Equations

Gas laws
Ideal gas law PV = nRT
Real gas equation PV = ZnRT
2
Van der Waals equation nRT n
P a
V nb V
Dalton’s law Pi = yiP

Kinetic Theory of Gases

mu 2 3
Average kinetic energy of a gas molecule ek k BT
2 2
1 N
Gas pressure P mu 2
3 V
u mp : u : u rms 1 : 1.128 : 1.225
Average molecular velocities
8 RT 3RT 2 RT
u ; u rms ; u mp
M M M
Properties of Solutions
Henry’s law P kH , Pxx or C kH ,CP P
Raoult’s law Pi Pi
vap
xi
Vapour Pressure
Clausius-Clapeyron equation PTvap
2
H vap 1 1
ln
PTvap
1 R T1 T2
Colligative Properties
Vapour pressure depression Pi xi Pi vap Pi vap
Freezing point depression Tf iK f m
Boiling point elevation Tb iK b m
Osmotic pressure ic2 RT
Electrochemistry
0.0592
Nernst Equation Ecell o
Ecell log 10 Q at T 298 K
n
o RT
Ecell Ecell ln Q
nF
Q
Electrical current I
t
Chemical Equilibrium
Kc,2 H 1 1
van’t Hoff equation ln
K c ,1 R T1 T2
K p,2 H 1 1
ln
K p ,1 R T1 T2
Reaction Kinetics

Arrhenius equation k = A e (-Ea/RT)

Nomenclature
a, b Van der Waals constants N Number of molecules
Ao Pre-exponential constant NA Avogadro’s number
c2 Solute concentration P Pressure
Ci Concentration of gas in solution Pi Partial pressure of component i
Vapour pressure of pure
Ea Activation energy Pivap
component i
Average kinetic energy of a gas Reaction quotient, electrical
ek Q
molecule charge
F Faraday constant R Gas constant
H Enthalpy of reaction t Time
Hvap Enthalpy of vapourisation T Absolute temperature
i van’t Hoff factor i u Average molecular speed
I Electrical current ump Most probable molecular speed
Root-mean square molecular
k Reaction rate constant urms
speed
kB Boltzmann’s constant, R/NA V Volume
kH,Px,
Henry’s law constants xi Molar fraction in liquid phase
kH,CP
Kb Boiling point elevation constant yi Molar fraction in gas phase
Kc, Kp Chemical equilibrium constants Z Compressibility factor
Kf Freezing point depression constant
m Mass of one molecule, molality Greek Letters
o
M Molar mass cell Standard cell potential
Number of moles, number of
n cell Cell potential
electrons
Conversion factors
Length 1m 1010 Å 39.370 in 3.28084 ft 6.21371 × 10–4 mi

Area 1 m2 104 cm2 1550.0031 in2 10.7639 ft2 2.47105 × 10–4 acre

Volume 1 m3 1000 L 6.10237 × 104 in3 264.172 gal(US) 219.969 gal(Imp)

Mass 1 kg 2.20462 lbm 35.274 oz 10–3 metric tonnes

Density 1 g/cm3 1000 kg/m3 1000 g/L 62.4280 lbm/ft3 8.34541 lbm/gal(US)

Velocity 1 m/s 3.6 km/h 3.2808 ft/s 196.850 ft/min 2.23694 mi/h
2 5 2
1 kg·m/s 10 g·cm/s
Force 0.224809 lbf 0.10197 kgf 7.23301 lbm·ft/s2
(N) (dyne)
101325 kg/m·s2 14.6959 lbf/in2 760 mmHg
Pressure 1 atm 1.01325 bar
(Pa) (psi) (torr)
1 kg·m2/s2
Energy 9.4782 × 10–4 Btu 0.23885 cal 0.737561 ft·lbf 6.24145 × 1018 eV
(J)
1 J/s
Power 1 kg·m2/s3 3.4121 Btu/h 1.34102 × 10–3 hp 107 erg/s
(W)
Specific Heat 1 kJ/kg·K 0.23885 cal/g·°C 0.13269 cal/g·°F 0.23885 Btu/lbm·°F 185.863 ft.lbf/lbm·°F

Mole 1 kmol 1000 mol 106 mmol 109 mol 2.20462 lb-mol

Concentration 1 wt.-% 0.01 mass fraction 10 ppt 104 ppm 107 ppb

Temperature Conversion
T(°C) = 5 × ( T(°F) – 32) / 9 T(°F) = (9/5) T(°C) + 32
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15 T(°R) = T(°F) + 459.67

Constants
Avogadro's Number 6.02214 x 1023 mol–1
Faraday Constant 96485.31 C/mol
Boltzmann's Constant 1.38066 x 10–23 J/K
Gas Constant (R) 8.31451 J/mol·K
8.31451 m3·Pa/mol·K
1.98589 cal/mol·K
1545.36 ft·lbf/lbmol·°R
0.082058 L·atm/mol·K
0.730244 ft3·atm/lbmol·°R
10.7316 ft3·psi/lbmol·°R
82.0578 cm3·atm/mol·K
Molar Volume of 22.4141 L/mol
Ideal Gas at STP 22.4141 m3/kgmol
(0 °C and 1 atm) 359.039 ft3/lbmol