Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
References and Citations: Main referencing systems
1. Content
1.1. Writing references. Why referencing? (I)
Writing references. Why referencing? (II)
1.2. Main referencing systems or styles (I)
Main referencing systems or styles (II)
Main referencing systems or styles (III)
1.3. The APA6 referencing system
1.4. Reference management tools
2. Summary
3. Concept map
4. References
1
Unit 6. References and Citations: Main referencing systems
In higher education when you include a fact or piece of information in an assignment or essay
you must also include where and how you found them. This is because you are not just being tested
on what you know, but rather what you are able to find out on your own and what you think it means.
The same happens when writing for academic research.
Details about where you found the information to write your assignment or research article are found
at the end of your work, in the reference list and/or bibliography.
To make the reference list and bibliography consistent and easy to read there are predefined styles
stating how to organise and present your references in a research work. These are called referencing
or citation systems. Referencing systems differ across disciplines or fields of study (i.e. psychology,
history, medicine, etc.).
In this unit you will learn:
✔ The concepts of reference and citation, and their
purpose in academic writing.
✔ The referencing systems used by different
academic disciplines.
✔ To use the APA 6 referencing style developed by the
American Psychological Association and also used in
Psychology.
✔ The main reference management tools available
to help you organise your bibliographic resources.
typewriting, start.
2
1. Content
3
1.1. Writing references. Why referencing? (I)
Referencing is a very important part of academic work. When you write a scientific article, a report, or
a class assignment you must clearly state the difference between your own ideas and what you have
taken from other sources. If you do not cite or reference someone else’s work you might be accused
of plagiarism. Correct references help you to avoid plagiarism and to make it clear which ideas are
your own and which are someone else's. This is key good practice in academic writing.
Referencing external sources will make your research sounder and
more rigorous, and your arguments will have more credibility. It is
a way to show your understanding of the topic by incorporating
other people’s arguments to your own analysis.
If your references are well structured and displayed, your readers The books, articles, websites,
will have easy access to your sources and therefore, their interest videos, and other materials you
in your subject topic will increase. consult are called sources of
information. You need to know how
to cite and reference all your sources
correctly.
Writing.
4
Writing references. Why referencing? (II)
Citations and references
Citations are direct (quoting) or indirect (paraphrasing) references you make to other people’s
research within the body of your work. The format of these citations may vary depending on the
referencing system you are using.
The examples below are direct and indirect citations according to the APA system, the style mostly
used for referencing in Social Sciences.
Direct citations:
Indirect citations:
5
References appear as a list of the sources you have cited at the end of your work. Here full
details of the sources are provided. In APA style, this is not a list of “works consulted”. Every source
that is listed in your references also needs to be cited in the body of your paper. At this point, a
distinction should be made between references and bibliography (although many times people use
these terms interchangeably).
Tags.
6
1.2. Main referencing systems or styles (I)
You are going to study the main referencing systems according to
different academic disciplines (Science, Humanities, and Social
Sciences). In the next section (2.3.) we will focus on APA style, the
referencing system used in Psychology.
Science:
VANCOUVER
The Vancouver system is a numeric referencing style mainly used in medical and scientific
research. The intext references consist of numbers in chronological order. If the same source
is mentioned several times in the text, the same number is used. Information about the
references is then provided in the reference list according to the chronological order they
appear in the text. It may also include a separate bibliography, alphabetically ordered by
author, which lists works that have not been cited in the text but have been used as part of
the research.
Example for journal article:
Intext: (5)
In bibliography:
5. Chhibber PK, Majumdar SK. Foreign ownership and You can find the complete
profitability: Property rights, control, and the performance information about how to reference
in Vancouver style in the following
of firms in Indian industry. Journal of Law & Economics online manuals.
1999; 42(1): 209238.
Example for book:
Intext: (6)
7
Main referencing systems or styles (II)
Humanities:
CHICAGO
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS or CMOS) is widely used in History and Arts. There are two
different ways of citing and referencing within this system: (1) footnotes (intext) and
bibliography, and (2) authordate.
(1) The footnotes and bibliography style presents bibliographic information in notes and,
often, a bibliography.
(2) In the authordate system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses,
by author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of
references, where full bibliographic information is provided.
Example for footnotes and bibliography:
Footnote shorter version: 2. Weinstein, “Plato’s Republic,” Chicago manual of style.
452–53.
Citingreferencing Chicago.
Bibliography: Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s
Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.
Book:
Footnote: 1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New
York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100.
Footnote shorter version: 2. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.
Bibliography: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New
York: Penguin, 2006.
8
Example of authordate: Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an
example of a corresponding parenthetical citation in the text.
Journal article:
Bibliography or reference list: Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.”
Classical Philology 104:439–58.
Intext citation: (Weinstein 2009, 440)
Book:
Bibliography or reference list: Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin.
Intext citation: (Pollan 2006, 99–100)
HARVARD
Harvard is very similar to APA. APA is mainly used in the
USA, and Harvard is widely used in the UK and Australia.
The Harvard style is also known as authordate system
and is a kind of parenthetical referencing because the in
text citation can be in brackets in the body of the text or If you want to learn more about the
in footnotes, and uses the author's surname and the date Harvard referencing style go to
of publication, with the page number if it is a reference to
Havard references guide.
a particular page. Full details are only listed in the
bibliography or reference list. Referencing Harvard_2015.
Example for journal article:
Intext: Cox (2002, pp.650651) states that “…”
In bibliography:
Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing today, Spring
Issue, pp.64785.
Example for book:
Intext: (Shriver and Atkins, 1999)
In bibliography: Shriver, D.F. and Atkins, P.W. (1999). Inorganic chemistry. 3rd ed. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
9
MLA
Example for journal article: MLA citation style.
Intext: Kincaid stated that “…” (622)
In bibliography: Kincaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo,
vol. 24, no. 2, Spring 2001, pp. 62026.
Example for book:
In text: The age of distraction is described as “…” (Jacobs 45)
In bibliography: Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP,
2011.
10
Main referencing systems or styles (III)
Social Sciences:
APA
We will study this referencing system in the next section.
Puzzle.
11
1.3. The APA6 referencing system
APA referencing is very similar to Harvard style. Most of the What’s new in the 6th edition
conventions are the same, with brief authordate citations in
brackets in the body of the text and full citations in the reference
list. It is common to include a reference list only, rather than a bibliography in APA style. Citations for
websites are also slightly different, with no need to include a date accessed.
You will learn how to reference and cite in APA style through the following examples:
12
Book:
Reference list:
Smith, J. D. (2009). Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide. Wellington, New
Zealand: Rata Press.
Intext citation:
✔ PARAPRASE: When paraphrasing, you put the source information into your own
words and phrases. The author's name can appear outside the brackets,
incorporated into the sentence or inside the brackets:
According to Smith (2009) the best source of …
… was the case (Smith, 2009).
It is not compulsory to include page numbers when paraphrasing, but they can be
included if you want to refer to a specific part of the source:
According to Smith (2009, p. 22), …
✔ QUOTATION: A quotation is an exact copy of the wording used in an outside source.
The author's name can appear outside the brackets, incorporated into the sentence
or inside the brackets:
According to Smith (2009) “the best source of …” (p. 22).
… was the case” (Smith, 2009, p. 22).
✔ SOURCE WITHIN A SOURCE: Many academic books and journal articles quote earlier
books or articles on the same topic. If you cannot access the original source (it is
out of print, or unavailable through the library), you can cite the secondary source
instead. Note that only the source you have viewed directly (the quoting source)
should appear in the reference list. In the intext citation both sources are
mentioned, with the original source before the quoting source:
Arnold's study of childhood obesity (as cited in Smith, 2009) is a landmark in …
Journal article:
Reference list:
Smith, J. D. (2009). Māori voices: Approaches to bilingual research. Journal of Academic
Methodologies, 38(3), 17–28.
Intext citation:
Paraphrases, quotations, and sources within sources in journal articles are cited within the
text in the same way of books.
13
Edited book chapter:
Reference list:
Smith, J. D. (2009). Trends in discourse analysis. In G. Schwartz & U. N. Owen (Eds.),
Readings in qualitative research design (pp. 15–59). Wellington, New Zealand: Rata Press.
Intext citation:
Paraphrases, quotations, and sources within sources in book chapters are cited within the
text in the same way of books.
Web page:
Reference list:
Smith, J. D. (2009). Kindergartens and childcare centres
in New Zealand. Retrieved from
http://www.example.com/thepage.htm
Many different types of sources can
Intext citation:
be found online. ‘Web page’ is only
used as a last resort, if no other
Paraphrases, quotations, and sources within sources in type is appropriate. If your source is
web pages or other online source are cited within the also a journal article, report, or other
text in the same way of books. source type, choose that type
instead. Specify that it was found
online.
Newspaper article:
Reference list:
Smith, J. D. (2009, January 12). Research awards draw industry attention. Albany Times, p.
22.
Intext citation:
Paraphrases, quotations, and sources within sources in newspaper articles are cited within
the text in the same way of books.
14
Magazine article:
Reference list
Smith, J. D. (2009, January 12). Tertiary funding models in New Zealand. Tertiary
Education Magazine, 21(1), 21–24.
Intext citation
Paraphrases, quotations, and sources within sources in magazine articles are cited within
the text in the same way of books.
Report:
Reference list
15
1.4. Reference management tools
✔ Gather references from various databases in just one place.
✔ Track your references.
✔ Create a reference list in Word.
✔ Draft references according to the relevant citing system.
✔ Create publication lists.
The most popular reference management software programmes are:
✔ Cite this for me (free online)
✔ End note
✔ Mendeley (free online)
✔ Zotero (free online)
✔ Refworks
There are many programmes like those above to arrange your research
sources. Some of them are available online for free and with easy
tutorials available.
Tools.
16
2. Summary
In this unit you have learnt about the great importance of
writing and structuring the references in your research work.
You already know the difference between citations (direct
and indirect) and references, and between a reference list
and a bibliography.
At this point you are able to make intext references and
reference lists using the main systems or styles in any field
of research (Vancouver, Chicago, Harvard, MLA, and APA6).
In relation to your study area, not only have you learnt to
reference in APA6, the most used style in psychology, but
also to adapt a full piece of research to this system,
developed by the American Psychological Association.
Finally, you have learnt about the utility of the reference
management programmes and the main software
programmes available (by purchase or free online).
Engine.
17
3. Concept map
18
4. References
Main references
Citation guides. Retrieved from http://www.citethisforme.com/guides
Citing and Referencing: Vancouver style. (2015). Imperial College London. [pdf guide].
Retrieved from https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperialcollege/administrationandsupp
ortservices/library/public/vancouver.pdf
Common referencing systems. Retrieved from http://www.ub.umu.se/en/write/references/co
mmonreferencesystems
Free APA style tutorials. (2016). American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://
www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/index.aspx
Guide to the Harvard style of referencing (5th ed.). (2015). Anglia Ruskin University. [pdf
guide]. Retrieved from http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_201
5.pdf
Harvard reference style guide. (2009). Open Journals Publishing. [pdf guide]. Retrieved
from http://openjournals.net/files/Ref/HARVARD2009%20Reference%20guide.pdf
How to cite direct quotations. (2010). APA style: American Psychological Association.
[Online blog]. Mcadoo, T. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/03/howto
citedirectquotations.html
Referencing other material in APA. Massey University. Retrieved from http://owll.massey.a
c.nz/referencing/referencingothermaterialinapa.php
The Chicago Manual of Style online (16th ed.). (2010). University of Chicago. Retrieved
from http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
University of Leeds guidelines on referencing. Retrieved from https://library.leeds.ac.uk/ski
llsreferencing#activatewhy_and_when_should_i_reference
University of Leeds referencing tutorial. Retrieved from https://library.leeds.ac.uk/tutorials/
referencing/
University of Reading guidelines on referencing. Retrieved from http://libguides.reading.ac.
uk/referencingstyles
What’s the difference between a citation and a reference? (2013). Literacy, Languages, and
Leadership. [Online blog]. Dr. Eaton, S. Retrieved from https://drsaraheaton.wordpress.co
m/2013/10/18/whatsthedifferencebetweenacitationandareference/
19
When and How to Include Page Numbers in APA Style Citations. (2015). APA style:
American Psychological Association. [Online blog]. Lee, C. Retrieved from http://blog.apast
yle.org/apastyle/paraphrasing/
Additional references
APA interactive. Massey University. Retrieved from http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/ap
ainteractive.php
International Journal of Psychological Studies. [Online archive]. Retrieved from http://www.
ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijps/issue/archive
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/d
ictionary/english/
EnglishSpanish Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.wordreference.com/es/
Free Psychology Journals. Retrieved from http://www.allaboutpsychology.com/freepsycho
logyjournals.html
Grohol, J.M. Encyclopedia of Psychology. Retrieved from http://psychcentral.com/encyclope
dia/
MerriamWebster Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriamwebster.com
Scientific Research in Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/education/undergrad/
libraryresearch.aspx
Other resources
Open access Thesis and Dissertations on Psychology. Retrieved from https://oatd.org/oatd/
search?q=psychology&form=basic
Psychology conferences. Retrieved from http://www.conferenceservice.com/conferences/ps
ychology.html
Psychology Today. [Online magazine]. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/
20