Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

Maths Summary 2U a/√b x (√b)/(√b) = a√b/b

Basic Arithmetic
Recurring Decimals a/c√b x √b/√b = a√b/cb
1/3 = 0.3333…
let x= 0.3333… a/ (√b-c) x (√b + c)/ (√b+c)
then 10x = 3.333…
9x= 3 Conjugate
x= 3/9
x= 1/3 Equations
If ab = 0 then a=0 or b=0
Algebra and Surds
Indices Completing the square
(a/b)n = an/bn (x+3)2 = 11
x+3 = +-√11
x 1/n = n√x x = +- √11 – 3

Absolute Value Quadratic Formula

| ab | = |a| x |b| X = -b +- √(b2-4ac)/2a

|a|2 = a2 Functions and Graphs

Vertical line test- if the line cuts only
| a+b | = |a| + |b| once then graph IS a function.

Algebra Even Functions

(a+b) (x+y+z) = ax + ay + az + bx + by F(x)=F(-x)
+ bz Odd Functions
(a+b) (a-b) = a2-b2 F(-x)= -F(x)

a3 + b3 = (a+b) (a2-ab+b2) x- intercepts- y=0

y- intercepts- x=0
a3-b3 = (a2+ab+b2)
domain- all x values
Completing the Square range- all y values
(halve the no. and square it)
eg Circle-
x2 + 12x (x-h)2 + (y-k) 2 = r2
(12/2)2 = 62 = 36
x2 + 12x = (x2+12x+36)-36 x2 + y2= r2
= (x+6) 2 – 36
Semi circle
Surds y= √(r2-x2)
√a x √b = √ab
y=ax cuts the y axis at y=1
a√b x c√d = ac√bd
Limits
√a x √a = a (asymptotes)
lim ax=0
(√a)/( √b) = √(a/b) x→∞

Rationalising the denominator Trigonometry

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Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

Sinθ = opp/hyp Likewise, smallest angle is opposite

Cosθ = adj/hyp the smallest/shortest side
Tanθ= opp/adj
Cosecθ= 1/sinθ Straight Line Graphs
Secθ= 1/cosθ Distance Formula
Cotθ= 1/tanθ d= √((x2-x1)2 + (y2-y1) 2)

Complementary Angles Midpoint

Sinθ= cos(90-θ) P=( (x1+x2)/2 , (y1+y2)/2)
Cosθ= sin(90-θ)
Secθ=cosec(90-θ) Gradient
Cosecθ= sec(90-θ) M=rise/run
Tanθ= cot(90-θ) M= (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
Cotθ= tan(90-θ) M=tanθ
Y=mx+b where m=gradient and b=y-
A intercept
S x
180- θ M= -a/b

Equation of a straight line-

General form-
T C Ax+by+c=0
180+ θ 360- θ Gradient form
Y=mx+b
Intercept form
Tanθ= sin θ/cos θ X/a + y/b =1

cot θ= cos θ /sin θ Point Gradient

y-y1=m(x-x1)
sin2 θ + cos2 θ=1
Two Point
2 2
1 + cot θ= cosec θ Y-y1/x-x1 = y2-y1/x2-x1

tan2 θ + 1= sec2 θ Parrallel lines

M1=m2
Sine Rule
SinA/a = sinB/b = sinC/c Perpendicular lines
M1m2= -1
a/SinA = b/SinB = c/SinC
Intersection of lines- solve
Cosine Rule simultaneous equations
A2=b2+c2-2bc cosA
Equation of a line through two others
CosA= (b2 + c2 – a2)/2bc (l1)+k(l2)=0

Area of a triangle Perpendicular Distance

A=1/2absinc P= |ax1+by1+c| / √(a2+b2)

Largest angle is opposite the largest/ Colinear- together in a straight line-

longest side proven by finding m

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Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

Introduction to Calculus
F(x)= xn Sum of roots
F’(x)= nxn-1 α+β= -b/a

F(x)=k Product of roots

F’(x)=0 αβ=c/a
Function of a function Locus and the Porabola
D/dx [f(x)]n = f-(x)n[f(x)] n-1 P(x,y) center (a,b)
(x-a)2 + (y-b) 2 = r2
Product Rule
Dy/dx= uv’ + vu’ x2=4ay
concave up
Quotient Rule focus (0,a)
Dy/dx= (vu’-uv’)/v2 directrix y= -a
vertex (0,0)
Gradient of a line- find dy/dx axis x=0
focal length a
The quadratic Function
Axis of symmetry x2= -4ay
X= -b/2a concave down
focus (0,-a)
Minimum or maximum value directrix y= a
F(-b/2a) vertex (0,0)
axis x=0
Descriminant focal length a
Δ= b2-4ac
y2=4ax
Positive definite concave right
a>0 Δ < 0 focus (a,0)
directrix x= -a
Negative definite vertex (0,0)
a<0 Δ < 0 axis y=0
focal length a
Quadratic expression
Ax2+bx+c=0 y2= -4ax
concave left
No roots focus (-a,0)
Δ <0 directrix x= a
Real roots vertex (0,0)
Δ >0 axis y=0
2 equal or 1 root focal length a
Δ=0
2 different roots Tangents and normals
Δ >0 Mtangent x mnormal= -1
Rational roots
Δ = perfect square Probability
P(E)= no. ways event can occur/ total
Quadratic inequalitities no. possible outcomes
A1x2+b1x+c1 ≡ a2x2+b2x+c
a1=a2 b1=b2 c1=c2 P(E)=0 impossible

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Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

P(E)=1 certain Function of a function

∫ba (ax+b)n dx
P(E) + P(not E)=1 = [(ax+b) n+1/a(n+1)] + C
P(E)= 1- P(not E)
P(A or B)= P(A) +P(B) –P(A and B) Area bounded by axis
P(AB)= P(A)P(B) A= |∫baf(x) dx| MUST ALWAYS
P(A or B)= P(A)+P(B) SKETCH
Geometrical Applications of calculus
F’(x) >0 curve is increasing Area bounded by 2 curves
F’(x) <0 curve is decreasing ∫ba f(x)-g(x) dx
F’(x)=0 curve is stationary f(x) is the eqn of the upper curve

F’(x)=0 and F’’(x) >0 minimum Volumes of Solids of revolution

turning point π ∫ba f(x)2dx

F’(x)=0 and F’’(x) <0 maximum Exponential and Logarithmic

turning point Functions
Y=ex
F’(x)=0 and F’’(x) =0 plus concavity Dy/dx= ex
changes point of inflexion
LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER IS AN
Curve sketching INDICE
Must include: number= baseindice
 Stationary points and determine
nature Y=ef(x)
 Points of inflexion Dy/dx= f’(x)e f(x)
 Intercepts (x and y)
 Domain and range Y=ax x=logy

Primitive functions Log laws (all base e)

Dy/dx=xn Log (xy)= logx+ logy
Y=(xn+1/n+1) + c Log(x/y)= logx- logy
Logxn= nlogx
Integration
Trapezoidal rule Change of Base
A ≈ h/2 [first + last + 2(others)] logax= logx/loga

Simpsons Rule y=logex

A≈ h/3 [f(a) + 4f(a+b/2) + f(b)] dy/dx= 1/x
A≈ h-a/6 [f(a) + 4f(a+b/2) + f(b)]
A≈ h/3 [first + last +FOTE] IF THE TOP IS THE DIFFERENTIAL
FOTE= 4x odds 2xevens OF THE BOTTOM THE ANSWER IS
LOG THE BOTTOM
Area enclosed by curve, x axis and x=a Y=logef(x)
x=b Dy/dx= f’(x).1/f(x)
∫ba f(x)dx =f’(x)/f(x)

∫ba n dx Series
= [xn+1/n+1] ba Σ= sum of

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Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

D=T2-T1=T3-T2

Terms of Arithmatic series

Tn= a+(n-1)d

Sum of AS
Sn=n/2 (a+l)
L= last term

Sn=n/2 [2a+(n-1)d]

A= first term Sinx ≈x

L= last term tanx≈ x
N= no. of terms cosx≈1
D=difference

Geometric Series Absolute Value

R= T2/T1 = T3/T2

Terms of a GS π/4 √2
1
Tn=arn-1
π/4
Sum of a GS
Sn= a(rn-1)/r-1 1

Limiting Sum π/6

2
|r|<1
√3
S∞= a/1-r
π/3
Test for a GS
B2=ac 1

Trigonometric Functions
πradians= 180° Graphs
Y=asinbx
Area of a circle Amplitude a
A=r2 Period 2π/b

Circumference of circle X=acosbx

C=2πr=πd Amplitude a
Period 2π/b
Length of an arc
L=rθ Y=tanx
No amplitude
Area of a sector Period π/b
A=1/2r2θ
Trig Differentiation
A
Area of a minor segment D/dx(sinx)= cosx
S 2
A=1/2r (θ-sinθ) x D/dx(cosx)= -sinx
180- θ D/dx[sinf(x)]= f’(x)cosf(x)
π-x

T C Page 5 of 6
180+ θ 360- θ
π+x 2π-x
Jess Francis Yr 12 2006 2U maths Summary

D/dxtanx= sec2x

Integration of Trig
∫cosx dx= sinx +C
∫sinx dx= -cosx +C
∫sec2xdx= tanx +C
∫cos(ax+b)dx= 1/asin(ax+b) +C

Applications of Calculus to the

physical world
DP/dt= kp= differential eqn.

Exponential Growth
P=Poekt
Exponential Decay
P=Poe-kt

Rates of change
X= displacement
Dx/dt= v= velocity
D2x/dt2= a= acceleration

Oscillating- back and forth motion of a

particle
D/dt[cosf(x)]=f’(x)sinf(x)

X= ∫v dt
V= ∫a dt

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