Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

Draw a circle around T or F and correct them.

1. In General American /r/ is pronounced only when it occurs in accented syllables. T F

2. During the last decades, the proportion of native and non-native speakers of English has altered dramatically. T F

3. Some people see the teaching of English as a form of cultural or linguistic imperialism. T F

4. A lingua franca is a language widely used for communication between people who share the same first language. T
F

5. Vowel / / does not form part of the General American inventory of phonemes and is usually replaced by vowel
/a:/. T F

6. Paralinguistic features are not culture-bound T F

7. According to G. Brown, paralinguistic features are not related to the phenomenon referred to as body talk or body
language. T F

8. According to G. Brown, features are paralinguistic when they depart from a speaker's normal way of speaking. T F

9. Paralinguistic features tend to co-occur T F

10. Paralinguistic features contribute to the expression of attitude by a speaker. T F

11. Listeners seem to pay more attention to paralinguistic features when these features contradict the verbal
content of the message. T F

12. Besides normal voice setting, Brown distinguishes between breathy and squeak voice setting T F

13. Articulatory precision usually diminishes the importance of the message. T F

14. The use of restricted pitch span is not associated with the expression of emotion. T F

15. The term growl range refers to an individual's voice range above the normal speaking voice range. T F

16. Voice placing in the 'squeak range is only possible with rising tones. T F

17. Pause is a paralinguistic feature when it is used to indicate the end of an utterance T F

18. What is perceived as loud in one speaker may be perceived as normal in another speaker. T F

19. Timing of segments and syllables has to do with the length of segments and syllables. T F

20. Breathy voice can co-occur with creaky voice. T F

21. The paralinguistic feature of extended pitch span refers to the amount of fall or rise in pitch. T F

1. Timing of segments and syllables has to do with speed of delivery. T F

2. Placing in voice range concerns mainly falling tones. T F

3. A non-rhetoric accent is one in which /r/ is pronounced only before vowels. T F

4. Paralinguistic features always reinforce the verbal content of a message. T F

5. Listeners pay particular attention to paralinguistic features when these features contradict the uttered words. T F

6. Paralinguistic features are unmarked features of an individual. T F

7. In reading aloud, oblique orientation means speaker-orientation towards the language. T F

8. Systemic differences between accents of English refer to differences in the inventory of phonemes. T F

9. Precise articulation is a paralinguistic feature when it contrasts with the speaker's normal way of articulation. T F

10. Loudness often co-occurs with breathy voice. T F

11. Voice placing in the squeak range seems to correlate with placing in the growl range. T F

12. Paralinguistic features reveal feelings and attitudes. T F

13. Pause is a paralinguistic feature when it is used to separate tone units. T F

14. In oblique orientation, the reader chooses between level and falling tones. T F

15. As regards intonation, it seems that in standard British English the pitch range tends to be wider than in General
American. T F

16. In reading aloud, direct orientation means speaker-orientation towards the writer. T F

17. In direct orientation, the reader chooses between rising and falling tones. T F

18. In words of French origin such as garage, the stress falls on the first syllable in standard British English whereas in
General American, it falls on the last one. T F

19. Realizational differences between accents of English refer to differences in the number of allophones.

1. If concentrating on the BrE accent, Vowel /o/ is usually replaced by vowel/a:/ A in the words shot' and 'stop. T F

2. In General American (or NAE accent), / / is pronounced only when it occurs in accented syllables. T F

3. Lexical differences refer to differences in the distribution of consonant phonemes. T F

4. Allophonic differences refer to differences in the vowel phonemic inventory. T F

5. The word "fertile" is pronounced /f3:tail/ in BBC English. T F

6. Paralinguistic features are not bound up to a particular culture or social group. T F

7. Paralinguistic features tend to co-occur. In other words, they can be produced individually. T F

9. Paralinguistic features are isolated from other modes of language. T F

10. Paralinguistic features may contradict the verbal content of the utterance: this is the case of ironic or sarcastic
comments. T F

11. BBC English is the pronunciation used by speakers such as newsreaders and announcers on T.V and radio,
including the World Service. T F

12. One of the most salient characteristics of Bre accent is Dark,´l´ typically realized or pronounced in all positions. T
F

13. Breathy voice and croaky voice can co-occur in the same utterance. T F

14. The use of restricted pitch span is not associated with the expression of emotion. T F

15. If paying close attention to the many varieties of English, there are differences in how vowels and consonants are
pronounced how words are stressed and intonation. T F
16. Articulatory precision usually diminish the importance of the message. T F

17. If pauses are used to locate grammatical boundaries, they can be considered a paralinguistic feature. T F

18. What is perceived as loud in one speaker may be perceived as normal in another speaker. T F

19. Flapped or tapped /t is one of the main characteristics of the British Accent. T F

20. Brown (1990) indicates that the paralinguistic feature “Extended pitch span" refers to the amount of pitch
movement (fall or rise in pitch) T F

22. Pauses are rhetorical, they cannot be considered a deviation from the norm. T F

23. BrE is a non-rhotic language and GA is a rhotic language; this is one of many differences between these two
accents.

24. The vowel sound /o/forms part of the vowel inventory of General American (NAE) accent

25. When defining paralinguistic features of speech, Harmer (2007) concentrates on aspects of the voice which can
be perceived or heard on the radio or telephone. T F

27. Silent reading can be considered as an interactive process between reader and writer T F

28. In reading aloud, direct orientation means speaker-orientation towards the writer. T F

29. Oblique orientation involves choices between neutral and referring tones. T F

30. Direct orientation involves choices between proclaiming and level tones. T F

31. In reading aloud, oblique orientation means speaker-orientation towards the language T F

II. Transcribe the following words as pronounced in RP (standard British English) and GA (standard North American
English). Identify the type(s) of difference(s).

WORD RP GA DIFFERENCE
Newspaper

lovely

water

fear

hostile

example

dominated
wanted

international

later

box

share

laugh

writer

tube

spot

city

winter

new

fast

stairs

dance

poor

return

class

rock
dearest

pity

fitting

fertile

across

cure

board

party

clear

Loss

News