Define saprobe and parasite and provide microbial examples of each.
a. Be able to identify each type of pathogen inrelation to the body.
4. Compare and contrast the processes of diffusion and osmosis.
a. Identify the effects of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic conditions on a cell.
i. Be able to explain how bacteria and amoeba utilize these environments.
5. Be able to define essential nutrient.
6. Know the difference between organic and inorganic.
7. Know the importance of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur sources.
a. What organisms utilize which source as nutrition?
8. Be able to define growth factor.
9. Be able to list nutritional types.
a. Phototroph
b. Chemotroph
10. Be able to define endocytosis.
a. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
11. List and define five terms used to express a microbe’s optimal growth temperature.
a. Know what type of microorganisms prefer which type of growth temperature.
12. Summarize three ways in which microbes function in the presence of oxygen.
a. E.g. aerobic, anaerobic….
13. Identify three other physical factors that microbes must contend with in the
14. environment.
15. Be able to define capnophiles, acidophiles, alkalinophiles, halophiles, barophiles…
16. Be able to explain and define: symbiotic, mutualism, etc…
17. Understand how a biofilm functions.
18. Be able to identify normal microbiota.
19. Be able to define binary fission.
20. Understand and be able to label the growth curve.