BAB 14 Energy Conversion : Mitochondria

Energy Convertion
Konversi energi :
Mitokondria → fosforilasi oksidatif → untuk aktifitas sel
Kloroplas → menghasilkan ATP unruk fotosintesis

Prokariot menghasilkan energi dengan bantuan enzim atau

protein pada membran plasma.

Cristae → memperluas permukaan, terdapat enzim untuk
respirasi sel

Kloroplas (tilakoid)
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14.1 THE MITOCHONDRION

 The Mitochondrion Has

an Outer Membrane
and an Inner Membrane
 The Inner Membrane
Cristae Contain the
Machinery for Electron
Transport and ATP
Synthesis
 The Citric Acid Cycle in
the Matrix Produces
NADH

 Mitochondria Have
Many Essential Roles in
Cellular Metabolism

 A Chemiosmotic Process
Couples Oxidation
Energy to ATP
Production
  The Energy Derived
from Oxidation Is Stored
as an Electrochemical
Gradient

14.2 THE PROTON PUMPS OF THE ELECTRONTRANSPORT CHAIN

 The Redox Potential Is a

Measure of Electron
Affinities
 Electron Transfers
Release Large Amounts
of Energy

 Transition Metal Ions

and Quinones Accept
and Release Electrons
Readily

 NADH Transfers Its

Electrons to Oxygen
Through Three Large
Enzyme Complexes
Embedded in the Inner
Membrane
 The NADH
Dehydrogenase
Complex Contains
Separate Modules for
Electron Transport and
Proton Pumping

 Cytochrome c Reductase
Takes Up and Releases
Protons on the Opposite
Side of the Crista
Membrane, Thereby
Pumping Protons
 The Respiratory Chain
Forms a Supercomplex
in the Crista Membrane
  Protons Can Move
Rapidly Through
Proteins Along
Predefined Pathways

14.3 ATP PRODUCTION IN MITOCHONDRIA

 The Large Negative
Value of ΔG for ATP
Hydrolysis Makes ATP
Useful to the Cell
 The ATP Synthase Is a
Nanomachine that
Produces ATP by Rotary
Catalysis
 Proton-driven Turbines
Are of Ancient Origin

 Mitochondrial Cristae
Help to Make ATP
Synthesis Efficient
 Special Transport
Proteins Exchange ATP
and ADP Through the
Inner Membrane
 Chemiosmotic
Mechanisms First Arose
in Bacteria
BAB 14 Energy Conversion : Chloroplast
10.1

 Chloroplasts Resemble
Mitochondria But Have
a Separate Thylakoid
Compartment kloroplas merupakan organel yang terlibat dalam konversi energi (cahaya → kimiawi).

Fotosintesis melibatkan 2 reaksi utama :

1. Reaksi terang (light dependent) : GRANA (tilakoid)
2. Reaksi gelap (non-light dependent) : prosesnya juga bergantung pada cahaya matahari, STROMA

Seluruh proses fotosintesis berlangsung dalam kloroplas (melibatkan grana dan stroma).

Beberapa organisme prokariot dapat melakukan fotosintesis,

 Chloroplasts Capture
Energy from Sunlight
and Use It to Fix
 Carbon

 Carbon Fixation Uses

ATP and NADPH to
Convert CO2 into Sugars
 Sugars Generated by
Carbon Fixation Can Be
Stored as Starch or
Consumed to Produce
ATP

 The Thylakoid
Membranes of
Chloroplasts Contain the
Protein Complexes
Required for
Photosynthesis and ATP
Generation

 Chlorophyll–Protein
Complexes Can Transfer
Either Excitation Energy
or Electrons
 Photosystem Consists of
an Antenna Complex
and a Reaction Center

 The Thylakoid
Membrane Contains
Two Different
Photosystems Working
in Series
 Photosystem II Uses a
Manganese Cluster to
Withdraw Electrons
From Water

 The Cytochrome b6-f

Complex Connects
Photosystem II
 to Photosystem I

 Photosystem I Carries
Out the Second Charge-
Separation Step in the Z
Scheme

 The Chloroplast ATP

Synthase Uses the
Proton Gradient
Generated by the
Photosynthetic Light
Reactions to Produce
ATP
 All Photosynthetic
Reaction Centers Have
Evolved From a
Common Ancestor
 The Proton-Motive
Force for ATP
Production in
Mitochondria and
 Chloroplasts Is
Essentially the Same

 Chemiosmotic
Mechanisms Evolved in
Stages
 By Providing an
Inexhaustible Source of
Reducing Power,
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Overcame a Major
Evolutionary Obstacle
 The Photosynthetic
Electron-Transport
Chains of Cyanobacteria
Produced Atmospheric
Oxygen and Permitted
New Life-Forms
14.3 THE GENETIC SYSTEMS OF MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS
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BAB 15 CELL COMMUNICATION
15.1 PRINCIPLES OF CELL SIGNALING

Mekanisme komunikasi berlangsung di molekul sinyal extraselular, yang diproduksi oleh sel untuk memberi sinyal
kepada sel lain.

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15.2 SIGNALING THROUGH G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS
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15.3 SIGNALING THROUGH ENZYME-COUPLED RECEPTORS

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15.4 ALTERNATIVE SIGNALING ROUTES IN GENE REGULATION

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15.5 SIGNALING IN PLANTS

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KEY TERMS & REVIEW THE CONCEPT

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BAB 16 CYTOSKELETON
15.1 PRINCIPLES OF CELL SIGNALING
3 TIPE FILAMEN SITOSKELET :
1. Actin filaments
- Disebut juga
mikrofilamen, berbentuk
polimer helix dari protein
aktin
2. Microtubule
- Berbentuk silinder
panjang, tersusun dari protein
tubulin
3. Intermediet filaments
-

 3 TIPE FILAMEN SITOSKELET

 ORGANISASI SITOSKELET
PADA SEL EPITEL
15.2 SIGNALING THROUGH G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS
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15.3 SIGNALING THROUGH ENZYME-COUPLED RECEPTORS
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15.4 ALTERNATIVE SIGNALING ROUTES IN GENE REGULATION

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15.5 SIGNALING IN PLANTS

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KEY TERMS & REVIEW THE CONCEPT

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