DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY

VSU, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte

Name: Castil, Joyce B. Date Performed: September 17, 2018

Lab. Schedule: MWF 1:00-4:00 pm Date Submitted: September 26, 2018
Group No: 6 Rating:

Experiment No. 6
Calorimetry

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the calorimeter constant, to determine
the experimental heat fusion of ice and to determine the experimentally heat neutralization.
The students used the coffee-cup calorimeter to measure the calorimetry. The students have
calculated the average constant calorimeter of the two trials that resulted to 22 cal/⁰C which
means that the calorimeter absorbed heat and the reaction released heat. Also, the students
were able to get the heat fusion of the ice, 24 cal/g in trial 1 and 30 cal/g in trial 2 which
were positive values meaning it undergone heat fusion. Furthermore, the resulted
calculations in the heat neutralization did not match to the expected answers from the
literature.

Introduction
Heat and work are the two most common ways for a system to exchange energy
with its surroundings. The work term in reactions that do not involve gases is zero, so all
the energy change results in heat. Endothermic is a process or reaction that absorbs energy
in the form of heat, while exothermic is a process that release energy in a form of heat. The
amount of heat that flows into or out of the surroundings is determined with a technique
called calorimetry (heat measurement). A calorimeter is composed of an insulated
container, a thermometer, a mass of water, and the system to be studied. The use of an
insulated container (Styrofoam cup in this experiment) allows the student to assume that
there is no heat transferred through the calorimeter walls. In the experiment, the student
will test this assumption. Heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to
raise a temperature of a sample to 1 K, and it is usually determined experimentally before
or after the actual measurements of heat reaction.

The temperature changes undergone by water are used to calculate the quantity of
heat energy that transfers during the process taking place. The quantity of heat, Q, involved
in the temperature change is given by:

Q = mC∆T

Where m - mass of water, C – specific heat of water (4.184 J/g ⁰C), and ∆T – the change
in temperature.

Results and Discussions

Part A.
Time (s) 3 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Temperature (⁰C) 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 47 (Distilled water)
41 40 40 40 (Hot water)
 60

50 49 49 48 48 47 47 47
50
41 40 40 40
40
Temperature (⁰C)

30

20

10

0
0 3 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
Time (s)

Trial 1 Trial 2

Figure 1. Temperature of Hot and Distilled water

Table 1. Calorimeter Constant

Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of distilled water 24.45 g 24.45 g
Mass of hot water 24.28 g 24.30 g
Initial temperature of distilled water 27 ⁰ C 29⁰ C
Initial temperature of hot water 41⁰ C 50⁰ C
Equilibrium temperature 40⁰ C 47⁰ C
Calorimeter constant, cal/⁰C 23 cal/⁰C 20 cal/⁰C
Average calorimeter constant 22 cal/⁰C

To solve calorimeter constant

qcal = qhot + qcold
Trial 1 Trial 2
qhot = mC∆T qhot = mC∆T
= (24.28 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(40˚C-41˚C) = (24.30 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(47˚C-50˚C)
 = (24.28 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(-1˚C) = (24.30 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(-3˚C)
= -24.28 cal = -72.90 cal
qcold= mC∆T qcold= mC∆T
= (24.45 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(40˚C-27˚C) = (24.45 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(47˚C-29˚C)
= (24.12 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(13˚C) = (24.45 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(18˚C)
= 317.85 cal = 440.1 cal
qcal = qhot + qcold qcal = qhot + qcold
= -24.28 cal + 317.85 cal = -72.90 cal + 440.1 cal
= 293.57 cal = 367.2 cal
𝐪𝐜𝐚𝐥
Calorimeter constant = ∆𝐓

Trial 1 Trial 2
293.57 cal 367.2 cal
= (40˚C−27˚C) = (47˚C−29˚C)
293.57 cal 367.2 cal
= =
13˚C 18˚C

= 23 cal/˚C = 20 cal/˚C

Average calorimeter constant

cal cal
23 + 20
= ˚C ˚C
= 22 cal/˚C
2

The resulted calculations of qhot was negative in trial 1 was -24.28 cal and in trial 2
was -72.90 cal which indicates an exothermic reaction. There was a released of heat
happened when the hot water was added to the distilled water. While in qcold endothermic
reaction was observed because there was an energy being absorbed that resulted to a
positive answer which was 293.57 cal in trial 1 and 367.2 cal in trial 2. The calculations in
calorimeter constant showed a positive calorimeter constant which was 23 cal/⁰C in trial 1
and 20 cal/⁰C in trial 2 that resulted to an average of 22 cal/⁰C which means that the
calorimeter absorbed heat and the reaction released heat.

Part B.
Time (s) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
Temperature (⁰C) 20 18 16 15 14 13 12 12 12 (trial 1)
 16 15 15 12 11 10 10 9 8 7 7 7 (trial 2)
25

20
20
18
16 16
15 15 15
Temperature (⁰C)

15 14
13
12 12 12 12
11
10 10
10 9
8
7 7 7

0
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
Time (s)

Trial 1 Trial 2

Figure 2. Change in Temperature of Ice

Table 2. Heat of Fusion

Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of tap water 29.62 g 29.67 g
Mass of ice + beaker +
73.56 g 73.50 g
tissue
Mass of beaker + tissue 48.56 g 48.59 g
Mass of ice 25 g 25 g
Initial temperature of tap
33⁰ C 33⁰ C
water
Initial temperature of ice 2⁰ C 2⁰ C
Equilibrium temperature 12⁰ C 7⁰ C
Calorimeter constant 22 cal /˚C 22 cal /˚C
Heat of fusion of ice, cal/g 24 cal/g 30 cal/g
To solve heat of fusion
qH2O + qice + qcal = 0
Trial 1 Trial 2
qH2O = mC∆T qH2O = mC∆T
= (29.62 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(12˚C-33˚C) = (29.67 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(7˚C-33˚C)
= (29.62 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(-21˚C) = (29.67 g)(1 cal/g∙˚C)(-26˚C)
= -622.0 cal = -771.4 cal
qcal = 22 cal qcal = 22 cal
qice = - qH2O - qcal qice = - qH2O - qcal
= -(-622.0 cal) – 22 cal = -(-771.4 cal) – 22 cal
= 622.0 cal – 22 cal = 771.4 cal – 22 cal
= 600.0 cal = 749.4 cal

qH2O + qice + qcal = 0 qH2O + qice + qcal = 0

= -622.0 cal + 600.0 cal + 22 cal = -771.4 cal + 749.4 cal + 22 cal
=0 =0

𝐪𝒊𝒄𝒆
Heat of Fusion = 𝐦𝒊𝒄𝒆

Trial 1 Trial 2
600.0 𝑐𝑎𝑙 749.4 𝑐𝑎𝑙
= 25 𝑔
= 25 𝑔

= 24 cal/g = 30 cal/g

Heating the solid ice that turned to a liquid water was a process of melting
or heat fusion. This results to the disorganized of the molecules. The change in enthalpy is
positive when a substance is from a solid state to a liquid, however when the substance is
from liquid state to solid state the change in enthalpy is negative. The process is known
freezing that results to the more ordered molecule in a substance. Since the computed data
above resulted to a positive value, 24 cal/g in trial 1 and 30 cal/g in trial 2 this means that
the ice undergone a heat of fusion.
Part C.
Set 1
Time (s) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Temperature (⁰C) 43 43 43.5 44 44.5 44.5 45 45 45
Set 2
Time (s) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Temperature (⁰C) 32 33 35 36 36.5 37 37 37
Set 3
Time (s) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Temperature (⁰C) 32 37 40 42.5 43 44 47 47.5 48 48 48

60

47 47.5 48 48 48
50 43.5 44 44.5 44.5
44 45 45 45
43 43 42.5 43
40
Temperature (⁰C)

37 36 36.5 37 37 37
40 35
32 33

30

20

10

0
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Time (s)

Set 1 Set 2 Set 3

Figure 3. Change in Temperature of Different Reactions

Table 3. Heat of Reaction
Parameter Set 1 Set 2 Set 3
Volume of acid, ml 25.5 ml 25.5 ml 25.5 ml
Volume of base, ml 24.5 ml 24.5 ml 24.5 ml
Initial temperature of
43⁰ C 29⁰ C 30⁰ C
NaOH
Initial temperature of HCl 45⁰ C 28⁰ C 29⁰ C
Min/Max temperature
43⁰ C-45⁰ C 32⁰ C-37⁰ C 32⁰ C-48⁰ C
reacted
Difference in temperature 2⁰ C 2⁰ C 16⁰ C
Heat evolved by the
1.08248448 kJ 1.08248448 kJ 7.57739136 kJ
reaction, kJ
Expt’l Molar heat of
-7.36 kJ/mol -7.36 kJ/mol -51.5 kJ/mol
neutralization, kJ/mol
Molar heat of
neutralization, kJ/mol from -57 kJ/mol -57.1 kJ/mol -52.2 kJ/mol
literature

To solve for Limiting Reactant

Set 1
1L 6 mol HCl
25.5 mL × 1000 mL× = 0.153 mol HCl
1L
1L 6 mol NaOH
24.5 mL × 1000 mL× = 0.147 mol NaOH (limiting reactant)
1L

Set 2
1L 6 mol HOAc
25.5 mL × 1000 mL× = 0.153 mol HOAc
1L
1L 6 mol NaOH
24.5 mL × 1000 mL× = 0.147 mol NaOH (limiting reactant)
1L

Set 3
1L 6 mol HCl
25.5 mL × 1000 mL× = 0.153 mol HCl
1L
1L 6 mol NH4OH
24.5 mL × 1000 mL× 1L
= 0.147 mol NH4OH (limiting reactant)
To solve for constant (c) in Joules
4.184 J/g ∙˚C
22 cal/g∙˚C × = 92.048 J/g ∙ ˚C
1 cal/g ∙˚C

To solve for Heat Evolved

Set 1
q = mC∆T
= 40 g/mol (0.147 mol NaOH)(92.048 J/g ∙ ˚C)(2˚C)
= 5.88 (92.048 J)(2)
1 kJ
= 1082.48448 J × 1000 J

q = 1.08248448 kJ

To solve for expt’l molar heat of neutralization

−𝐪
∆𝐇 = 𝐧
−1.08248448 kJ
= 0.147 mol NaOH

= -7.36 kJ/mol
Set 2
q = mC∆T
= 40 g/mol (0.147 mol NaOH)( 92.048 J/g ∙ ˚C)(2˚C)
= 5.88 (92.048 J)(2)
1 kJ
= 1082.48448 J × 1000 J

q = 1.08248448 kJ
−𝐪
∆𝐇 = 𝐧
−1.08248448 kJ
= 0.147 mol NaOH

= -7.36 kJ/mol
Set 3
q = mC∆T
= 35 g/mol (0.147 mol NH40H)(92.048 J/g ∙ ˚C)(16˚C)
= 5.145 (92.048 J)(16)
 1 kJ
= 7577.39136 J × 1000 J

q = 7.57739136 kJ
−𝐪
∆𝐇 = 𝐧
−7.57739136 Kj
= 0.147 mol NH₄OH

= -51.5 kJ/mol

The heat of neutralization is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one equivalent
of an acid and one equivalent of a base undergo a neutralization reaction to form water and
salt. It is special case of the enthalpy of reaction. It is defined as the energy released with
the formation of 1 mole of water. The resulted calculated answers in the experiment in heat
neutralization was -7.363 kJ/mol in set 1 and set 2, in set 3 was -51.54 kJ/mol. These values
were negative the same as the expected answer from the literature, only that it did not match
to the exact number. Only the set 3 answer was near to the expected answer from the
literature, it was because of systematic error. The data that the student have gathered did
not match to the expected answer.

Conclusion
At the end of the experiment the students were able to evaluate and calculate the
calorimeter constant, determine the experimental heat fusion of ice and was able also to
determine the heat neutralization. Thus, the students were able to learn and understand
calorimetry.

Post-Laboratory Questions
1. Why are Styrofoam cups often used as improvised calorimeters? What would be
the effect on the determined calorimeter constant if glass were used instead of
Styrofoam?
 Styrofoam cup is used as a calorimeter, because it is a container with good
insulated walls to prevent heat exchange with the environment. Using a
glass on determining the calorimeter constant will commit an error because
when glass is use there is more heat transfer (hot to cold) from the internal
 environment to the surroundings. The record temperature in glass will be
low making the calculated ∆H smaller which is incorrect.

2. Why is water used as the liquid inside the calorimeter?

 Water is used as the liquid inside the calorimeter because it has high specific
heat and the capacity to retain heat that allows the other substances inside
the calorimeter to absorb heat. Water can absorb a great deal of heat while
remaining in the liquid phase because of its high specific heat, which means
that the temperature can still be measured using standard thermometer.

3. Determine if the reactions carried out are exothermic or endothermic reaction. Give
the balanced chemical reaction of each.
SET 1: HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl ----- exothermic reaction
SET 2: C2H3OOH + NaOH → H2O + NaC2H3O2 ----- exothermic reaction
SET 3: HCl + NH4OH → H2O + NH4Cl ----- exothermic reaction

Literature cited
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https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-calorimeter-in-chemistry-604397.
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happens-when-you-mix-hydrochloric-acid-and-ammonium-hydroxide. (accessed
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http://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem104/ZZ_Vernier_Determining%20the
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