Continental J.

Biological Sciences 6 (2): 26 - 32, 2013 ISSN: 2141 - 4122

© Wilolud Journals, 2013 http://www.wiloludjournal.com
Printed in Nigeria doi:10.5707/cjbiolsci.2013.6.2.26.32
doi:10.5707/cjbiolsci.2013.6.2

A REVIEW ON THE USE OF PLANTS’ SEEDS AS BIOCOAGULANTS IN THE PURIFICATION OF WATER

P.R.O Edogbanya1, O.J Ocholi2 and Y. Apeji3

1
tate, Nigeria.2Department of
Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State,
Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.3 Department of
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bell
Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical
harmaceutical Microbiology,F
Microbiology,Faculty
aculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria, Kaduna State,
tate, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT
The use of local technologies for water treatment dates far back in History. One of these involves the use of
indigenous seeds as biocoagulants. This review highlights the potential of some plants’ seeds to serve as
biocoagulants, with respect to the removal of turbidity, disinfectant properties and their abilities to remove
heavy metals from water. Their mechanism of action, advantages and limitations over chemical coagulants
coag
were also considered. From this review it can be concluded that seeds have the potential to serve as an
alternative source of biocoagulants in water treatment. There is a need to further research in this area with
the aim of harnessing them to addre
address
ss the present problem of water pollution especially in the rural areas.

KEYWORDS: Alternative, Biocoagulants, Potential , Rural , Seeds, Treatment, Water

Received for Publication: 26/05/13

/13 Accepted for Publication: 12/07/13
Corresponding Author: Pro_ebnoc@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION
Every day, 2 million tons of sewage, industrial and agricultural waste is discharged into the world’s water (UN
WWAP, 2003). The United Nations estimates that the amount of wastew wastewater
ater produced annually is about 1,500 km3,
six times more water than exists in all the rivers of the world. (UN WWAP, 2003). It is estimated that more than one
billion people still lack access to clean drinking water (European Commission, 2000).

The healthh implications of polluted water are enormous. Worldwide, infectious diseases such as waterborne diseases
are the number one killer of children under five years old and more people die from unsafe water annually than from
all forms of violence, including war.
ar. (WHO, 2002). Unsafe water causes 4 billion cases of diarrhea each year, and
results in 2.2 million deaths, mostly of children under five (WHO and UNICEF, 2000). Reports by Food and
Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of U.S.A revealed that in African countcountries,
ries, particularly Nigeria, water related
diseases had been interfering with basic human development (FAO, 2007).

Coagulation is a critical step in water treatment processes not only because it removes particles but because it is also
removing the microorganisms
ganisms that are often attached to the particles (Bida,1991; Guo et al.,., 2010; McCarthy, 1989).
Aluminum sulphate (Alum) and chlorine are the most commonly used coagulant and disinfectant in water treatment
(Eilert, 1981; Nalm, 1998). Unfortunate these che chemicals are expensive (Balandrin et al.,, 1985; Muyibi et al., 2002)
and are not readily accessible, especially in the rural areas. These chemicals have being reported to constitute health
harzards (Crapper et al.,1973; Miller et al.,
al.,1984; Ghebremichael et al.,2005).
2005). They are also not ecofriendly, as they
tend to affect non target organisms (Ahluwalia et al., 2007) and are generally non biodegradable (Pritchard et al.,
2009).
). Since conventional methods of assuring potable water in develop
developing
ing countries are unsustainable,
unsu there is a
need to consider the

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26
 Edogbanya et al.,:
.,: Continental J. Biological Sciences 6 (2): 26 - 32, 2013

application of sustainable technologies using locally available materials in treating surface water (Pritchard et al.,
2009).One areas that holds a lot of prospect for the future is the plant kingdom and particula
particularly
rly the use of seeds in
water treatment (Dalen et al., 2009; Subramanium et al., 2011; Yongabi,2009). This paper attempts to give an
overview of some seeds used locally in the tr treatment
eatment of water, and to stimulate an interest for further research into
harnessing this potential for tackling the present problem of water pollution, especially in the rural areas.

METHODOLOGY
A number of seed extracts have been known to flocculate part particles
icles in water and the following procedure has been
used according to Jahn (1981) It include;
1) Seeds are extracted from the plant fruit.
2) Seeds are dried for up to three days.
3) Seeds are ground into fine powder.
4) A mixture of water and ground seed material is prepared (the volume of water depend on the type of seed
material used)
5) It is mixed for 5 to 10 minutes: the faster it is stirred, the less time is required.
6) Finally, after the sediments settle, the treated water is decanted and tested by measuring physicochemical
p
parameters like pH,
H, turbidity, colour e.t.c. The coliform counts is also taken into consideration.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF SEEDS IN WATER PURIFICATION

The chemical compositions of the active coagulating agent of seeds like Moringa oleifera have been debated.
Several researchers have described the active component from a water extract as cationic and proteinaceous
(Ndabigengesere et al.,1995; Muyibi et alal.,2003).
.,2003). However a few have argued that the active component from a salt
extract
xtract responsible for coagulation is an organic polyelectrolyte that is neither protein nor polysaccharide (Okuda et
al., 2001). Researchers have suggested the coagulation mechanism for the water extracted active agent is adsorption
and charge neutralization. Moringa oleifera like many other seeds have also being reported to have antimicrobial
properties (Yongabi, 2010). The antimicrobial aspects continue to be researched. Findings support recombinant
proteins both removing microorganisms by coagulation as well as acting directly as growth inhibitors of the
microorganisms (Doerr, 2005).

EXAMPLES OF PLANTS’ SEEDS USED AS BIOCOAGULANTS

Many plants’ seeds have being reported to be used as biocoagulants some of them include
include:

Moringa Oleifera
Moringa oleifera is a small to medium
medium-sized deciduous tree which belongs to the family Moringaceae and is native
to North India (Navie
Navie and Csurhes, 2010). Its biocoagulative potential has being reported as far back as
1981(Jahn,1981). Amagloh and Benang (2009) reported that a concentration of Moringa oleifera powder of 12.0
g/1000 ml loading dose as coagulant gives similar effect on turbidity compared with alum of loading doses of 10.0
g/1000 ml and 12.0 g/1000 ml. Pritchard et al (2010) reported that Moringa oleifera removed
d 84% turbidity of water
initially at 146 NTU. Attempts have being made to characterize and purify the active biocoagulative protein of
Moringa oleifera (Ghebremichael, 2005). Apart from the turbidity removal properties, Moringa oleifera has being
reported to have antimicrobial properties in water ((Amagloh and Benang,2009; Choubey et al; al Pritchard et al,
2011;Yongabi,2009). It also has being reported to have the ability to remove heavy metals from water
(Subramanium et al, 2011; Vikashni et al
al.,2012).

Prosopis juliflora
Prosopis juliflora belongs to the family Fabaceae. The fruit is a modified, indehiscent, fleshy legume called a
‘dropaceous loment’ (Burkart, 1977). Diaz et al., (1999) reported that Prosopis juliflora seed extract was able to
produce a final water whose turbidity was close to the required standard of 5NTU with both high (100–200
(100 NTU)
and low (30–4040 NTU) initial turbidities.

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 Edogbanya et al.,:
.,: Continental J. Biological Sciences 6 (2): 26 - 32, 2013

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum commonly known as chiken pea is a legume belonging to the family Fabaceae (Wikipedia, 2013).
Choubey et al. (2012) reported that turbidity reduced up to 95.89% for highly turbid water which is almost as same
as the reduction capacity of alum. Cicer arientinum was also found to possess antimicrobial properties (Choubey et
al, 2012). Dasgupta et al. (2011) also reported that Cicer arientinum has the ability to adsorb heavy metals from
water.

Dolichos lablab
This is also known as the Hyacinth bean and belongs to the family Fabaceae.Shilpa et al. (2012) reported that
Turbidity of water decreased from 500 NTU to 4.3 NTU when treated with Dolichos lablab seed peels extract.

Phaseolus vulgaris
Thiss is the commonly known as kidney beans and it belongs to the family Fabaceae. Subramanium et al (2011)
reported that seed extract of Phaseolus vulgaris could reduce turbidity level from 250 NTU to 100 NTU after 24hr
standing period. Subramanium et al (201
(2011) also reported the ability of Phaseolus vulgaris seed extracts to adsorb
heavy metals from water.Mirjana et al (2010) reported that partially purified fied coagulant of Phaseolus vulgaris
reduced the turbidity of water at 35 NTU by 72.3% which was almost 22 ti times
mes higher than those obtained by crude
extract considering applied dosages.

Parkinsonia aculeata
Parkinsonia aculeata is commonly knownnown as Jerusalem thorn and it belongs to the family Fabaceae (USDA, 2013).
Morobhe (2008) reported that fine (0.200mm<Grain size<0.212mm)and the large grain size(0.425mm<Grain size
<0.850mm) of Parkinsonia aculeataseed seed powder, reduced turbidity of water fr from
om 205NTU to 19, and 20 NTU
respectively. Seed extracts also show antimicrobial properties in water ((Marobhe, 2008

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata is commonly known as cowpea and belongs to the family Fabaceae (USDA, 2013). Morobhe
(2008) reported that fine (0 .200mm<Grain size<0.212mm) and the large grain size(0.425mm<Grain size
<0.850mm) of Vigna unguiculata seed powder, reduced turbidity of water from 205NTU to 23 and 26 N TU
respectively. Seed extracts also show antimicrobial properties in water ((Marobhe, 2008)

Voandzeia subterranea
Voandzeia subterranea is commonly known as bambar
bambaraa groundnut and belongs to the family Fabaceae (USDA,
2013). Morobhe (2008) reported that fine (0 .200mm<Grain size<0.212mm) and the large grain
size(0.425mm<Grain size <0.850mm)
.850mm) of Voandzeia subterranea seed powder, reduced turbidity of water from
205NTU to 21 and 25 N TU respectively. Seed extracts also show antimicrobial properties in water (Marobhe,
(
2008)

Vicia faba
Vicia faba belongs to the family Fabaceae and is also known as broad beans (Sattell et al.,1998).
al., It has being
reported that at a concentration of 0.1% over 98.5% turbidity removal was achieved (Saefudin et al.,
al 2012).

Parkia biglobossa
It belongs to the family Fabaceae and its commonly known as the locust bean tree (Orwa et al,
al 1999). Some tribes
in Northern Nigeria have used seeds of Parkia biglobossa as biocoagulants for a long time (Sofowora, 1984). In
1937, Dalziel reported the coagulative
lative and disin
disinfective property of locus bean seeds.

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 Edogbanya et al.,:
.,:Continental J. Biological Sciences 6 (2): 26 - 32, 2013

Zea mays
Zea mays is an annual grass of the Maydeae family of the genesis Gramineae (Mendoza, 2003). Subramanium et al.
(2011) reported that seed extract of Zea mays could reduce turbidity level from 250
0 NTU to 55NTU after 24hr
standing period. Subramanium et al (2011) also reported the ability of Zea mays seed extracts to adsorb heavy
metals from water.

Persea americana
Persea americana is a medium to large tree, 99-20 m in height belonging to the family
y Lauraceae (Orwa et al., 1999).
Yongabi et al (2011) reported that the seed extract of Persea americana was able to reduce the turbidity of water
gotten from three different streams
ams in Cameroon from 27, 33, and 117 NTU to 13.2, 14.11, 42.6 NTU respectively.
Persea americana was also reported to have antimicrobial properties (Yongabi et al., 2011).

Garcinia kola
Garcinia kola belongs to the family Guttiferae and is commonly known as bitter cola (Adewusi et al, 2011).
Yongabi et al (2011) reported that the seed extract of Garcinia kola was able to reduce
uce the turbidity of water gotten
from three different streams in Cameroon from 27, 33, and 117 NTU to 7.11, 11.3, 20 NTU respectively. Garcinia
kola was also reported to have antimicrobial properties (Yongabi et al., 2011).

Carica papaya
Carica papaya, iss one of the major fruit crops cultivated in tropical and sub
sub-tropical
tropical zones, and it belongs to the
family Caricaceae (Teixeira da Silva et al
al.,2007). Yongabi et al (2011) reported that the seed extract of Carica
papaya was able to reduce the turbidity of water gotten from three different streams in Cameroon from 27, 33, and
117 NTU to 9.9, 9.4,11.9 NTU respectively. Carica papaya was also reported to have antimicrobial properties
(Yongabi et al., 2011).

Hibiscus sabdariffa
Hibiscus sabdariffa is commonly known as Roselle plant and belongs to the family Malvaceae (Orwa et al., 1999).
Yongabi et al (2012) reported that Hibiscus sabdariffa has both coagulative and disinfective
tive properties
propert in water.

Jartropha curcus
Jartropha curcus is a shrub belonging to the Family Euphorbiaceae. Yongabi et al (2012) reported that Jartropha
curcus has both coagulative and disinfeective properties in water.

ADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF SEEDS AS BIOCOAGULANTS

Compared to the commonly usedd coagulant chemicals, seeds have a number of advantages: It is of low cost ;
produces biodegradable sludge ; produces lower sludge volume and does not affect the pH of the water
(Ghebremichael, 2004)

LIMITATION OF THE USE OF SEEDS AS BIOCOAGULANTS

The major limitation in using crude seed extracts for large
large-scale
scale water treatment application is the release of organic
matter and nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) to the water (Ndabigengesere and Narasiah,1998; Okuda et al., 2001).
Most of the coagulation and antimicrobial studies of seed extracts are based on lab scale experiments and household
level applications and unfortunately many researches do not give account of the dissolved organic matter left behind
after seeds are used. The organic and nutrient rele
release
ase from the seed can be avoided either by purifying the coagulant
component or by removing the released substances from the water ((Ghebremichael, 2004).

CONCLUSION
Plants’ seeds hold a promising future as alternative sources of water purification. Most of the plants’ seeds reported
to have biocoagulative potentials belong to the family Fabaceae, commonly known as legumes which are protenious

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29
 Edogbanya et al.,:
.,: Continental J. Biological Sciences 6 (2): 26 - 32, 2013

in nature, and this goes a long way to support the fact that the component responsible for coagulation is protenious
protenio
in nature. More research should be carried out to harness the potentials locked up in plants’ seeds as biocoagulants,
this could be used to adress the current problem of water pollution especially in the rural areas.

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