Contents

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Components Required
4. Theory
5. Experimental Procedures
6. Result and Discussion
7. Conclusion
8. References
Abstract:
We need to make a power supply in our project. Here we have used 7805,7905,7812 and
7912 ICs, also 10:1 centre tap transformer with an output current of 1A. The circuit also has
capacitors of 1000µF ,100µF and 0.1µF. Also, tools like soldering machine and solders, wire
cutter. Here 4 diodes are connected in a simple format. The output that we get here is
approximately ±12 and ±5V .

Introduction:
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to
an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one
form of electrical energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are
sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are
discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into larger devices along
with their loads. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices. Every power supply must obtain
the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it consumes while
performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power
supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources, including
electrical energy transmission systems, energy storage devices such as
a batteries and fuel cells, electromechanical systems such as generators
and alternators, solar power converters, or another power supply.

All power supplies have a power input, which receives energy from the energy
source, and a power output that delivers energy to the load. In most power
supplies the power input and output consist of electrical connectors or
hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies employ wireless
energy transfer in lieu of galvanic connections for the power input or output.
Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for
functions such as external monitoring and control.
Components Required:

Name Specifications Quantity

i)15-0-15 Transformer 230volt to 15volt 1

ii) Capacitor 1000µF,100µF 0.1 µF 4 each

iii) PCB 1

iv) Diodes 1N4007GP 4

v)Connecting Wires As per required

IC7815 and IC7915

vi)IC Voltage Regulator 1 each
IC7805 IC7905

vii)Soldering Machine 1

Theory:
A Centre tapped transformer works the same way as usual transformer. The
difference lies in just the fact that its secondary winding is divided into two
parts, so two individual voltages can be acquired across the two line ends.

Working of this transformer

The two voltages, between line 1 and neutral and between neutral and line 2 can
be named as VA and VB respectively. Then the mathematical relation of these
two voltages shows that they are dependent upon the primary voltage as well as
the turn ration of the transformer.

VA = (NA / NP) * VP

VB = (NB / NP) * VP
One thing that should be noted here is that both the outputs VA and VB
respectively are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, which means that
they are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. For this purpose, we also use
a full wave rectifier with a center tapped transformer, to make both the voltages
in phase with each other.
Working:
Transformers
Transformers are devices which step down a relatively higher AC input Voltage
into a lower AC output voltage.

Diode Bridge
A bridge rectifier consists of an assembly of four ordinary diodes, by means of
which we can convert AC Voltage into DC Voltage. It is found to be the best
model for AC to DC conversion, over Full wave and Half wave rectifiers.

Filter Circuit
We filter, both the input and output of the voltage regulator in order to get the
smoothest DC Voltage as possible, from our adapter, for which we use
capacitors. Capacitors are the simplest current filters available, they let AC
current pass through and block DC, so they are used in parallel to the output.
Furthermore, if there is a ripple in the input or output, a capacitor rectifies it by
discharging the charge stored in it.

How it work
The AC mains are fed to the transformer, which steps down the 230 Volts to the
desired voltage. The bridge rectifier follows the transformer thus converting AC
voltage into a DC output and through a filtering capacitor feeds it directly into
the input (Pin 1) of the voltage regulator. The common pin (Pin 2) of the voltage
regulator is grounded. The output (Pin 3) of the voltage regulator is first filtered
by a capacitor, and then the output is taken.

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. 7805 provides +5V regulated

power supply. The output may verify from +4.8V to +5.2V. Here the input is
given to pin 1, output is given to pin 3 and the pin 2 is grounded.7905 is
a voltage regulator integrated circuit. 7905 provides +5V regulated power
supply. The output may verify from -4.8V to -5.2V. Here the input is given to
pin 2, output is given to pin 3 and the pin 1 is grounded.7812 is a voltage
regulator integrated circuit. 7812 provides +12V regulated power supply. The
output may verify from +11.8V to +12.2V. Here the input is given to pin 1,
output is given to pin 3 and the pin 2 is grounded.7912 is a voltage
regulator integrated circuit. 7912 provides -12V regulated power supply. The
output may verify from -11.8V to -12.2V. Here the input is given to pin 2,
output is given to pin 3 and the pin 1 is grounded.

Circuit:
Software used: MULTISIM

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:
Result and Discussion :
After the hardware implementation, the output received was approximately
±5V and ±12 V

Optional Additions:
We can add an LED with a current limiting resistor in series as indication of the power
supply working.
In addition to an LED, we can also add a switch to control the ON/OFF mode of
the power supply.
You can also use a Heat Sink, which is a metallic heat conductor attached to the
voltage regulator with a bolt. It is used in case we need high current outputs
from the power supply and the voltage regulator heats up.

Conclusion:
Hence we learnt the proper implementation of the LM7805, LM7905, LM7812
and LM7912 by designing this circuit.