Summary of Annotations

Page 5

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Common Tools – Tools that are required for performing specific

tasks on specific aircraft and those tools that are too bulky or
considered too expensive to be included in a personal toolkit
are included in this category

Page 6

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Most of the tools are manufactured from alloy steels and are
susceptible to corrosion

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

General cleaning of personal tools can be done with a stiff brush and a rag
to remove dust/dirt

Page 7

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Metal-covered and portable benches should have the bench

surfaces cleaned with kerosene rag
#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

plain
wooden benches should be cleaned with a stiff brush and by
scraping if necessary

#3 Highlight (Shabbir)

Vices should be wiped over frequently with an oily rag

#4 Highlight (Shabbir)

The
moving jaw should be withdrawn to the limit of its movement to
permit lubrication of the screw bearings and the thread

#5 Highlight (Shabbir)

during lubrication of drill machines, the clamping screws of the drilling table
should be slackened several turns to enable the threads and
thrust faces to be lubricated

Page 8

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Twist drills, when not in use, should be kept in a graded drill

stand

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

Reamers should be kept in partitioned boxes or laid in

grooved trays cut to receive each type of reamer

Page 9
#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

non-approved tools,
consumables and aircraft hardware should not be
contained along with personal toolkits

Page 10

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Issue and receipt is usually indicated on adjacent

columns so that outstanding entries can be identified at
a glance

Page 12

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Some materials are flammable and must, therefore, be stored

outdoors

Page 14

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Liquids must never be disposed of by pouring them into spare

or unidentified containers and they must not be allowed to enter
the ‘domestic’ drains systems

Page 15
#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

The elements, or most basic parts of the communication system (used by scientific society), are known as dimensions

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

The length of an object is the distance between its ends, its

linear extent as measured from end to end.It is usually
represented by the capital letter L

#3 Highlight (Shabbir)

Mass (M) is the amount of matter in an object. Every object has

a mass that does not change as the object is moved from one
place to another

#4 Highlight (Shabbir)

Force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector

quantity

#5 Highlight (Shabbir)

A force (F) is the capacity to change the motion of a body or

cause stress in a body

#6 Highlight (Shabbir)

Time (T) can be defined as a period or interval between

two events

#7 Highlight (Shabbir)

It is a component of the measuring system used to

sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the
intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects
#8 Highlight (Shabbir)

Temperature is physical property of a system that measures

degree of hotness or coldness of object, ambience, etc

#9 Highlight (Shabbir)

The
temperature of a substance is a measure of the internal energy
of the molecules (i.e., energy caused by movement of its molecules)

Page 16

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

The most elementary dimensions, like length (L), mass (M), and
time (T), are known as fundamental dimensions

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

Quantity Standard Unit Symbol

1 Length meter m
2 Mass kilogram kg
3 Time second s
4 Electric Current ampere A
5 Temperature Kelvin K
6 Luminous
Intensity Candela Cd
7 Matter mole mol
8 Plane Angle Radian rad
9 Solid Angle Steradian sr

#3 Highlight (Shabbir)

Dimensions obtained by combining one or more fundamental

dimensions are called derived dimensions
Page 17

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Table on page: 7.2-13

Named units derived from SI base units

Name Symbol Quantity Expression in terms of other
units
Expression in terms of SI base
units
hertz Hz frequency 1/s s-1
Newton N force, weight m∙kg/s2 m∙kg∙s−2
Pascal Pa pressure, stress N/m2 m−1∙kg∙s−2
joule J energy, work, heat N∙m = C·V = W·s m2∙kg∙s−2
watt W power, radiant flux J/s = V·A m2∙kg∙s−3
coulomb C electric charge or electric flux s∙A s∙A
volt V voltage, electrical potential
difference, electromotive force W/A = J/C m2∙kg∙s−3∙A−1
farad F electric capacitance C/V m−2∙kg−1∙s4∙A2
ohm Ω electric resistance, impedance,
reactance V/A m2∙kg∙s−3∙A−2
Siemens S electrical conductance 1/Ω m−2∙kg−1∙s3∙
A2
Weber Wb magnetic flux J/A m2∙kg∙s−2∙
A−1
tesla T magnetic field strength, magnetic
flux density
V∙s/m2 =
Wb/m2 =
N/(A∙m)
kg∙s−2∙
A−1
Henry H inductance V∙s/A = Wb/A m2∙kg∙s−2∙
A−
Page 18

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

A unit is the standard of measurement applicable to a given

dimension

Page 19

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

the tolerance is
taken as plus or minus from an explicitly stated dimension

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

the
dimension represents the size or location which is nearest the
critical condition (that is maximum material condition)

#3 Highlight (Shabbir)

Nominal size – The dimension of an object when variations in

size are disregarded;

#4 Highlight (Shabbir)

Basic Size –The basic size is that size from which the limits of
size are derived by the application of allowances and
tolerances

#5 Highlight (Shabbir)

Limits - The stated maximum and minimum allowable

dimensions when variation on the basic size is taken into
consideration
Page 20

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Tolerance
- The difference between the upper limit and the
lower limit of a dimension.
or
- The amount that the size of a
machine part is allowed to vary above or below a basic
dimension.
- for example, 3.650 ± 0.003 centimeters indicates a
tolerance of ± 0.003 centimeter

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

Bilateral Tolerance – When variation is allowable in both

directions from the basic size

#3 Highlight (Shabbir)

Unilateral Tolerance – When the variation is allowed only in

one direction from the basic size

#4 Highlight (Shabbir)

Allowance – An allowance is a planned deviation between an

actual dimension and a nominal or theoretical dimension, or
between an intermediate-stage dimension and an intended final
dimension

Page 22
#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

If a finer finish, to the inside of the

hole, is required, a reamer is used, to smooth the
material inside the hole

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

A lathe can produce an

exceptionally smooth surface on a bar or some other rotated
shape

#3 Highlight (Shabbir)

If a large area is required to have a smooth finish, then

perhaps, after initial casting or forging, the choice may be of
employing either a grinding machine or a milling machine, to
provide the desired result

Page 23

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Calibration is the process of

configuring an instrument to provide a result for a sample within
an acceptable range

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

Measurements affect the product quality directly or indirectly

#3 Highlight (Shabbir)

Measurements affect the product directly when they take

the form of dimensional measurements that determines
the quality of the product.
E.g. Diameter of a roller when

Summary continued on next page.

checking for wear

#4 Highlight (Shabbir)

Measurements affect product quality indirectly when

they take the form of monitoring and control
measurements of a process.
E.g. Temperature
maintained during heat treatment of material

Page 24

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

The primary component in an

instrument is a transducer, which translates the measured
physical quantity into another form

Page 25

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

In active instruments, the external power source is usually in

electrical form, but in some cases it can be other forms of
energy, such as pneumatic or hydraulic.

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

In terms of cost, passive instruments are normally of a simpler

construction than are active ones, and are therefore cheaper to
manufacture.

#3 Highlight (Shabbir)
Choice between active and
passive instruments for a particular application thus involves balancing the measurement resolution requirements carefully against cost.
Page 26

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

In deflection-type device, the measured quantity produces some

physical effect that engenders a similar but opposing effect in
same part of the instrument

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

A null-type device attempts to maintain deflection at zero by

suitable application an effect opposing that generated by the
measured quantity but not suitable for dynamic measurement
(fluctuating)

#3 Highlight (Shabbir)

For
calibration purposes, however, the null-type instrument is
preferable because of its superior accuracy

#4 Highlight (Shabbir)

In terms of usage, the deflection-type instrument is clearly more

convenient

Page 29

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Instruments which use a needle or a hand moving around a dial

to provide information are called analogue instruments while
digital Instruments provide a numerical display of information

Page 30
#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Analogue instruments must be

interfaced to the microcomputer by an analogue-to-digital (A/D)
converter, which converts the analogue output signal from the
instrument into an equivalent digital quantity, which can be read
into the computer.

Page 31

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Instrument Performance Characteristics are of two types:

1) Static – having nonlinear or statistical effects
2) Dynamic – described by linear differential equations

Page 33

#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

In United Kingdom, the appropriate procedures for attaining

quality assurance are defined in document BS 5750 (Parts 0-4).
This was first published by British Standards Institution in 1979

#2 Highlight (Shabbir)

As specified in BS 5750:-
‘The supplier shall provide, control, calibrate and maintain
inspection, measuring and test equipment suitable to
demonstrate the performance of the product to the specified
requirements. Equipment shall be used in a manner, which
ensures that measurement uncertainty is known.’

Page 34
#1 Highlight (Shabbir)

Adjustable devices shall be sealed to prevent tampering