1.1.

Phonology

Phonology is the study of the pattern of sounds in language and across language.
But generally, phonology is the study of the categorical organization of speech sounds
in languages. How speech sounds are organized in the mind and used to convey
meaning. Phology is one of the core fields that composes the discipline of linguistic,
which is defined as the scientific study of language structure (Odden, 2005, p. 2). One
aspect of phonology considers what the sounds of a language are. In every country or
region, they are various of sounds that we used to communicate. Every language has
its own characteristics and there are sounds in English that might not use in some
language and sounds in a language that might not use in English. Example are British
will have a different sound with the American or Singapore English. They are different
because it can be affect by the environment or by the history.

1.2.Phonetic

Phonetics is the systematic study of speech and the sound of language. Basically
phonetic observe to listening and describe the speech sounds. In phonetic a sound is
very represented many of symbols with a standart interpretation. Phonetics is the study
of sound (Samsuri, 1994). This study is interpreted as the field of linguistic
pronounciation of the sounds of the words or it can be called that phonetic is the sound
system of a language. Phonetic is a branch concerned with human speech sounds, and
it self has three different aspects They are three kind of phonetic’s asspects :

1. Articulatory Phonetics
This kind of phonetics take a focus on the movement of various parts of the
vocal tract during a speech. The vocal tract is the get through above the larynx
where air passes in the production of speech. The articulatory phonetic is also
called organic phonetics or physiological phonetics. This kind of phonetics
studying how the mechanism of human speech works in producing the sound
of language and how the sounds are classified.
2. Acoustic Phonetics
This kind of phonetic take a focus of the sound maves made by the human vocal
organs for communication and how the sounds are transmitted. The sound
travels through from the speakers mouth through the air to the hearers ear.,
through the form of vibrations in the air.
3. Auditory Phonetic
This kind of phonetic is focus on how we perceive and hear sounds and how
the ear, brain and auditory nerve perceive the sounds.
1.3.Classification of Sounds
a. Vowel

Generally, speech sound is made between vowels and consonants. Vowel is any
sound with no audible noise produced by contriction in the vocal tract. According
to (Roach, 1991) there are two kinds of vowel, there are long vowels /i:, aː, ɔː, u:,
ɜː/ and the short vowel /I , e, æ , ʌ , ʊ , ə, o/. The long vowel means that when we
spoke the words it have a long duration of pronunciation and the short vowel have
a short duration of pronunciation.

b. Consonant
There are many more consonant than vowels. English has a fraction of the full
range of possible consonants, so illustration of many of these symbols involves
more extensive consideration of languages other that English. Consonant is a
phoneme articulation involves some audible abstruction in the oral cavity
(McCully, 2009). Can be explained that consonant is a sound with audible noise
produced by a constriction. Example of consonants are /p , m, v, ð, s, n, s, z, g,
h, b, f, θ, t, d, c’, j’, k, ŋ. Many consonant are only encountered in typically
unfamiliar languages, such as retroflex consonant found in Hindi, Tamil, and
Ekoti. Consonant symbols are traditionally given in tabular form, treating the
place and pharyngeal.
1.4.English in United Kingdom

English in British way have a various of characteristic when we want to used it

to communicate, especially in Phonology British English have a differences

- Non-rhotic
It means that in British the “r” sound is not pronounced unless it is followed
by vowel sound. The example is a word from “Father” will speak differently
in British become /ka:/. The “r” sound on that word did not speak clearly
- Intrusive “r”
This mean that people sometime add an “r” sound to a word that doesn’t
actually have on if its followed by a vowel in the next word. The example
is when we said “My name is Alexa and I’ll be your teacher”, sometimes
people that using British English will speak “My name is Alexa”r” and I’ll
be your teacher”. They sometime add a “r” sound in the end of a word .
- T-Sound
In british English, “t” sound are pronounced voiceless /t/. The meaning is
this an unstressed syllable, between two vowel sound. Example when we
said “butter”, the British English will say /’b ʌ.tə/. The “t” sound from that
word will speak like “th” sound.

1.5.English in India

Indian English has it own dialect of English and this language has a lot of
differences from another English language. English India has an influence on your
accent when we used to speaking. So in India English have an dialect that almost
the same with the British or UK English.

- T Sound
In Indian English the “t” sound it pronoun like in British, they will have a
stress on the “t” sound of the word. Example the word from “matter”, Indian
English will have stress in the “t” sound become “matter”.
 In Indian English also the “t” sound often said like the “d” sound. Example
is word “tea” it will become /di:/
- R sound
In Indian English, people often to say “r” sound like rolled or flapped it.
When Indian English say “r” it will have a long duration. Example is “right”
become “rrright”. On that word the “r” sound more like rolled that have a
long duration. Its different when the “r” sound are in the middle of the word,
it the same with British it will be speak “uh”. The example is from “word”,
the Indian English will say “w əhd”, from “bird” become “b əhd”
- W and V sound
In Indian English when we used word with “w” or “v” sound, it will merge.
It will sound like they are just one sound. Like “very” it will sound like
“wery” and in the word “wet” can be different pronunciation in Indian
English become “vet”.

1.6.English in Singapore

Singlish is more like a slang that because Singlish have it own characteristic
when we speak Singlish, it different with any other English. People who used
Singlish also have word or say a word that people might be don’t understand
because Singlish is a mixing from mandarin language. Even Singlish have the same
dialects as Mandarin.

- Short Sentences
In the used of Singlish language, people often to speak often so short. They
shorten the sentences because they think it will be more efficient way to say
something, it will be more understandable to say it in a short way. The
example is when we said “I don’t want it”, a person who used Singlish will
said “dowan”. It like that the sentences is abbreviated. From the sentence
“excuse me” will become “scuse”.
- The end of the word is not read
 The characteristic of people who used Singlish as their language often to
not read the end of the word. Example like “act” they will say “ac”. The “t”.
- Add “lah” word in the end of the sentences
The unique characteristic that in Singlish is people often add “lah” in the
back of the sentences. The “lah” word have a purpose to make the
conversation much friendly and often used by people who are close to each
other. Example is “I can”, people with Singlish will say “can lah”. It become
a more casual than the general word
Bibliography

McCully, C. (2009). The Sound Structure of English: An Introduction. NewYork:

Cambridge University Press.

Odden, D. (2005). Introducing Phonology. Cambridge University Press.

Roach, P. (1991). English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Samsuri. (1994). Memahami Bahasa secara Ilmiah. Jakarta: Erlangga.