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Nano-additives In Diesel, Biodiesel Fuel Blends For
Automotive Traction

Nano-additives In Diesel, Biodiesel Fuel Blends For Automotive Traction

With A Focus On Their Stability, Engine Performance And Emission
Characteristics
1. Introduction:
Biodiesel is an unsurpassed alternative fuel source intended to extend the value to
fossil fuels, and the longevity and cleanliness of diesel engines. It reduces the
dependence on foreign fuels and reduces the greenhouse gas emissions due to its
closed carbon cycle. The plentiful advantages of biodiesel are overcome by few
drawbacks such as the increase in the nitrogen oxide emission, its incompatibility
with cold weather conditions, and the regular intervals of engine parts replacement
such as fuel filters, fuel tanks and fuel lines due to clogging. There is a further scope
for enhancement in fuel properties and to overcome the drawbacks by addition of
 nanoparticles as fuel additives. Recent researches on fuel additives indicated the
inclusion of nano-sized particles (metallic, non-metallic, oxygenated, organic and
combination) with diesel-biodiesel fuel emulsion. The results achieved demonstrated
an improvement in the thermophysical properties, enhancement in the heat transfer
rate, and stabilization of the fuel mixtures. Also, there was an increase in the engine
performance parameters and reduction in the exhaust emissions depending on the
dosage of nanofluid additives. This work provides a bird view of the methods for
preparation of nanofluids, the stability enhancement of nanofluids, characterization
methods to find the chemical bonding, nanoparticle shape, and size, dispersion of
nano-additives in liquid fuel, the health effects, and applications of nanoparticles in
the automotive industry. The experimental results from the various researchers were
not generalized to reach a general accord regarding this innovative approach of fuel
adulteration. The present work summarizes the literature from most recent articles on
nanoparticles as a liquid fuel additive*.The effect of dispersion of several
nanoparticles on the enhancement in the performance characteristics and reduction
in emission of a CI engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blends were discussed. The
further scope suggests the development of an economically sustainable and feasible
nanoparticle additive for diesel and biodiesel fuel. Nevertheless, few obstacles and
challenges which have been recognized in this review must be addressed before
they can be fully put into practice in the industrial applications.

*https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890418311191

2. Preparation of Nano-diesel and Biodiesels and their stability aspects:The fuel

(diesel and biodiesels) enrichment method by addition of nano-additives is widely
accepted by numerous researchers. The nano-additives are used to achieve specific
fuel properties and to improve the diesel engine performance characteristics and to
attain a good engine emission control without any engine modification. Technological
advancement of nano-additives and their use in biodiesel blended fuel combinations
reduced engine out emissions, which proved to be a potential fuel additive. Non-
edible oils such as Honge, Jatropha and Simarouba oils were selected in the present
study. Nano-biodiesel blends were than prepared using nanoparticles (NPs) such as
aluminium, silver and graphene along with suitable surfactants**. The stability of
nanoparticle suspension especially the long-term stability under practical conditions
is a crucial issue for both scientific research and practical applications. An anionic
surfactant, namely sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used and Figure 1 shows the
structure of the SDS surfactant and the nano-biodiesel blend formation.
It was found that an optimum graphene-to-surfactant ratio of 1:4 gives a
homogenous, uniform and stable dispersion. This ratio was taken as standard for
preparation of biodiesel blends of 20, 40 and 60 ppm that are named as BD2020,
BD2040 and BD2060, respectively***. Figure 2 shows an ultra-sonicator set up used
in nano-biodiesel blends preparation.
 **http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/ijaet/article/view/1072000081

Experimental Test Rig:

The developed biodiesel and nano-biodiesel blends were tested in a single cylinder, high-
pressure CRDi injection facilitated diesel engine as shown in Fig. 4.
Conclusions***:

Based on the results obtained from the engine tests conducted on the diesel engine, the
following conclusions can be drawn:

◦ Stable and homogeneously dispersed nano-biodiesels can be prepared with

the help of suitable surfactant.
◦ Fuel modification of Biodiesels can be made to improve performance and
emission characteristics of a CI engine significantly.
◦ BTE was improved with optimized biodiesel-NPs blends while harmful
emissions of CO, HC and NOx were reduced as compared to neat biodiesel
operation.
◦ Nano-biodiesels fuel accelerated evaporation which reduced the ID and CD,
while higher PP and HRR were observed.

***https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13369-018-3121-6

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