Ecosecurity Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric Crystal 2012-13

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Now-a-days, the most challenging task is to develop an eco-friendly and cost efficient world
having no problem of Electricity. The need to generate electricity is the demand for today’s life
because of the fact that even if the planet doubles the amount of solar and wind power available,
there would still be a shortage of clean energy source. Miniaturization is a continuing trend in the
electronics industry. The power required by smaller devices has decreased, but the challenge remains
to find energy-efficient power sources for them. The concept of capturing the lost energy
surrounding a system from vibrating sources in the environment is pervasive and accessible, found in
places such as automobile engines, rotating equipment, and the human body, in all instances
translating vibration into electrical energy via the deformation of a piezoelectric material. Harvesting
this energy is one of the most promising techniques owing to the high energy density and ample
power it provides (on the order of 100_W)[1].
Agriculture is the backbone of India, Water is the primary source required for Irrigation and
this is drawn through tube well therefore the water pressure developed there can be utilized to vibrate
the piezoelectric crystal to generate the energy in rural areas. We can think of innovative
“Ecosecured Piezo Road” (PZR) in the world famous pedestrian tourist places like Kedarnath,
Yamunotri and Vaishno Devi where lakhs of Tourists travel in a single year in the peak season,
Waterfall areas can also utilized for electricity generation in the form of “Ecosecured Piezo
Waterfall” (PZW) and generated power can be utilized in street lightning and also low-power
microelectronic-driven devices like mobiles, MP3s, I pads - anything that requires re-chargeable
batteries or small batteries to run. Moreover, it can also be implemented in crowded areas like Bus
Station, Railway Stations, Malls and Footpaths of Metro-Politian cities by utilizing the pressure
created by footsteps to generate electricity.

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Fig.1.1 Ecosecured Piezoelectric Waterfall (PZW)

Fig.1.2 Ecosecured Piezoelectric Road (PZR)

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The generation of an electric charge in certain non conducting and non symmetric material such as
quartz crystals and ceramics, when they are subjected to mechanical stress (such as pressure or
vibration), or the generation of vibrations in such materials when they are subjected to an electric
field. Piezoelectric materials exposed to a fairly constant electric field tend to vibrate at a precise
frequency with very little variation, making them useful as time-keeping devices in electronic clocks,
as used in wristwatches and computers.
Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure that provides a unique ability to convert an
applied strain into an electrical current and vice versa[2]. The effective piezoelectric plate contains
the maximum of 50 quartz material which will generate 230 volts around potential (as 1 crystal
generates app. 5 volts).

Fig.1.3 Effect on ecosystem by different methods of electricity generation.

The graph shown in Fig.1.3 is demonstrating the effect of electricity generation on eco
system through various sources. Nuclear power method has the highest effect as it produces the large
amount of hydrogen. The coal and hydroelectricity produces the green house gases (CO2) but the
renewable method is eco-friendly.

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CHAPTER 2
HISTORY

The pyroelectric effect, by which a material generates an electric potential in response to a

temperature change, was studied by Carl Linnaeus and Franz Aepinus in the mid-18th Drawing on
this knowledge, both René Just Haüy and Antoine César Becquerel posited a relationship between
mechanical stress and electric charge; however, experiments by both proved inconclusive.

The first demonstration of the direct piezoelectric effect was in 1880 by the brothers Pierre
Curie and Jacques Curie. They combined their knowledge of pyroelectricity with their understanding
of the underlying crystal structures that gave rise to pyroelectricity to predict
of tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle salt(sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate).
Quartz and Rochelle salt exhibited the most piezoelectricity.

Fig.2.1. Scheme of piezoelectricity

A piezoelectric disk generates a voltage when deformed (change in shape is greatly

exaggerated). The Curies, however, did not predict the converse piezoelectric effect. The converse
effect was mathematically deduced from fundamental thermodynamic principles by Gabriel
Lippmann in 1881. The Curies immediately confirmed the existence of the converse effect, and went
on to obtain quantitative proof of the complete reversibility of electro-elasto-mechanical
deformations in piezoelectric crystals.

For the next few decades, piezoelectricity remained something of a laboratory curiosity. More
work was done to explore and define the crystal structures that exhibited piezoelectricity. This
culminated in 1910 with the publication of Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook on Crystal
Physics), which described the 20 natural crystal classes capable of piezoelectricity, and rigorously
defined the piezoelectric constants using tensor.

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CHAPTER 3
SOURCES OF ENERGY HARVESTING

Various energy sources (natural sources such as wind, solar, water flow, ocean currents etc.)
are kept beyond the scope of this paper due to their significant technological progress. The energy
can be captured from a variety of sources deemed wasted or otherwise unusable for any practical
purpose. The process, also known as energy scavenging, captures residual energy as a by-product of
a natural environmental phenomenon or industrial process and is therefore considered “free energy.”
More often than not, this residual energy is released into the environment as waste.

Energy source Characteristics Efficiency Harvested power

Light Outdoor 10-24% 100 mW/cm2

Indoor 100 µW/cm2

Thermal
Human ~0.1% 60 µW/cm2
Industrial ~3% ~1-10 mW/cm2

~Hz-human 25-50% ~4µW/cm2

Vibration ~kHz-machines ~800µW/cm2

RF
GSM 900MHz ~50% 0.1 µW/cm2
WIFI 0.001 µW/cm2

Table.3.1 - shows different sources of energy harvesting

Examples include mechanical energy resulting from vibration, stress and strain, thermal energy
from heat escaped from furnaces, combustion engines and other heating sources as shown in table
3.1. Other sources are biological, solar energy from all forms of light sources; electromagnetic
energy captured via inductors, coils and transformers; wind and fluid energy resulting from air and
liquid flow; chemical energy from naturally recurring or biological processes; and huge amounts of
RF energy in the environment because of ubiquitous radio transmitters and television broadcasting.

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1. Mechanical energy resulting from vibration, stress and strain. When a piezoelectric transducer is
stressed mechanically by a force, its electrodes receive a charge that may be collected, stored and
delivered to power circuits or processors. MEMs vibrational energy harvesters operating in the
frequency domain between 150 and 1000Hz are particularly well suited to convert vibrations from
machines, engines and other industrial appliances into electricity.

2. RF energy harvesting converts radio waves into DC power. This is accomplished by receiving
radio waves with an antenna, converting the signal, and conditioning the output power. In cities and
very populated areas there is a large number of potential RF sources including broadcast radio and
television, mobile telephony, wireless networks, etc.

At 100 m from the typical 100W cellular base station, for example, there is about 800μW/m2
of energy available. Your GSM handset is good for about 0.1 μW/cm2.

3. Solar energy from light (using photovoltaic devices) once the exclusive domain of space science,
has now come down in price to where solar powered watches and phones are available. Approximate
available
power: indoor light 10 μW or less, outdoors 0.10-15mW/cm2.

4. Temperature differentials (via thermoelectric generators or thermopiles attached to a heat

generating source, such as an HVAC duct, furnaces, combustion engines etc.) Heat from industrial
equipment has potential electrical power on theorder of 1–10 mW/cm2; the human body can generate
15-30 μW/cm2 as shown in Fig 3.1[3].

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Fig.3.1 Common sources of energy harvesting

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CHAPTER 4
ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM

4.1 Components Of Energy Harvesting System

An energy harvesting system generally requires an energy source such as vibration, heat, light or
air flow and three other key electronic components, as shown in Fig 4.1 including:-
An Energy conversion device such as a piezoelectric element that can translate the energy into
electrical form.
An energy harvesting module that captures stores and manages power for the device.
An End application such as a ZigBee[4]-enable wireless sensor network or control and monitoring
devices.

4.2 OPERATION

Block Diagram

 Fig.4.1 The block diagram of energy harvesting system

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Modular Description:
Design Considerations
An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy Harvester Module and a
processor/transmitter Block. The Energy Harvester module captures milli-watts of energy from light,
vibration, thermal or biological sources. A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as
emitted from cell phone towers. The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery, an
efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries. The system is
then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading, through a low power system. This
data is then processed and transmitted to the base station. This kind of EH System eliminates the
dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system[5].

Accumulating energy
Energy can also be harvested to power small autonomous sensors such as those developed
using MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System) technology[6]. These systems are often very small
and require little power, but their applications are limited by the reliance on battery power.
Scavenging energy from ambient vibrations, wind, heat Typical power densities available from
energy harvesting devices are highly dependent upon the specific application (affecting the
generator's size) and the design itself of the harvesting generator. In general, for motion powered
devices, typical values are a few μW/cm³ for human body powered applications and hundreds of
μW/cm³ for generators powered from machinery.

Storage of power:
In general, energy can be stored in a capacitor, super capacitor, or battery. Capacitors are
used when the application needs to provide huge energy spikes. Batteries leak less energy and are
therefore used when the device needs to provide a steady flow of energy.

Power usage:
Current interest in low power energy harvesting is for independent sensor networks. In these
applications an energy harvesting scheme puts power into stored into a capacitor then
boosted/regulated to a second storage capacitor or battery for the use in the microprocessor. The
power is usually used in a sensor application and the data stored or is transmitted possibly through a
wireless method.

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CHAPTER 5
THEORY OF PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL

Piezoelectric crystal such as quartz exhibits electromechanical resonance characteristics that

are very stable with time and temperature and highly selective (having high Q factors).

Piezoelectric crystals are one of many small scale energy sources. Whenever piezoelectric
crystals are mechanically deformed or subject to vibration they generate a small voltage, commonly
known as piezoelectricity. This form of renewable energy is not ideally suited to an industrial
situation. For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity
when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those
same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is
applied to the material.

Fig.5.1 Piezoelectric Effect

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Rochelle salt exhibits much piezoelectric activity but mechanically very weak and hence used in
microphones. Tourmaline has less piezoelectric activity but mechanically very strong and much
expensive and hence used at high frequency.
Quartz crystal is the best crystal as it has piezoelectric activity as of Rochelle salt and is
mechanically strong as tourmaline. It is less expensive and can be found in nature easily and hence it
is used for many purposes like oscillators, radio transmitters and to produce electricity.
The technology just keeps getting better, too. The combination of silicone and nanoribbons of lead
zirconate titanate to create PZT, an ultra-efficient piezoelectric material that can convert up to 80
percent of mechanical energy into electricity. PZT is 100 times more efficient than quartz. It's so
efficient, in fact that the material could be used to harness

Energy from the minute vibrations found in items like shoes and clothing. That means a
piezoelectric-equipped shirt could potentially charge up your cell phone after a day of activity.
Piezoelectric Constitutive Equation:

Piezoelectricity is described mathematically within a material's constitutive equation, which

defines how the piezoelectric material's stress (T), strain (S), charge-density displacement (D), and
electric field (E) interact. Piezoelectricity is the combined effect of the electrical behavior of the
material[5].
D=e-B
Where D is the electric charge density displacement (electric displacement), E is permittivity
and E is electric field strength, and
Hooke's Law:
S=sT
Where S is strain, s is compliance and T is stress.
Piezoelectric constitutive equation represents the Relation of stress and voltage. Where S is
strain, s compliance, E electric field, T stress, D electric displacement, d piezoelectric coefficient,
and i Dielectric constant. The piezoelectric constitutive law (in Strain-Charge form) is:
S= SE ·T+dt·E
D=d·TtEr·E
Equations given above energy conversion relation are expressed in piezoelectric coupling
factors[11]. Especially piezoelectric coefficient, d, represents the amount of charge generated by
Relationship between the stress and dipole moment. Piezoelectric coefficient is a constant value in
static loading, but variable in dynamic loading such as resonant frequency.

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5 .1 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction between the
mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry. The
piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect
(the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied mechanical force) also exhibit
the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an
applied electrical field)[7] .

Fig.5.2 Charge separation in piezoelectric material

[8]The Fig 5.2 shows how some of the charge becomes separated in a piezoelectric material
when stressed. The effect of applying a voltage to deform the crystal is not always parallel like
shown here. The effect depends on the crystal structure and sometimes the deformation can sheer or
be at different angles compared to the electric field.

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5.1.1 QUARTZ AS AN ELECTRONIC MATERIAL

The primary use of quartz crystal components in electronics is to define a frequency: so in a

watch there is a quartz component which is vibrating at around 32,768 cycles per second (32.768
kHz) and the circuitry in the watch will convert that into a time.

Fig.5.3. Showing piezoelectric effect in Quartz[7]

Piezoelectricity is sometimes called pressure electricity. When a nonsymmetrical,

nonconducting crystal, such as quartz (whose structure is shown above in simplified form) is
stretched, a small voltage is generated between opposite faces of the crystal. When the tension (T)
changes to compression (C), the voltage changes sign. As the temperature of quartz rises, it deforms
more easily, producing a stronger piezoelectric effect. However, once the temperature reaches about
1,063°F (573°C), the piezoelectric effect disappears. There are a number of other remarkable
coincidences about quartz. It is fairly readily available in the sort of purity and size of crystal, which
are necessary for sensible manufacturing, which of course means it s not a terribly expensive
material. The frequency at which it vibrates will be determined by the mechanical dimensions of the
quartz - either the length or the thickness or a particular shape.

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5.1.2 Impedance/Reactance Curve

A crystal has two frequencies of zero phases, as illustrated in Fig 5.4. The first, or lower of
the two, is the Series Resonant Frequency, denoted as (fs). At this point, the crystal appears resistive
in the circuit, impedance is at a minimum and current flow is maximum. As the frequency is
increased beyond the point of series resonance, the crystal appears inductive in the circuit.[9] When
the reactances of the motional inductance and shunt capacitance cancel, the crystal is at the
Frequency of Anti-resonance, denoted as (fa). At this point, impedance is maximized and current
flow is minimized.

Fig.5.4. Impedance and reactance curve

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CHAPTER 6
WORKING OF PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL

The working is based on the concept of capturing the unused energy surrounding any system
and converting it into electrical energy that can be used to extend the lifetime of that system by
providing energy through backup. The piezoelectric plates will be placed under the non-conducting
material (hard rubber) and the pressure created by the pressure such as footsteps (in PZR) and
waterfall pressure (in PZW) will produce energy which can be stored and utilized as mentioned.
The figure (Fig 1.1 and Fig 1.2 ) illustrates the piezoelectric arrangement. The piezoelectric
elements are in their various forms and configurations are designed to operate near resonance.
Resonance may vary as a function of number of properties of Piezo materials being employed. These
may include the size, shape, density and other physical parameters of a particular configuration for
elements being used. Electrical contacts or coupling elements used in the figure are coupled to
suitable electrical leads, which are electrically coupled to the piezoelectric element.

Fig.6.1. Block diagram showing working model

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The polarity of charge depends upon whether element is under compression or tension as a
result of applied force. If the element is subjected to an applied compressive force its polarity will be
positive and due to applied tensile force it will be negative. This element generates the electrical
charge to the voltage limiter. Voltage limiter is the back to back zener diodes. It provides the return
channel through which electric charge may flow to the piezo unit to prevent the depolarization of the
piezo element. The return channel is provided to work in either polarity mode. Voltage limited
electrical charge is coupled electrically to bridge rectifier. This pulsating DC from rectifier is
coupled to the capacitor filter which efficiently serves as ripple filter. This rippled free DC obtained
from filter is provided to shunt type voltage regulator, to regulate voltage which advantageously
coupled to storage element which can be a battery or a capacitor.

This is embodiment of single piezo electric unit. For large scale production, multiunit piezo
electric Array is utilized by plurality of elements. More preferable stack Array arrangement passes
the applied force through all layers forming piezoelectric elements in the Array thus causing the
voltage to rise.

The Array consists of the given type of subsystem embodiments which are eclectically
coupled at nodes so as to form a voltage additive series circuit arrangement. The summed electrical
charge is input to the regulator by the way of nodes. This output is stored in one or more electrical
charge element. Finally the generated, regulated, conditioned and stored electrical charge of the
system is available for use by external circuitry. The conditioning circuitry is preferably of relatively
low impedance to more efficiently capture the generated charge.

Fig.6.2. Output Power in the Storage Element with the generated Output Voltage

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CHAPTER 7
APPLICATIONS OF PIEZOELECTRICITY

As sensing elements
Detection of pressure variations in the form of sound is the most common sensor application e.g.
piezoelectric microphones. sound waves bend the piezoelectric material, creating a changing voltage.

Ultra sound imaging

Piezoelectric sensors used with high frequency sound in ultrasonic transducer for medical imaging
for many sensing techniques, the sensor can act as both sensor and actuators . Ultrasonic transducer
for. Fro example can inject the ultrasonic waves into the body, receive the returned wave, and
convert it to an electrical signal.

Sonar sensors
Piezoelectric elements are also used in the detection and generation of the sonar waves. Application
includes power monitoring in the high power applications such as medical treatment, sonochemistry,
and industrial processing etc..

As chemical and biological sensors

Piezoelectric microbalances are used as a very sensitive chemical and biological sensors
piezo are used as strain gauges.

In music instruments
Piezoelectric transducer are used in electronic drum pads to detect the impact of the
drummers sticks

Automotive applications

Automotive engine management systems use a piezoelectric transducer to detect the detonation by
sampling the vibrations of the engine block. Ultra sonic piezosensors are used in the detection of
acoustic emissions in acoustic emission testing

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Piezoresistive silicon devices

The piezoresistive effect of semiconductors has been used for sensor devices employing all
kinds of semiconductor materials such as germanium, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon,
and single crystal silicon. Since silicon is today the material of choice fro integrated digital and
analog circuits the use of piezoresistive silicon devices has been of great interest. It enables the easy
integration of stress sensors with bipolar and CMOS circuits.

Piezoresistors

Piezoresistors are resistors are resistors made from a piezoresistive material and are usually
used for measurement of mechanical stress .they are the simplest form of piezoresistive device.

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CONCLUSION
This paper presents an adaptive approach to harvest electrical energy from mechanically
excited piezoelectric element. It proposes energy conversion system as a power source for the rural
as well as hilly areas in terms of generating electricity. This technique of implementing the Piezo
Road & Piezo Waterfall is to reduce the global warming .The most of the applications of the
piezoelectric effect has been done but the novelty of this paper leads to the optimal efficiency of the
system consisting of energy generation which is connected to a power processing circuit to use
without affecting natural resources. The compact model not only provides the accurate results but
also gave the computational speed-ups of the generation.

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FUTURE SCOPE

Now imagine getting piezoelectric plates even smaller than those films and you’ll get a zinc
oxide nano-wire generator. Whenever the nano-wire gets any sort of vibration, it causes a voltage to
come out of the generator. In 2005, this type of generated was initially experimented on to get
voltage in the range of millivolts and a current even smaller than that. With enough engineering
efforts put forth, a nanoscale power generator could be made to harness all the tiny vibrations in the
environment around us. Examples include sound waves, the wind and even the turbulence of blood
flow over an implanted device. These tiny vibrations could bend the nanowires and thus generate
electricity.
All the devices shown on the right use the little generator on the left. Going through each little
bubble from left to right, the leftmost bubble shows arrays of little nano-wire generators that could
be embedded in clothing and use the rustling of that clothing to power portable devices like iPods or
cell-phones.
The bubble coming out of the guy’s ear shows a hearing aid being powered by the generator.
Whenever sound waves hit the hearing aid, a voltage potential is generated across the generator. The
sound waves get amplified with the voltage generated and after amplification; get sent to the auditory
nerve.
The bubble coming out of the pad shows a grid of generators that could record the pressure
applied by each person signing. In this way, signatures could be authenticated given a database in
which to store the pressure patterns.
Finally, the last bubble coming out of his knee shows the generator being used as a sensor to
monitor bone loss. Dangerous stress to the bone would generate power in the generator and would
cause the device to send out an alert signal.
These are just one of many ideas in this field of piezoelectricity. Some other ideas I’ve seen are
using the plates to power transmitters, embedding generators in heavily populated walkways to
harness the energy from the millions of steps from people walking, and so on.

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REFERENCES

1. Harper, Douglas. "piezoelectric".introduction to piezoelectric crystal(2002).

2. Acceleration and Acoustic Emission Sensors, Materials and Amplifiers.

3. Jean-Claude Baumer, Director Strategic Marketing EMEA, “The Energy Challenge Smart

SystemSolutions for Energy Efficiency” retrieved from Texas Instruments.

4. Zigbee retrieved from- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee.

5. Blockdiagramretrievedfromhttp://www.ti.com/ww/en/apps/energyharvesting/index.shtml?DC

MP=MSP430Energy&HQS=Other+ OT+energyharvesting.

6. MEMS retrieved from- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems.

7. Damjanovic, Dragan . "Ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric

thin films and ceramics".(1998)

8. www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/physmod/elec/ref/pi ezostack.html.

9. www.eetimes.com/design/tactile feedback solutions.

10. www.wikipedia.com .

11. Jae-Yun Lee,Jae-geun Oh, Kwang-Soo Kim and Bumkyoo Choi “The Energy Conversion

System With Piezo Electric Effect for Wireless Sensor Network”,pp1-2, 2008

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