Management
- Is the process of coordinating people and
other resources to achieve the goals of the
organization.
- It involves coordinating and overseeing
the work activities of others so that their
activities are completed efficiently and
effectively. (Efficient – performing,
functioning and producing a result in the
best possible manner with the least waste
time and effort. Effectively - Producing a
result that is wanted or in line with the
needs of the goal and organization.)
- It is the process of designing and
maintaining an environment in which
individuals, working together in groups,
efficiently accomplish selected goals.
Characteristics of Management
1. Universal: All the organizations,
whether it is profit-making or not, they
require management, for managing their
activities. Hence it is universal in nature.
2. Goal Oriented: Every organization is set
up with a predetermined objective and
management helps in reaching those
goals timely, and smoothly.
3. Continuous Process: It is an ongoing
process which tends to persist as long as
the organization exists. It is required in
every sphere of the organization whether
it is production, human resource, finance
or marketing.
4. Multi-dimensional: Management is not
confined to the administration of people
only, but it also manages work, processes
and operations, which makes it a multi-
disciplinary activity.
5. Group activity: An organization
consists of various members who have
different needs, expectations and beliefs.
Every person joins the organization with
a different motive, but after becoming a
part of the organization they work for
achieving the same goal. It requires
supervision, teamwork and coordination,
and in this way, management comes into
the picture.
6. Dynamic function: An organization
exists in a business environment that has
various factors like social, political,
legal, technological and economic. A
slight change in any of these factors will
affect the organization’s growth and
performance. So, to overcome these
changes management formulates
strategies and implements them.
7. Intangible force: Management can
neither be seen nor touched but one can
feel its existence, in the way the
organization functions.
Levels of Management
1. Top Level Management
 Consists of Board of Dierctors,
Presidents, Vice-Presidents,
CEO’s, General Managers and
Senior Managers etc.
 They develop goals, strategic
plans, and company policies and
make decisions about the
direction of the business.
 Top managers need to have more
conceptual skill that technical
skill. They understand how
competition, world economies,
politics and social trends affect
organizational effectiveness.
2. Middle Level Management
 Middle management is at the
center of hierarchical
organization. Subordinate to the
senior management, but above
the lowest level of operational
staff.
 They are accountable to top
management for their
department’s function. They
provide guidance to lower-level
managers and inspire them to
perform better.
 Middle management functions
generally revolve around
enabling teams of workers to
perform effectively and
efficiently and reporting these
performance indicators to upper
management.
3. Lower Level Management
 Low-Level Managers focus on
controlling and directing. They
serve as role models for the
employees they supervise.
 Assigning employees tasks.
 Guiding and supervising
employees on day-to-day
activities.
 Ensuring the quality and quantity
of productions.