TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE

INTRODUCTION 2–3
LITERATURE REVIEW 4 – 13
ANALYSIS 14 – 18
RECOMMENDATION 19 – 20
CONCLUSION 21
REFERENCES 22

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Definition of the Air Conditioning System

Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A.C., or A/C) is the process of altering the condition
of air by removing heat and humidity to achieve more comfortable interior environments,
typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space such as a building
or a vehicle to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. In common use, an air
conditioner is a device that removes heat from the air inside a building or vehicle, thus lowering
the air temperature. The cooling is typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but
sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also be made based
on desiccants.

In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies the
condition of air (heating, cooling, (dehumidification, cleaning, ventilation, or air movement).
However, in construction, such a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is
referred to as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC – as opposed to AC)

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Research on Air Conditioning System for Mini Project

For mini project, we had chosen HEP meeting room of UiTM Bukit Besi as our research. The
details of the meeting room are as followed:

 Maximum capacity : 10-12 peoples

 Devices that produces heat : Projector, 8 lights, laptops(when necessary), emergency
lights
 Size of the room : 8 meter x 4 meter x 3 meter
 Environment surrounding : Semi urban
 2 windows
 2 single doors
 A table and 10 chairs

Objectives:

 To bring comfort to the occupants in the meeting room with supplies of humidified, fresh
and cold-comfort air, dispersed through air ventilation system.
 To supply clean air without contaminated particles which leads to better respiration
system for students and lecturers in the room.
 To provide longer period of usage of materials and furnishers inside the room with low
and uncontaminated air.
 To improve working efficiency while containing illness from happening to the occupants.
 To circulate fresh air continuously and supply cold air flow

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Basic component in Air Conditioning System

Main component in Air Conditioning System

1. Compressor
 The compressor is a mechanical device that served to draw in the refrigerant vapor from
the evaporator.
 The vapor will compressed and thus the temperature and the pressure becomes higher.
 Compressor task is to maintain the pressure difference in the system.

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2. Condenser
 Condenser serves as a heat exchange, lowering the temperature refrigerant of gas into a
liquid form.
 Condenser in the air conditioner system is a tool used to change refrigerant high-pressure
gas into a liquid.
 This process will remove the heat from the refrigerant to the atmospheric temperature.
 Consists of a condenser coil and fin which cools the refrigerant when the air is blown in
between.
 Some heat contained in the refrigerant is released into the air-free with the help of the
fan.

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3. Expansion valve
 Also known as orifice tube.
 Serves to lower the pressure of the refrigerant in the condenser before entering the
evaporator.

4. Evaporator
 Evaporator is a pipeline network that serves as evaporation.
 High pressure refrigerant liquid, released into the cooling coil by then expansion
valve changes state from a liquid to a gas
 This will causing a drop in temperature of the refrigerant and cooling of the
evaporator coil. The cooled air will released.
 The existing gas in the evaporator will flow to the compressor because of a
suction force.
 Evaporator is made of stainless metal materials, namely copper and aluminium.

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Operation of the Refrigeration Cycle

Chiller Plant Schematic

Working principle

T-s diagram of the ideal vapor-compression cycle

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At State 1, the working fluid (refrigerant) is a saturated vapor. As it passes through the
compressor (process 1-2), the pressure of the fluid increases, and the working fluid changes to a
superheated vapor at State 2. This superheated vapor is passed through the condenser (process 2-
3), where it rejects heat to the condenser water. After passing through the condenser, the fluid
becomes a saturated liquid at State 3. This liquid is throttled through an expansion valve (process
3-4) where it flashes to a liquid and vapor mixture at State 4. This mixture is subsequently passed
through the evaporator (process 4-1) where it absorbs heat from the primary water flow, thus
reducing the temperature of primary chiller water supply for use in cooling the building. As the
refrigerant absorbs heat, it becomes a saturated vapor at State 1, and the cycle repeats.

Types of Air Conditioner

The choice of which air conditioner system to use depends upon a number of factors including
how large the area is to be cooled, the total heat generated inside the enclosed area, etc. In
general, there are four types of air conditioner:

1. Window Air Conditioner

Window air conditioner is the most commonly used air conditioner for single rooms. In
this air conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion
valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted
in a slot made in the wall of the room, or more commonly a window sill.

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2. Split Air Conditioner
The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The
outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser
and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the
cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room.
Further, present day split units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as
a window unit. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.

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3. Packaged Air Conditioner
An HVAC designer will suggest this type of air conditioner if you want to cool more than
two rooms or a larger space at your home or office. There are two possible arrangements
with the package unit. In the first one, all the components, namely the compressor,
condenser (which can be air cooled or water cooled), expansion valve and evaporator are
housed in a single box. The cooled air is thrown by the high capacity blower, and it flows
through the ducts laid through various rooms. In the second arrangement, the compressor
and condenser are housed in one casing. The compressed gas passes through individual
units, comprised of the expansion valve and cooling coil, located in various rooms.

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4. Central Air Conditioning System
Central air conditioning is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels,
gyms, movie theaters, factories etc. If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HVAC
engineers find that putting individual units in each of the rooms is very expensive making
this a better option. A central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor
that has the capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling big halls,
malls, huge spaces, galleries etc is usually only feasible with central conditioning units.

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Results: After did some research on the meeting room, we determined that the air-
conditioning system used is Packaged Air Conditioner.

Why Packaged Air Conditioner?

 Space efficiency - Unlike split-systems units, all components of a complete heating and
cooling system are contained in one location, making package units ideal for scenarios in
which indoor space is at a premium.

 Energy efficient heating and cooling performance - Commercial units utilize

"economizers" which are ventilators that remove heat when outdoor temperatures are low
by increasing the quantity of cool outdoor air in the ventilation air stream.

 Quick installation - Since all components are factory preassembled little on-site
fabrication is necessary thereby eliminating many of the challenges of split-system
installations.

 Quiet operation - Because the condenser fan, compressor unit and centrifugal blower fan
is located outside the home or business, the indoor noise level from its operation is
extremely low.

 Aesthetics - Package Units have virtually zero living or commercial space requirements.
Commercial roof mounted units are not visible and do not encumber at grade building
perimeters in any way.

 Safety - Package units are installed by certified professionals who understand the
technical challenges of constructing a gas supply system, high voltage wiring, high
pressure refrigerant lines, and routing critical condensate lines. Therefore you can rest
assured that your comfort system investment is secure and your commercial
establishment or home and family are safe from harms way.

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How do Package Units work?

Package units are unique, all-in-one self contained systems that supply both cooling and heating
equipment in one "package". Unlike split systems, package unit combine a condenser coil,
evaporator coil, cooling fan, compressor and in many models, a gas furnace all in the same unit.
All are equipped with a blower (centrifugal fan) to distribute the conditioned air throughout the
structure.

Explanation:
 In these packaged air conditions the condenser is cooled by the water. The condenser is
of shell and tube type, with refrigerant flowing along the tube side and the cooling water
flowing along the shell side. The water has to be supplied continuously in these systems
to maintain functioning of the air conditioning system.

 The shell and tube type of condenser is compact in shape and it is enclosed in a single
casing along with the compressor, expansion valve, and the air handling unit including
the cooling coil or the evaporator. This whole packaged air conditioning unit externally
looks like a box with the control panel located externally.

 In the packaged units with the water cooled condenser, the compressor is located at the
bottom along with the condenser. Above these components the evaporator or the cooling
coil is located. The air handling unit comprising of the centrifugal blower and the air
filter is located above the cooling coil. The centrifugal blower has the capacity to handle
large volume of air required for cooling a number of rooms. From the top of the package
air conditioners the duct comes out that extends to the various rooms that are to be
cooled.

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3.0 ANALYSIS

3.1 ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Isometric Drawing

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3.2 DETAIL DIMENSION DRAWING

Detail Dimension Drawing

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 3.3 ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS

Cooling Load Estimation Table

Sheet No: 1 Date: 6/9/2016

Estimated By: 10.30 am

Space Use For: Meeting Room Equipment Operation: 3 hrs / day

Size: 26.2467 ft x 13.124 ft = 104.987 sq ft = 314.961 cu ft

Psychometric Analysis

Condition db(F) wb(F) % RH Dew point

Outside Air (OA) 32.2 29 81 25
Room (RM) 20 12.5 40 6
Difference 12.2 4.2 21 19

Item Description Area x BTU x U BTU/hr Total

(sq ft) (Table 7) (Table 9)
Solar Heat Gain
Wall N 78.74 x 8 x 0.40 251.968
E 39.37 x 22 x 0.42 363.779
S 78.74 x 20 x 0.40 629.92
W 39.37 x 16 x 0.42 264.57
(Table 4) (Table 5) (Table 6)
Glass N 6.561 x 25 x 0.98 x 0.56 90.03
68
1600.27
Transmission Heat Gain (Table 9) (Temp diff)
Wall 12x4 x 0.48 x 22 -5 506.88
Ceiling 32 x 0.25 x 22 -5 176
Floor 32 x 0.25 x 22 -5 176

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 858.88
Internal Heat
Item No. (Table 10)
People 10 245 2450
(Area) (Table 1) (Type Conversion
Factor)
Lights 32 4 x 1.25 x 3.4 544
Laptop 5.48 5.48 x 1.25 x 3.4 1211.08
Projector 0.87 0.87 x 1.25 x 3.4 11399.78
Emergency 0.32 0.32 x 1.25 x 3.4 54.4
light

Room Sensible Heat Sub Total 15659.26

Safety Factor (10%) 1565.93
TOTAL ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT (RSH) 19684.34
Outside Air
cfm BF ˚F
(Table 12)
Outside Air 30 x 0.1 x 1.09 x 90 294.3

(1)TOTAL EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT (ERSH) 19978.64

Room Latent Heat (Table 10)
People 10 x 205 2050
Laptop 2.83 x 65 183.95
Projector 0.87 x 3853.88 336.87
Emergency 0.32 x 50 16
light
Safety Factor (10%) 560.282
ROOM LATENT HEAT (RLH)
cfm RH BF
Outside Air 30 x 40 x 0.1 x 0.68 81.6
(2) EFFECTIVE ROOM LATENT HEAT (ERLH) 641.88

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(1) + (2) EFFECTIVE ROOM TOTAL HEAT (ERTH) 20620.52

Outside Air Heat

cfm ˚F
Sensible 19978.64 x 90 x (1-0.1 BF) x 1.09 1763914.1
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Latent 641.88 x 90 x (1-0.1 BF) x 0.68 35354.75

GRAND TOTAL HEAT (GTH) 1839868.04

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4.0 RECOMMENDATION

There are some improvement and ways to reduce heat that can be made for our meeting room.
Improvement that can be made are:

1. Check the filters

 Check the air filter once per month and replace it as needed. This is especially important
during the summer when dust and allergens circulate. If the filter becomes clogged, your
system will have to work harder to supply the same amount of cool air.
 Replacing filters is one of the easiest and most effective methods of conserving energy
and saving money on your HVAC usage. And much like changing the oil in your car, it's
a critical step in maintaining your system's long-term health.

2. Keep Air conditioner in the shade

 Air conditioners with proper shading can run more efficiently. Air in a shaded space is
cooler than the surrounding air, meaning the A/C will have an easier time cooling the air.

3. Do not let the thermostat take the heat

 Do not place lamps, TV sets, or other heat-producing appliances near your thermostat.
The thermostat senses the heat causing the air conditioner to run longer than necessary.
When installing a new thermostat, don't place it in a location where the sun might shine
on it directly.

4. Weatherize so you don’t cool the whole neighborhood

 You want your cold air to stay in and hot air to stay out. Some basic weatherization steps
can prevent air loss when you need cool air the most. Seal air leaks with caulking and
weather-stripping. Add insulation around air conditioning ducts.

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5. Watch the pavement and mind the landscaping

 Avoid landscaping with lots of rock, cement, or asphalt on the south or west sides of the
building. If it’s not shaded, it will increase the temperature around the house and radiate
heat.

6. Install window film to save energy

 A great building improvement idea is to install window film or tint to the insides of the
windows. Not only can it help keep the house cooler in the summer, but also warmer in
the winter.

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5.0 CONCLUSION

Overall, the research succeeded in showing that packaged unit system brings comfort,
clean, humidified and fresh air to the meeting room. With a suitable design, consideration and
selection factor of air conditioning system, the best air conditioning type has been selected for
meeting room building which is package air-conditioning system. In order to meet the
specification needed, the best consideration of design has been applied.

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6.0 REFERENCES

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning
2. https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/411
3. http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/897-types-of-air-conditioning-systems/
4. http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/61457-packaged-air-conditioners-types-of-
packaged-ac/#imgn_2
5. https://www.value-price.com/faq_start.cfm#package_unit

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