Review (1)

 Wave equations
 E  2
E
 E  
2
  2
t t
 H  2
H
 H  
2
  2
t t
 Time-Harmonics equations

2 E s   2 E s  0
2 H s   2 H s  0

where  j (  j )

27/02/51
Review (2)
where  j (  j ).

This  term is called propagation constant or we can write

 = +j

where  = attenuation constant (Np/m)

 = phase constant (rad/m)

27/02/51
Review (3)
 The instantaneous forms of the solutions
E  E0 e  z cos(t   z )a x  E0 e  z cos(t   z )a x

H  H 0 e  z cos(t   z )a y  H 0 e  z cos(t   z )a y

 The phasor forms of the solutions

E s  E0 e  z e  j  z a x  E0 e z e j  z a x
incident wave reflected wave

H s  H 0 e  z e  j  z a y  H 0 e z e j  z a y
27/02/51
Attenuation constant 
 Attenuation constant determines the penetration of the
wave into a medium

 Attenuation constant are different for different

applications

 The penetration depth or skin depth, 

 1
is the distance z that causes E E
to reduce to 0 e
z = -1
 z = -1/  = -.

27/02/51
Good conductor
1 1
 
  f 

 At high operation
frequency, skin depth
decreases

 A magnetic material is not

suitable for signal carrier

 A high conductivity
material has low skin depth
27/02/51
Currents in conductor
 To understand a concept of sheet resistance
L
1 L
from R 
A  wt
1 L
R  Rsheet () L
t w w
1
 Rsheet  sheet resistance
t

At high frequency, it will be adapted to skin effect resistance

27/02/51
Currents in conductor

E x  E x 0 e  z
J x   E x 0 e  z

Therefore the current that flows through the slab at t   is

I   J x dS ; ds  dydz
27/02/51
Currents in conductor
From I   J x dS ; ds  dydz
 w
I     Ex 0e  z dydz
z 0 y 0
 z 
  w Ex 0e 
 
  0

 I  w Ex 0 A.

Jx or current density decreases as the slab

gets thicker
27/02/51
Currents in conductor
For distance L in x-direction
V  Ex 0 L

V Ex 0 L 1 L L
R    Rskin  
I w Ex 0  w  w
R is called skin resistance
Rskin is called skin-effect resistance
For finite thickness,
t w
I     Ex 0e  z dydz  w Ex 0 (1  e  t )
z 0 y 0

1
 Rskin  
27/02/51
 (1  et /  )
Currents in conductor
Current is confined within a skin depth of the
coaxial cable.

27/02/51
Ex1 A steel pipe is constructed of a material for
which r = 180 and  = 4106 S/m. The two radii
are 5 and 7 mm, and the length is 75 m. If the total
current I(t) carried by the pipe is 8cost A, where
 = 1200 rad/s, find:
a) skin depth

b) skin resistance

27/02/51
c) dc resistance

27/02/51
 The Poynting theorem and power
transmission
Poynting theorem
 1 2  1
 ( E  H ) d S    J E dV    E dV    H 2
dV
t 2 t 2
Total power leaving Joule’s law
Rate of change of energy stored
the surface for instantaneous In the fields
power dissipated
per volume (dissi-
pated by heat)

Instantaneous poynting vector

S  EH W/m2
27/02/51
Example of Poynting theorem in DC
case
 1 2  1
 ( E  H ) d S    J E dV    E dV    H 2
dV
t 2 t 2
Rate of change of energy stored
In the fields = 0

27/02/51
Example of Poynting theorem in DC
case
I
From J az
a 2

By using Ohm’s law,

J I
E   2 az
 a 
I2 a 2 L
 2 2 
 d   d  dz
 ( a ) 0 0 0

1 L
 I 2
  I 2
R
 a 2

27/02/51
Example of Poynting theorem in DC
case
 
Verify with  E  H d S
From Ampère’s circuital law,

 H dl  I

2 aH  I
I
H a
2 a

27/02/51
 Example of Poynting theorem in DC
case
I I I 2
S  E  H  2 az  a  a
a  2 a 2 a 
2 3

I 2
Total power  S d S   2 3 a   d dz
2 a 

 I 2 a 2 L I 2 L
 2 3  d  dz    I 2
R W
2 a  0 0  a 2

27/02/51
Uniform plane wave (UPW) power
transmission
 Time-averaged power density
1 
P avg  Re( E  H ) W/m2
2
amount of power P   Pavg d S
1 E
for lossless case, P avg  Ex 0e j  z a x  x 0 e  j  z a y
2 
1 Ex20
 P avg  az W
2 

27/02/51
Uniform plane wave (UPW) power
transmission
for lossy medium, we can write

E  Ex 0e  z e  j  z e j a x

intrinsic impedance for lossy medium    e j n

1 1
H a  E  a z  Ex 0e z e j z e j a x
 
Ex 0
 e z e j z e j e jn a y


27/02/51
Uniform plane wave (UPW) power
transmission
1 
from P avg  Re( E  H )
2

1  Ex20 2 z j 

 Re  e e  az
2   
1 Ex20 2 z
 e cos  a z W/m2
2 

Question: Have you ever wondered why aluminum foil is not allowed in
the microwave oven?
27/02/51