Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Submitted by
G.PRASANNA PRIYA A.VELLAMMA
(TO5ECB66) (T05IT63)
II.WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS
A. Received power as a function of receiver
BLUETOOTH in industry impose new
location
requirements on the technology, while it at the
Mapping of received power reveals how received
same time opens up new and interesting
power depends on receiver location provided a
possibilities for using wireless communications
fixed transmitter. Received power depends on
in industrial applications. This paper will discuss
distance between transmitter and receiver, fading
some of the issues which should be considered in
and reflections. In indoor industrial
order to utilize Bluetooth in industry. The first
environments the received power attenuation due
section is a brief introduction to wireless
to transmitter/receiver separation will be slower
communication in industrial environments.
than in outdoor environments due to radio wave
Results from a field test at Väröbruk Chemical
reflections from machinery made of metal.
Pulp factory Sweden will be discussed. The
Received power was measured at a number of
second section will discuss Bluetooth in
locations along the two different paths named
industry, what possibilities and limitations are
Path 1 and Path 2 (see Fig. 1). At each
there. The third section discusses the industrial
measurement location, the received signal was
requirements on Bluetooth, which are somewhat
averaged over approximately one wavelength.
different from the requirements imposed by the
The transmitted signal was a continues harmonic
office automation market. The last two sections
wave at 2.45 GHz. Output power was 20 dBm. A
provide information about ABB’s experience
spectrum analyzer with 1 MHz resolution
with Bluetooth, and Bluetooth utilized in ABB’s
bandwidth was used to measure the received
new industrial controller.
signal. 3 dB omni directional antennas at height
2.8 and 1.8 meters above the floor where used
for Tx and Rx Respectively.
B. Chemical pulp dB, l is the wavelength of the carrier, and d is the
factory
distance between Tx and Rx.
antenna Effective Isotropic Radiated Power in obstacles between the Tx and Rx antenna. Power
dBm, GR is the gain of the receiver antenna in dips due to shadowing effects behind these
obstacles were expected. The results from
measurements along Path 2 are illustrated in Fig. phenomenon is known as multipath fading. The
3. The total length of Path 2 was 30 meters. latter is decomposed into two categories: slow
fading (or shadowing) and fast fading. Fast
fading consists of the phasor addition of the
various multipath signals since each signal
presents a specific amplitude and phase. This
signal can combine constructively, i.e. a peak, or
destructively, i.e. a fade or minimum. Slow
fading describes the slow variations in received
signal power when the receiver moves behind
obstacles.
D. Chemical pulp factory
Substantial local variations in power were
expected due to the large amount of metal
obstacles present.Multipath measurements were
performed with the same physical set-up as the
received power measurements described in the
A decaying tendency is observed as expected due previous sections. Only the spectrum analyser
to the increasing distance to the Tx antenna. The settings were changed. The measurements were
LOS between transmitter and receiver was performed by pushing the Rx trolley with
obstructed at the following measurement points: constant speed along a straight line during the
4m, 8m, 10m, 25m, 30m. The first two of these sweep time of the spectrum analyser. Various
obstacles are clearly visible in the results. sweep times were used.Fig. 4 illustrates typical
Obstacles towards the end of the path are not indoor multipath characteristics, with occasional
visible. This indicates that there are multipath fades imposed on a curve showing gradually
components present in this area that are decrease of received power as the receiver is
comparable in strength with the line-ofsight moved further away from the transmitter.
The Bluetooth technology opens up new Share bandwidth with many other systems
Mobile applications are possible other industrial applications like, sensing, data