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Pros/Cons: Generally speaking, variable primary systems can have lower first-
cost, but pumping operating costs can increase because of the wasted
horsepower that is associated with throttling a control valve. Variable primary
on chilled water systems allows for delta-T compensation if you can over-pump a
chiller. Control sequences can be difficult to master and such systems are not as
easily expanded to meet growing or changing demands as systems with
secondary pumps.
Figure 1
Pros/Cons: This simple design typically has a low first cost and good flexibility. It
also decreases the complexity of the chiller or boiler staging and control by
eliminating on/off valves and min/max flow requirements. However, efficiency
is limited because the zone nearest to the primary loop is susceptible to over-
pressurization.
Figure 2
Primary-Secondary-Tertiary Pumping
Figure 3
Primary-Secondary-Tertiary Hybrid
Pros/Cons: This approach offers all the efficiency and flexibility of a standard
primary-secondary-tertiary, but does eliminate some of the extra equipment
costs.
Figure 4
Primary-Secondary – Zone
This type of design has the potential for high energy savings, but with certain
caveats, including slow reaction time to changes in system demand. Because the
pumps are in parallel, special attention must the paid to the selection and
performance curves must be compatible. Also, under certain load conditions, the
return pressure may be higher than the supply pressure, which could create
problems with the primary loop equipment.
Figure 5