What was the first capital of Portugal?

In 1179, the papal bull Manifest is Probatum of Pope Alexander

III officially recognized Alfonso I as king. After the Battle of
São Mamede, the first capital of Portugal was Guimarães, from
which the first king ruled. Later, when Portugal was already
officially independent, he ruled from Coimbra.

CAPITAL OF PORTUGAL (LISBON)

Portugal officially the Portuguese Republic is a country located
mostly on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. It is
the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe, being
bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the
north and east by Spain. Its territory also includes the
Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous
regions with their own regional governments.

Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and

one of the oldest in Europe and the world, its territory having
been continuously settled, invaded and fought over
since prehistoric times. The pre
Celtic people, Iberians, Celts, Carthaginians and Romans were
followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic
peoples. After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula,
most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus for several
centuries. Portugal as a country was established during the
early Christian Reconquista. Founded in 868, the County of
Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in
1128. The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following
the Battle of Ourique in 1139, and independence from León was
recognized by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first
global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic,
political and military. During this period, today referred to as
the Age of Discovery, Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime
exploration, notably under royal patronage of Prince Henry the
Navigator and King John II, with such notable voyages
as Bartolomeu Dias' sailing beyond the Cape of Good
Hope (1488), Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to
India (1497–98) and the European discovery of Brazil (1500).
During this time Portugal monopolized the spice trade, divided
the world into hemispheres of dominion with Castile, and the
empire expanded with military campaigns in Asia. However, events
such as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the country's occupation
during the Napoleonic Wars, the independence of Brazil (1822),
and a late industrialization compared to other European powers,
erased to a great extent Portugal's prior opulence.

POLITICS OF PORTUGAL AND GOVERNMENT

Politics in Portugal takes place in a framework of
a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic,
whereby the Prime Minister of Portugal is the head of
government. Portugal has a multi-party system. The President of
Portugal is the executive head of state and has several
significant political powers, which he exercises
often. Executive power is exercised by the President and
the Council of Ministers. Legislative power is vested in both
the government and the Assembly of the Republic. The Judiciary
of Portugal is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Since 1975, the party system has been dominated by the social
democratic Socialist Party and the liberal-conservative Social
Democratic Party.
GOVERNMENT OF PORTUGAL
Government in Portugal is made up of three branches originally
envisioned by enlightenment philosopher Baron de
Montesquieu: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch
is separate and is designed to keep checks and balances on the
others.

Executive branch
The President, elected to a 5-year term by direct, universal
suffrage, is also commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
Presidential powers include appointing the Prime Minister and
Council of Ministers, in which the President must be guided by
the assembly election results; dismissing the Prime Minister;
dissolving the assembly to call early elections; vetoing
legislation, which may be overridden by the assembly; and
declaring a state of war or siege.
The Council of State, a presidential advisory body, is composed
of
 The President of the Assembly of the Republic
 The Prime Minister of Portugal
 The President of the Constitutional Court of Portugal
 The Ombudsman of Portugal
 Both Presidents of the regional governments of the autonomous
regions (Madeira and Azores)
 Former Presidents of the Republic who haven't been relieved of
their functions
 Five citizens appointed by the President of the Republic
 Five citizens appointed by the Assembly of the Republic
The president, according to the election results, names the
party that shall form a government, whose leader is appointed
Prime Minister. The Prime Minister names the Council of
Ministers, and the ministers name their Secretaries of State. A
new government is required to define the broad outline of its
policy in a program and present it to the assembly for a
mandatory period of debate. Failure of the assembly to reject
the program by a majority of deputies confirms the government in
office.

Legislative branch

The four main organs of the national government are the

presidency, the prime minister and Council of Ministers (the
government), the Assembly of the Republic (the parliament), and
the judiciary. The Assembly of the Republic is a unicameral body
composed of up to 230 deputies. Elected by universal suffrage
according to a system of proportional representation, deputies
serve terms of office of 4 years, unless the president dissolves
the assembly and calls for new elections.

Judicial Branch

The national Supreme Court is the court of last appeal.

Military, administrative, and fiscal courts are designated as
separate court categories. A thirteen-member Constitutional
Court reviews the constitutionality of legislation.