Ses.

06-1

MTX221
Sessie 06 Session 06
EIENSKAPPE VAN PROPERTIES OF A
‘N SUIWER STOF PURE SUBSTANCE
Prof. Jaco Dirker
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Global edition 2.3 - 2.4

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-2 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
Consider the previous piston experiment (session 05) again:

If a substance:
• exist as a liquid at sat. temp. and sat.
Versadigde vloeistof
press., it is called a saturated liquid.

• is a liquid at a temp. below the sat. temp., it is

Onderverkoelde of
called a sub-cooled liquid. (or a compressed saamgedrukte vloeistof
liquid implying that the pressure is greater than the sat.
press for the particular temp.)

• is a vapour at sat. temp. and sat. press., it is Versadigde damp

called a saturated vapour.

• is a vapour at a temp greater than the sat.

Oorverhitte damp
temp., it is called a superheated vapour.
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-3 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
Imagine we also measured the volume of the water in the
experiment.
• With the volume we can plot the temperature, volume, and pressure
behaviour of the piston example. (Remember the pressure was held
constant)

Consider the T-V Diagram:

Beskou die T-V diagram:

Note the direction of the

pressure contours (from left
to right = upwards)
Druk-kontoere opwaarts van
links na regs

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-4 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
Consider for example:100 kPa:

vloeistof
damp

A - B B - C C - D

• From A to B the water is heated

• From B to C the water boils and
changes in steam (temp. =const.)
• From C onwards the steam
increases temp and expands.

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-5 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
• Line EFGH represents a case where the
pressure was maintained at 1 MPa etc…

Crytical Point: Kritiese punt

• If the pressure is however maintained at
22.09 MPa (critical pressure), the critical
point of water is reached at point N.
• At the critical point, the sat. liquid and
sat. vapour are identical.
• At pressures above the critical pressure
the following is true:
• Terms such as vapour and liquid is no “Damp” en “vloeistof “ bestaan
longer valid, and the substance is nie, noem dit ‘n digte vloeier
called a dense fluid.
Twee-fase gebied bestaan nie
• A two-phase region will not exist
• During heating, a continuous increase
in spec. volume is present.

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-6 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
Superkritiese druk
• At super critical pressures we may,
however, still refer to the substance (actually
a “fluid”) as the following: Onderverkoelde vloeistof
– Below the critical temperature = sub
cooled liquid or compressed liquid.
– Above the critical temperature =
superheated vapour Oorverhitte damp
• Different substances have different critical
pressures, critical temperatures and critical
volumes.

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-7 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
Returning to the T-V graph:

NJFB = Saturated liquid line.

Versadigde
(subscript f refers to liquid) vloeistof lyn

NKGC = Saturated vapour line Versadigde

(subscript g refers to vapour) damp lyn

Similar as the T-V graph, we can consider

the T-v graph (specific volume):

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-8 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
A P-v Diagram can also be drawn (i.t.o. spec volume):
PV or Pv TV or Tv

Note the direction of the Note the direction of the

temperature contours (from pressure contours (from left
left to right = downwards) to right = upwards)
Temp.-kontoere afwaarts van Druk-kontoere opwaarts van
links na regs links na regs

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-9 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
Consider the P-v-T Surface
Fase diagramme
• The phase diagrams which have
been done thus far can be
summarized into a single P-v-T
surface (3D diagram)
 Because a state only has two
independent intensive
properties, it is possible to create
such surfaces.
– Pressure, spec. vol., and temp.
are plotted on perpendicular axes.
– The obtained surface represent all
possible equilibrium states

• For substances that expand

when solidifying (such as water):
Stowwe wat uitsit wanneer dit solidifiseer

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-10 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
For substances that contract when
solidifying:
Stowwe wat inkrimp wanneer dit solidifiseer

Note the difference between

substances that expand during
solidifying vs. those that contract……

(Expanding when solidifies):

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-11 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
Expanding when solidifies:
• Single phase regions (solid, liquid or vapour) are
all curved surfaces Gekromde oppervlakke
• Two-phase regions (solid-liquid, solid-vapour,
and liquid-vapour) all are ruled surfaces.
plat oppervlakke

WHY? Because during phase change temp.

and pressure are linked and remains
constant, but the specific volume can alter. Contracting when solidifies:
• These ruled surfaces are made up by
lines running parallel to the spec. vol.
axes.
• The triple point now becomes a triple
line (because the spec. vol at the triple
point is NOT fixed)

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-12 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
Independent Properties of a Pure Substance
• The state of a simple compressible pure
substance is defined by two independent
properties. Twee onafhanklike eienskappe
• It is therefore important to have a good
concept and understanding of independent
properties.
Examples:
• If the spec. vol and temp. of
superheated steam is given, the state
is defined. Oorverhitte stoom toestand gedef. deur
spes. vol. en temp.

• Or, if the pressure and temperature

of a superheated vapour is defined,
the state is defined
Oorverhitte stoom toestand gedef.
deur druk. en temp.
• Or if the spec. vol and pressure is given….
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-13 P-v-T Oppervlak
2.3 The P-v-T Surface
Independent Properties of a Pure Substance
– However, consider a sat. liq. and P&T X
sat. vap. – both of these exist at
the same pressure and
temperature (sat. liq. = just before
boiling starts, sat. vap, just as the
last drop of water boils off.)
Saturasie/ versadigings
– At saturation conditions,
temperature and pressure are
not independent, and would thus v & T OK
not be sufficient to define the state.
Vir saturasie is temp. en druk nie genoeg
om ‘n toestand te definieer nie

• Pressure and spec. vol. would be

needed to define the state.

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-14 Tabelle van Termodinmiese Eienskappe

2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties

It is very INEFFECTIVE TO MEASURE THE P-T-V
PROPERTIES OURSELVES.
Termodinamiese eienskappe stowwe
• Thermodynamic properties of many substances have
been measured - these values are listed in tables;
• We need to know how to extract data from these tables.
Ons moet weet hoe om data uit die tabelle te onttrek

Stoom tabelle
• Water or Steam tables will be used to demonstrate the
required procedures. (why? steam is widely used in many
applications)
• Our focus will mainly be on T (Temp.), P (Press.), and v
(Spec. Vol.) values for now.
– Other thermodynamic properties can also be obtained
from the tables, but will only be dealt with at a later stage.

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-15 Tabelle van Termodinmiese Eienskappe

2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties

Bylae B.1
• Appendix B.1 contain water and steam properties
B.1.1. = Saturated Water (Temp Entry)
B.1.2. = Saturated Water (Pressure Entry)
B.1.3. = Superheated Water Vapour
B.1.4. = Compressed Liquid Water
B.1.5. = Saturated Solid – Saturated Vapour

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-16 Tabelle van Termodinmiese Eienskappe

2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties

• Consider Table B.1.1 – Saturated Water

– This table has a temperature entry column (which means it is easy

to use this table if we know what the temperature is)
– The 2nd column list the saturation pressure for the particular
temperature. Example: At 30ºC water has a saturation pressure of
4.246 kPa

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-17 Tabelle van Termodinmiese Eienskappe

2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties

Bylae B.1

– The next group of columns describe the specific volumes of Saturated water.
Example:
• the spec. vol of saturated liquid water at 30ºC is vf = 0.001004 m3/kg.
• the spec. vol of saturated vapour water at 30ºC is vg = 32.8932 m3/kg.
• the vfg column contain the spec. vol. difference between vapour and liquid
at the particular temperature, thus at 30ºC this value is 32.8922 m3/kg
(= 32.8932 - 0.001004)
PLEASE NOTE THIS TABLE IS ONLY VALID FOR SATURATED WATER.
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-18 Tabelle van Termodinmiese Eienskappe

2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties

• Consider Table B.1.2– Saturated Water

• This table in essence contain the same information set as Table B.1.1.
• This table has a pressure entry column (which means it is easy to use this
table if we know what the pressure is)
• The 2nd column list the saturation temperature for the particular pressure.
Example: At a pressure of 4 kPa water has a saturation temperature of 28.96ºC
• The next group of columns describe the specific volumes at the particular
pressure, similar as with Table B.1.1.
Department ofPLEASE NOTE Engineering
Mechanical and Aeronautical THIS TABLE IS ONLY VALID FOR SATURATED WATER.
Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese
Ses. 06-19 Tabelle van Termodinmiese Eienskappe

2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties

Check if the two tables contain the same information:

Find the saturation pressure of Bepaal die versadigings druk van

water at a temperature of 30ºC water vir ‘n temperatuur van 30ºC
using Table B.1.2. (via deur gebruik te maak van Tabel
interpolation) and compare with the B.1.2. (via interpolasie) en vergelyk
entry in Table B.1.1. met die inskrywing in Tabel B1.1.

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Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Departement Meganiese en Lugvaartkundige Ingenieurswese