Assignment

No. 3
Questions:

1. Details on Wood, Masonry, Concrete and Steel Construction – 10 Details each with call-outs
2. Enumerate Construction terms and vernacular and its meaning – 25 each

Wood – 10 Details with call-outs

\
Masonry - 10 Details with call-outs
Concrete - 10 Details with call-outs
Steel - 10 Details with call-outs
Enumerate Construction terms and vernacular and its meaning – 25 each

Construction Terms
1. Lookout (architecture): Lookouts are wooden joists that extend beyond the exterior wall in a
cantilever-like manner, to support the roof sheathing phase in construction.

2. Moling: This is the use of a 60-centimeter-long, 6-centimeter wide steel "mole," a pneumatically-driven
device which is inserted into the ground to create holes for pipes, heating coils, and heat pump systems
without using any trenches.

3. Lean Construction: A newly developed delivery system in which a study is conducted to minimize
the waste of material, time, and effort, resulting in an efficient project.

4. Lift Slab Construction: Also known as the Youtz-Slick method, the lift slab method ensures time
efficiency and safety. Basically, the concrete slabs are cast on ground level, and are then lifted through
hydraulic jacks into the designated placement. This methods not only saves time, but also does not
require workers to be creating and working with formwork on high ground levels.

5. Joist: Joists are crucial components of a wide-span structure, as they help transfer the load from the
beams to the vertical columns and studs. These horizontal elements are connected perpendicularly to
the beams (horizontally) and joined (vertically) to the columns.

6. Diagrid: The idea behind “diagrid” is pretty simple: diagonal + grid. Diagrids are diagonally intersecting
steel beams (occasionally wooden or concrete), which help reduce the amount of steel used in
traditional steel framing.

7. Joint (building): Joints are inserted between two distinct materials in a structure which do not have
any physical connection to one another but are either aligned next to each other or overlap.

8. Encasement: On a construction site, encasement might refer to one of two things: in some situations,
sewers and other underground pipes may need to be enclosed in a concrete encasement for structural
reasons; or, the term might be applied to the process of encasing hazardous materials already installed
in a structure such as asbestos.

9. Falsework: Mostly used for large arch structures and bridges, falsework is a temporary structure
constructed to support and hold the span during construction or repairs.

10. Formwork: Formwork is falsework’s best friend. It is the construction of a temporary structure into
which concrete is poured for it to be settled and set in the desired form.

11. Cut and Fill: While creating railways and canals, construction workers would create cut slopes (like a
mini valley) to install the railways. The soil that’s been moved, the fills, would subsequently create
adjacent embankments, minimizing the labor.
12. Damp Proofing: since dampness is among the most common construction problems, damp proofing
is a procedure done to the structure to prevent potential moisture from being absorbed by walls and
entering the interior.

13. Design-build: In most projects, construction is frequently delayed due to time conflicts between two
(or more) teams involved. The idea behind design-build is that the same team who designs the
project constructs it as well. It is a project delivery system in which the design and the construction are
considered “single-point-responsibility,” reducing costs and delivering the project on time.

14. Course: Other than the class you take in architecture school, a course is the term used to describe a
continuous row of masonry. Whether it’s stones, bricks, or concrete blocks, a course can have several
orientations and types.

15. Cant: Or canted, is an oblique or angled line of a surface. Think of it as chamfering the edges of a
building's plan. This design was heavily used in Baroque architecture to create a continuous feel to
the composition.

16. Catastrophic Failure: If the term wasn’t obvious enough, “catastrophic failures” are abrupt,
irrecoverable construction mishaps. The term has been extended to other domains, and is now used
for chemical engineering, firearms, and cascading system failures.

17. Concrete Cover: The term is linked to reinforced concrete and is the least distance between the
installed reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete. The concrete cover has several vital
purposes, including protecting the reinforced steel bars from corrosion, providing thermal insulation,
and providing sufficient embedding for the steel bars to function as reinforcement.

18. Concrete Slab: One of the few construction elements that is used in the vast majority of all structures,
a concrete slab is the thick (average of 10-40 cm) horizontal concrete platform which is created to
construct the floor or ceiling.

19. Batter (Walls): No, not cake batter, sadly. In architecture, batter means an inward inclination or slope
of a wall or structure. Some architects choose this design to provide structural strength while others
choose it for decorative purposes.

20. Blocking (Construction): Evidently, the term is derived from “blocks,” and means the use of short
pieces or off-cuts of lumber in wooden-framed construction. Construction workers use the blocking
technique for filling, spacing, joining, or reinforcing structures.

21. Box Crib: Think of this as the final steps of a game of Jenga, but without the anxiety of a collapse.
Instead, box cribs are temporary elements used to reinforce and add additional support to heavy
objects during construction. The material used to create box cribs are often wooden bars.

22. Building Engineer: The mvps of construction. They know it all, and are responsible for most of what
goes on during construction. Building engineers differ from one country to another, but are mainly the
experts of construction, technology, design, assessment, and maintenance, all at once.
 23. Joint (building): Joints are inserted between two distinct materials in a structure which do not have
any physical connection to one another but are either aligned next to each other or overlap.

24. Architect of Record: This term signifies the name of the architecture firm, or architect, whose name
has been listed on the issued construction permits. However, “architects of record” are not necessarily
the people behind the design. There are times when high-profile architects who don't have an office
near to their construction site hire “architects of record,” handing them the responsibility of working on-
site or using their expertise in a specific field.

25. All-in Rate: In Construction, the term means the total expenses for an item, which include all the direct
and indirect costs. The term is also used in the financial sector.

Vernacular Terms
1. Pasimano - a window sill / pasimano is the surface at the bottom of a window.
2. Sumbrero – top of window
3. Hamba (bintana) – window jambs / hamba are the main vertical components that form the sides of a
window.
4. Hamba (pintuan) – door jambs / hamba are the main vertical components that form the sides of a
door.
5. Tabike – siding / tabike, material used to surface the exterior of a building to protect against exposure
to the elements, prevent heat loss, and visually unify the facade.
6. Baytang - the term tread / baytang is used to describe the horizontal portion of a stair assembly.
7. Kanal - a gutter / kanal, in construction is any assembly designed to accumulate water and guide this
water or other liquid to a downspout or other engineered destination
8. Gabay- a handrail / gabay is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand so as to provide stability
or support.
9. Escombro – earthfill / escombro is composed of natural earth materials that can be placed and
compacted by construction equipment operated in a conventional manner.
10. Bisagra - a hinge / bisagra is a mechanism that connects normally a door, window or other
construction element, to either a frame or a cabinet of some type
11. Hulog- a plumb bob / hulog, or plummet, is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom,
suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line, or plumb-line.
12. Sepo- in architecture or structural engineering, a girt / sepo, also known as a sheeting rail, is a
horizontal structural member in a framed wall.
13. Biga - a beam / biga is a horizontal member spanning an opening and carrying a load that may be a
brick or stone wall above the opening, in which case the beam is often called a lintel
14. Barakilan - the bottom chord / barakilan is the bottom horizontal or inclined member of a truss. The
bottom chord is also called a scissors truss.
15. Reostra - a purlin / reostra is any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof except a type of
framing with what is called a crown plate.
16. Kostilyahe – ceiling joist / kostilyahe is one of a series of parallel framing members used to support
ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls. Also called roof joists.
17. Rodapis - a baseboard / rodapis (also called skirting board, skirting, mopboard, floor molding, or base
molding) is usually wooden or vinyl board covering the lowest part of an interior wall. Its purpose is to
cover the joint between the wall surface and the floor.
18. Muldura – molding / muldura, in architecture and the decorative arts, a defining, transitional, or
terminal element that contours or outlines the edges and surfaces on a projection or cavity, such as a
cornice, architrave, capital, arch, base, or jamb.
19. Kantero - a mason / kantero uses bricks, concrete blocks, or natural stones to build structures that
include walls, walkways, fences, and chimneys. Depending on the building material in which they
specialize.
20. Palitada – plaster / palitada is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls
and ceilings and for molding and casting decorative elements.
21. Andamyo – scaffold / andamyo, in building construction, temporary platform used to elevate and
support workers and materials during the construction, repair, or cleaning of a structure or machine; it
consists of one or more planks of convenient size and length, with various methods of support,
depending on the form and use.
22. Poste - a post / poste is a main vertical or leaning support in a structure similar to a column or pillar
but the term post generally refers to a timber but may be metal or stone.
23. Guililan - a girder / guililan is a support beam used in construction. It is the main horizontal support of
a structure which supports smaller beams.
24. Suleras - a joist / suleras is a horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open space,
often between beams that subsequently transfer loads to vertical members.
25. Sahig – floor / sahig covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor
structure to provide a walking surface.
Assignment
No. 4
Assignment no. 4

1. Discuss the uses of

2. Explain how and why schedules are used in the preconstruction and construction stages

1. A schedule is the timetable for a project, programme or portfolio. It shows how the work will progress
over a period of time and takes into account factors such as limited resources and estimating uncertainty.

The scheduling process starts with the work that is needed to deliver stakeholder requirements. This
includes the technical work that creates outputs, the change management work that delivers benefits, and the
management activity that handles aspects such as risk management and stakeholder management.

Some types of work can be defined much more easily than other types. The work involved in building
a house is clear from the start. The work involved in maintaining a generator is not clear until inspections are
complete. Engineering work tends to have complete specifications from the start, whereas change
management and some IT work follow a more iterative approach to defining what needs to be done.

Approaches to calculating schedules have to be equally flexible. In some cases, rigorous techniques
can be used to model the work and calculate detailed timings. In other cases, broad estimates have to be
made initially, with constant refinement as more information becomes available.

The detailed and high-level scheduling approaches are both combined in ‘rolling wave’ scheduling.
Short-term work is typically the best defined and can be subject to the most rigorous scheduling. Longer-term
work is more vague and subject to change. The window of detail moves along the schedule like a rolling wave.

Programme

A programme schedule should not be simply an accumulation of detail from the component project
schedules. Within a programme there will be:

 projects that are under way and have their own detailed schedules;
 projects that are in the early stages of definition;
 projects that are yet to be initiated;
 programme management activity;
 change management activity in relation to outputs that have been delivered;
 change management activity in relation to outputs being developed
2. There are numerous steps with the construction process, but the very first one is called the
preconstruction phase. This is when all the planning and coordination is completed prior to the start of the
actual construction. During this stage, the scope of the work will be determined, the budget will be set, and
the materials will be decided upon. Of course, there are many other things that go into this step of the
construction process.

The preconstruction phase can take quite some time, as there are many questions that need answers
and many items that need changes that need to be approved. The first thing that everyone must do during
the preconstruction phase is review any and all the architectural designs and blueprints. Once the drawings
are reviewed, questions are often asked, and necessary changes are made. This normally takes some time,
as once a few changes are made, other items may pop up that need a few tweaks as well.

Once the majority of the changes are made, it will be time to set the schedule for the work that needs
to be completed. This is a lengthy procedure as well, because every task needs to have a completion
date. During the preconstruction phase, numerous meetings will be necessary to discuss the implementation
of milestones, as well as the more important completion dates. There is always going to be one person who
thinks that the entire project is behind schedule, so these dates will allow them to see that everything is moving
along according to the plan. Of course, it will also be necessary to have meetings throughout the project, so
that actual delays can be discussed, and smalls changes can be made to certain deadlines due to those
delays.

In developing a construction plan, it is common to adopt a primary emphasis on either cost control or
on schedule control. Some projects are primarily divided into expense categories with associated costs. In
these cases, construction planning is cost or expense oriented. Within the categories of expenditure, a
distinction is made between costs incurred directly in the performance of an activity and indirectly for the
accomplishment of the project. For example, borrowing expenses for project financing and overhead items
are commonly treated as indirect costs. For other projects, scheduling of work activities over time is critical
and is emphasized in the planning process. In this case, the planner insures that the proper precedences
among activities are maintained and that efficient scheduling of the available resources prevails. Traditional
scheduling procedures emphasize the maintenance of task precedences or efficient use of resources over
time. Finally, most complex projects require consideration of both cost and scheduling over time, so that
planning, monitoring and record keeping must consider both dimensions. In these cases, the integration of
schedule and budget information is a major concern.