Introduction Siemens

Introduction

Contents
1 History 3
2 GSM 21
3 Current Situation, Market & Trends 35

TM2100EU03TM_0001
1
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

2 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

1 History

Introduction

History

Fig. 1

TM2100EU03TM_0001
3
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

History of Mobile Communications

“Mobile Communication” is much older than many people think. There have been
diverse "acoustic and optic means of remote information transfer" in the most varied
cultures and stages of civilization on all populated continents. The range of
information transfer was very limited and the quality of the messages was affected by
outer conditions such as the weather. In order to increase the range of information
transfer in these times, transit stations were in part systematically constructed.

Beginnings of Electronic Communications

l Telegraph: S.F.B. Morse: 1843 First experimental telegraph line: Washington -
Baltimore
l Telephone: Phillip Reis 1861: First speech transmission by cable / A. G. Bell: 1876
World Exhibition, Philadelphia
At first electronic communications was possible only via wire i.e. by means of fixed
(immobile) connections, forerunners of today's Fixed Network Connections. Initially
an operator ("switchboard girl") was needed to establish these fixed physical
connections for the caller manually at the central office. The first automatic
exchanges were first put into service in the mid-1920s.

Radio Communications
Radio connections were first used for Wireless Communications in the late 19th
century; information was sent via "ether".
l 1873: J.C. Maxwell - electromagnetic wave theory
l 1887: H. Hertz - experimental proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves
l 1895: A. Popow - first receiver with antenna for weather reports
l 1895: G. M. Marconi - first wireless transmission using spark inductor generated
HF waves (Morse code)
l 1897: “Marconi Wireless Telegraphy Company" founded
l 1901: First transatlantic transmission (Marconi)
l 1903: "Deutschen Telefunken GmbH" founded by AEG and Siemens & Halske
l 1906: First speech & sound transmission (Lorenz AG / Deutsche Telefunken
GmbH)
l 1909: First radio broadcast (New York, Caruso)

4 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

History of Mobile Communications

Electronic
The beginnings: "archaic mobile communication" communication:
• visual transmission (smoke/light signals,...) "terrestrial network"
• audible transmission (drums, horns,...)
• Telegraph
1st telegraph line 1843
Washington - Baltimore
• Telephone
P. Reis 1861
A.G. Bell 1876
World Exhibition Philadelphia

Radio transmission:
1873 Maxwell‘s theory of electromagn. waves
1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof
1895 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission
1901 1st transatlantic transmission
1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske
1906 1st speech and sound transmission
1909 1st radio broadcast
1917 1st mobile transmission: radio station - train

Fig. 2

TM2100EU03TM_0001
5
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Connection Types
There are two principles for radio connections:

Simplex Connection
Simplex connections are a "one-way street" for communication in the form of (mostly
fixed) transmitters and mobile receivers. This has been realized as e.g. (broadcast)
radio and television. But simplex connections are also used for direct communication
exchange i.e. two-way communication using stations which can be used both as a
transmitter and a receiver (e.g. walkie-talkies). However the equipment (transmitting /
receiving stations) cannot transmit and receive simultaneously. The call cycles or call
intervals are determined by prior agreement or personal code words ("over").

Duplex Connections
Duplex connections signify two-way communication. Users can transmit and receive
messages simultaneously. An example of an early duplex connection is radio
telegraphy.

6 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

Simplex Connection:
Over transmit or receive

Duplex Connection:
simultaneous
transmission and reception

Fig. 3

TM2100EU03TM_0001
7
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Single Cell Systems

The first Mobile Telephone Service to offer duplex connections comparable to fixed
network based telephone services started in 1946 as a car phone service in St.
Louis, Missouri. Comparable mobile telephone services appeared in post-war Europe
some years later.
Problems in early mobile (car) telephone services (late 1940s/early 1950s):
l An operator was needed to connect calls within the wireless network.
l The equipment required was extremely heavy, bulky (therefore only feasible as a
car phone service) and expensive.
l The service range was limited to the area that could be covered by a single
transmitting or receiving station (single cell system).
l The HF frequency range available was (is) very limited; it had to be (and still has to
be) distributed among competitors (e.g. the military, radio, and television).
The result was limited capacity, rapid market saturation, high equipment costs and
low service quality.

8 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

Single Cell Systems:

• Low service and speech quality
• Heavy, bulky and expensive equipment
• Small coverage area
• No handover
• Manual exchange
• Low capacity

First Mobile
Services:
• Car telephone service
• Since the late 40‘s

Fig. 4

TM2100EU03TM_0001
9
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Innovations in Mobile Radio Communications

Technical Innovations / Equipment
Fast development of new technologies such as semiconductor technology, diodes,
transistors, integrated circuitry, microprocessors,...
l automatic switching
l reduction of hardware costs
l reduction of size and weight of equipment (in the 1950s/1960s a car phone took up
half of a car trunk; 1988: introduction of the mobile phone)
but:
l very limited telephone network capacity.

During the 1970s large-scale integrated, electronic applications and the development
of microprocessors made the configuration of more complex systems possible. One
result of this was the development of single-cell transmitter systems with multiple
receiving stations. This made it possible to extend the range of the supply area, i.e.
the operational range of the subscriber because the mobile station's transmitter
power limits the size of the cell in Single Cell Systems. However no increase in
capacity resulted from this.

Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

The breakthrough in capacity, which resulted in a significant increase in the number
of subscribers, was achieved with the introduction of the Cellular Radio System in the
late 1970s/early 1980s. The coverage of the supply area of a mobile communication
operator involves many radio cells with cellular radio systems, in which the
aforementioned limitation of the available HF frequency range is neatly circumvented
through the repeated use of the HF channels.

10 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

Quantum Leap in Mobile Communications:

Single Cell Systems ® Cellular Systems

radius
r

Single Cell Cellular

re-use distance
System System

Fig. 5

TM2100EU03TM_0001
11
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

First Generation (1G) Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

Information transmission of first generation cellular mobile radio system takes place
via analogue radio interface. These systems were tested in many countries in the end
of the 70s.
In 1979, mobile services were introduced for commercial operation; in the USA,
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service), and in Japan, NTT-MTS (Nippon
Telegraph & Telephone Co.).
In the early 80s, the NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) was introduced in Scandinavia,
in 1985 TACS (Total Access Communication System) was introduced in England and
the C450 System in Germany.

12 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

First Generation Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

Country System Frequency range Introduced

[MHz] in year
USA AMPS 800 1979
Japan NTT-MTS 800 1979
Sweden, Norway, NMT 450, 900 1981 - 86
Finland, Denmark
Great Britain TACS 900 1985
Germany C450 450 1985
France Radiocom2000 450 1985
NMT 900 1989
Italy RTMS 450 1985
TACS 900 1990

Fig. 6

TM2100EU03TM_0001
13
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Second Generation (2G) Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

A further and very significant innovation in mobile radio communications took place
with the introduction of the second generation cellular mobile radio system (e.g.
GSM) in the early 90s. Transmission via radio interface is now digital. Along with a
significant improvement of transmission quality and expansion of services, there has
been a considerable increase in capacity. The increase in subscribers led to more
convenient, lighter and less expensive equipment with a wide range of possibilities
for use.

Portable Mobile Equipment

Mobile phones were first introduced in 1988. The weight of the equipment decreased
from 1 kg to less than a
100 g within few years. At the same time, mobility clearly improved despite
decreasing weight owing to improvements in rechargeable batteries. Standby times
of more than 5 days can be achieved.

14 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

2nd Quantum Leap:

Analog (1st Generation) ® Digital (2nd Generation)

Different Generations of Mobile Stations

First generation
mobile telephones
for fixed vehicle
installation and
analog mobile
telephones Second generation
GSM mobile telephones Second generation
GSM mobile telephones

Analog technology. Digital GSM technology.

Terminal devices were Terminal devices were less
bulky, but still too heavy
bulky and heavy.
(battery capacity problems).
Digital GSM technology.
Terminal devices are handier
and have greater battery capacity.

Fig. 7

TM2100EU03TM_0001
15
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Example: Mobile Subscriber in Germany

Since the early 50s there have been several regional networks at 30, 80, 100 MHz.
They were allocated only to public authorities and organizations with security tasks.
The regional networks (DBP) were combined in the so-called A-network in 1958 al-
lowing private use for the first time.
A-network: in operation: 1958 - 1977; frequency range: 156 - 174 MHz; in the
beginning 16, later 37 radio carrier; analogue transmission, manual switching; max.
11,000 users (1971); closed in 1977; its frequencies were transferred to the B-
network.
B-network: in operation: 1972 - 1994; frequency range: 146 - 164 MHz; from 1977 to
174 MHz (from A-network); in the beginning 38, later 75 radio carrier; analogue
transmission, automatic switching; max. 27,000 users (1986); problem: max.
capacity, no further channels; closed in 1994.
C-network (C450): in operation: 1985 - 2000; frequency range: 451.3 - 455.74 MHz
& 461.3 - 465.74 MHz; 222/287 radio charier; system technology: Siemens. The
C450 system was the first German cellular system and led to an enormous increase
of subscribers (max. 850,000 users). The C-network was similar in structure to
modern digital networks.
D-networks (GSM900): Introduction in 1992 (D1 & D2); 900 MHz frequency range (+
minor extensions in the 1800 MHz range from 1999 on; system technology partly
from Siemens (D900).
E-networks (GSM1800): Introduction in 1994 (Eplus) and 1998 (E2); 1800 MHz
frequency range; System technology partly from Siemens (D1800).
The digital D and E networks, being GSM900 / GSM1800 networks, led to a rapid
and steady increase of the number of subscribers in Germany. In 12/2000, a total of
46 million mobile subscribers were registered in the 4 networks, D1, D2, Eplus & E2.

16 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Fig. 8
Subscriber [M.]

© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction

0,01
0,1
1
10
100

TM2100EU03TM_0001
1978 B-network
introduction

1980
1982
1984
C-network
Germany

introduction
1986
1988

Year
1990
GSM (D1, D2)
1992 introduction
Germany 1978 - 2000

1994 GSM (Eplus)

introduction
Subscriber trends (Example):

1996
GSM (E2)
1998 introduction

2000
Siemens

17
 Siemens Introduction

Limits of the First Generation Mobile Radio Systems

1. Capacity: The capacity limits of analogue technology are reached quickly even
with cellular networks. The demand increases with the offer and the sinking
prices. A number of 850,000 subscribers, i.e. the maximum capacity of the
analogue C-network, corresponds to less than 7 % of the mobile subscribers in
1998 (only 6 years after introducing digital networks). The capacity of digital
networks has not yet been exhausted.
2. Quality: A second problem was the often inadequate transmission quality of the
analogue systems, which increased with the distance of the mobile subscriber. A
detailed description and discussion of the problems regarding the transmission
quality or the disadvantages of the analogue system in comparison to digital one
can be found in the next chapter.
3. Incompatibility: One or more analogue networks on frequency bands 450/900
MHz existed in most European states in the late 1980s. Every one of these
networks formed a mobile communication island since the individual standards of
these networks were incompatible in most cases (or still are, as far as they still
exist); they prevented mobile phone traffic across borders (International
Roaming). Europe thus looked liked a rag rug of incompatible systems.

The limits of existing analogue systems

1. Capacity: the number of potential mobile phone customers is larger than the
expected capacity of analogue systems,
2. Quality: insufficient transmission quality with increasing distance between the
mobile station and the base station,
3. Incompatibility: between different national standards,
were already recognized since the early 80s and were discussed on an international
European level. The need to develop a new, standard cellular system for Europe was
acknowledged.
The GSM Standard was developed for this purpose.

18 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

1G Limitations

¨ Capacity
¨ Quality
¨ Incompatibility

European mobile
communication market
early 90‘s

Fig. 9

TM2100EU03TM_0001
19
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

20 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

2 GSM

Introduction

GSM
Global System for
Mobile Communications

Fig. 10

TM2100EU03TM_0001
21
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

The GSM History

The foundation for the GSM Standard was laid already in 1978, four years before the
name GSM was established. In 1978 the CEPT reserved a frequency range round
900 MHz for mobile communications in Europe. The limits of analog mobile
communications in Europe were recognizable in the early 80s. At that time the first
analog cellular networks were just beginning their operation and were still far from
their maximum capacity. Despite this a group of experts was formed to establish the
longer-term challenges of mobile communications and to develop a new binding
international standard for digital mobile communications in Europe. Thus the GSM
Standard became undoubtedly one of the most successful European products of the
past decades; its sphere of influence is extended far beyond the originally planned
European scope.

Milestones of the GSM Standard

l 1982: The CEPT forms a team of experts, the Group Special Mobile (GSM) with
the purpose of developing a binding international standard for mobile
communications in Europe.
l 1984 – 86: Various technical possibilities are compared in order to achieve an
optimal utilization of the predefined frequency ranges.
l 1986: A permanent core of experts is employed.
l 1987: Main transmission principles are selected; 13 countries agree in the MoU
(Memorandum of Understanding) to start GSM networks until 1991.
l 1988: The ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) is founded;
most of the standardizing activities of the CEPT, including GSM, are assumed by
this new body. Along with state-owned operators, industry, private network
operators and consumer groups participate in the ETSI, too.
l 1989: GSM is renamed from "Group Special Mobile" to "Global System for Mobile
Communications".
l 1990: GSM900 Standard (Phase 1) is adopted. DCS1800 Standard (Phase 1) is
developed as first GSM adaptation. The first GSM systems are in test operation.
l 1992: Commercial introduction of many large GSM900 networks.
l 1993: Work begins on updating the GSM900/DCS1800 standards: GSM Phase 2.
l 1995: GSM-R (Railway): The ETSI reserves further frequency range for a railway
networks; first test projects are started. GSM Phase 2 work is completed.
l 1996: Worldwide success of GSM Standard; used in more than 50 countries.
PCS1900 (Public Cellular Systems) as further GSM adaptation in the USA.

22 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

GSM Milestones
1978 CEPT reserves 2 x 25 MHz in 900 MHz range
1982 CEPT founds "Groupe Special Mobile" GSM
1984-86 Comparison of technical possibilities
Goals: - free roaming
- international accessibility under 1 number (international roaming)
- large network capacity (bandwidth efficiency)
- flexibility ® ISDN
- broad service offering
- security mechanisms
1986 Core of experts meets continuously
1987 Selection of central transmission techniques
Memorandum of Understanding: MoU
1988 ETSI founded
1989 GSM ® Global System for Mobile Communication
1990 GSM900 Standard (phase 1)
1991 DCS1800 adaptation
Trials / "friendly user" operation
1992 Start of commercial operation
1993 Beginning of work on phase 2
1995 Completion of work on phase 2 (GSM900/DCS1800)
Reservation of GSM-R frequencies (ETSI)
1996 PCS1900 adaptation (USA)

Fig. 11

TM2100EU03TM_0001
23
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

l 1997: GSM Phase 2+ Annual Release ‘96: CAMEL Stage 1, ASCI for GSM-R.
DCS1800 / PCS1900 are renamed to GSM1800 / GSM1900. Dual band
equipment for GSM900 / GSM1800; 10 years of MoU: 109 countries; 239
operators; 44 million GSM subscribers; 28 % share of the world market.
l 1998: Phase 2+ Annual Release ‘97: HSCSD, GPRS Stage 1, CAMEL Stage 2,...
08/98: 100 million GSM subscribers in 120 countries; 35 % share of the world
market; GSM is quasi world standard. GSM-R networks in operation. World-wide
servicing through co-operation with mobile satellite systems (IRIDIUM).
l 1999: Phase 2+ Annual Release '98; 250 million subscriber; 130 countries
l 2000: Phase 2+ Annual Release '99: GPRS Stage 2, CAMEL Stage 3, EDGE,
Virtual Home Environment VHE, Adaptive Multirate speech AMR,...GSM Rel. '99
services identical to UMTS Rel. '99 (first UMTS release); 410 million subscriber;
161 countries; approx. 60% of world-market

24 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

GSM Milestones
1997 Phase 2+: Annual Release `96
DCS1800 / PCS1900 ® GSM1800 / GSM1900
Dual-band devices
GSM: practical world standard (109 countries/regions; 28 % market share)
1998 Phase 2+: Annual Release `97: GPRS, CAMEL,....
First GSM-R networks
World-wide accessibility using dual mode GSM/IRIDIUM
35 % of world market
1999 Phase 2+: Annual Release ‘98
250 M. subscriber, 130 countries
2000 Phase 2+: Annual Release ‘99: AMR, VHE,... identical to UMTS Rel. ‘99
60% of world market; 410 M. subscriber, 161 countries

Fig. 12

TM2100EU03TM_0001
25
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

The GSM Technical Guideline

Objective (1982): Development of a unified, international standard for mobile
communications. Guideline from the start:2 x 25 MHz frequency bands at 900 MHz
are reserved by the CEPT for mobile communications in Europe in 1978. 1982:
Roaming; the user can change location, keep the connection and be reached in the
entire range of a PLMN and in the entire GSM range (International Roaming) as long
as roaming agreements have been made. One user - one number; the subscriber
can be reached at a single personal number in the entire GSM range, i.e. in various
countries and PLMNs.
Late objectives: Maximum flexibility to other services, e.g. ISDN (Integrated Services
Digital Network; 1984) Vast service offers, i.e. technical possibilities of the PSTN
/ ISDN and special features of mobile communications Safeguarding from
interception and subscriber license fraud; data protection.

The GSM Recommendations

The GSM Standard is a consistent and open standard for cellular mobile
communication systems established by the ETSI. All aspects of the realization of the
GSM Standard have been established in now more than 150 recommendations
(technical specifications). Subsystems, network components, interfaces, signaling,
tests and maintenance aspects etc. are described. This allows a harmonious
interaction of all elements of a mobile communication network designated as PLMN
(Public Land Mobile Network). At the same time the Recommendations are flexible
enough for the different realizations of various vendors. The Recommendations are
organized into 12 series according to different aspects. This structure reflects the
structure of the PLMN system and its interfaces.

26 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

GSM Recommendation Series 01: General

12 Series; each max. 100 Rec.: Series 02: Service Aspects

e.g. GSM Rec. 08.07
Series 04:
Series 08: MS/BS Interface
MSC-BSS Interface & Protocols

PSTN
ISDN MSC BSS MS

Series 05:
Series 03: Network Aspects Um Radio
Transmission
Series 09: Series 06:
Network Interworking
Register Speech Coding
Series 10:
Service Interworking Series 067:
Terminal
Series 11: Equipment & Type Approval Specifications Adaptors for MS

Series 12: Operation & Maintenance

Fig. 13

TM2100EU03TM_0001
27
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

The Evolutionary Concept

The GSM Standard consists of multiple of recommendations. They are organized by
various aspects and already comprised 5230 pages when the first phase was
adopted in 1990. It was originally planned to comprise every specification in the GSM
Standard (with the exception of “half rate speech") from the start, i.e. when the
standard was adopted. In 1988 it was recognized that not all of the planned services
could be specified in the expected time frame. This led to the important decision to
leave the GSM Standard incomplete and to leave space for further modifications and
technical developments. This evolutionary concept secures for GSM the possibility of
permanently adapting to the requirements of the market and thus ensures of not
becoming old-fashioned within a couple of years owing to the extremely fast
development in this market sector.

GSM Phase 1
The Phase 1 standardization was closed in 1990 for GSM900 and in 1991 for
GSM1800. The implementation of GSM systems Phase 1 comprises all of the most
important prerequisites for digital information transmission. Speech transmission is of
the greatest importance here. Data transmission is also defined by data transmission
rates of 0.3 to 9.6 kbit/s. GSM Phase 1 comprises only a few supplementary services
such as call forwarding and barring.

GSM Phase 2
The Phase 2 standardization work started shortly after completion of Phase 1 and
was closed in 1995. In Phase 2 Supplementary Services comparable to ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network) were included in the standard. Technical
improvements have been specified, e.g. the Half Rate Speech. In Phase 2, the
decision on future downward-compatibility with older versions is of high importance.

GSM Phase 2+
GSM Phase 2+ refers to a “smooth” transition in contrast to Phase 2. A new complete
update of the GSM Standard is not planned. Individual topics are discussed
separately and the update is added to the GSM standard in Annual Releases. Main
topics are new Supplementary Services as the ASCI services (Advanced Speech
Call Items). Furthermore, the IN feature Customized Applications for Mobile network
Enhanced Logic CAMEL and Virtual Home Environment VHE are very important.
Especially the introduction of features to achieve higher data rates, i.e. HSCSD (High
Speed Circuit Switched Data), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE
(Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution) has received much attention. GSM
Phase 2+ thus paves the way to 3G (UMTS).

28 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

GSM: Evolutionary Concept

Services Downward compatibility

Phase 2+
Phase 2 Phase 2
Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1

1991 1995 1997 Year

Full Rate Speech (FR),
Standard services
Data: max. 9.6 kbit/s
MTPy: Multiparty Service
CUG: Closed User Group
AoC: Advice of Charge
ASCI: Advanced Speech Call Items
SOR: Support of Optimal Routing
UUS: User to User Signalling
New services e.g. New services e.g.
MTPy, CUG, AoC; ASCI, SOR, UUS
Half Rate Speech (HR) EFR;
IN: CAMEL
Data: HSCSD, GPRS,
EFR: Enhanced Full Rate Speech
IN: Intelligent Network EDGE (> 100 kbit/s)
CAMEL: Customized Applications for Annual Releases !
Mobile network Enhanced Logic
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for the GSM
Evolution

Fig. 14

TM2100EU03TM_0001
29
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Adaptations of the GSM Standard

The GSM adaptations GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, GSM-R and GSM400 differ in
the frequency ranges used and the resulting different technical implementations.

GSM900 (GSM, E-GSM)

Originally 2 x 25 MHz in the frequency range around 900 MHz (890 - 915; 935 - 960
MHz) were provided for mobile communication applications. In an extension of this
range, called E-GSM (Extended GSM) these ranges will be increased to 2 x 35 MHz
(880 - 915; 925 - 960 MHz) on a national level when further operation licenses expire.

GSM1800 (DCS1800)
As an adaptation of the GSM900 Standard the DCS1800 Standard (Digital Cellular
System) was introduced in 1991. The DCS1800 was a British initiative with the
intention of opening mobile communications to all sections of population as a “mass
market”, especially in urban areas. The GSM1800 has 2 x 75 MHz in the frequency
range around 1800 MHz (1710 - 1785; 1805 - 1880 MHz). In 1997 the designation
DCS1800 was changed to GSM1800 in order to clarify the common standard.

GSM1900 (PCS1900)
The PCS1900 Standard (Public Cellular System) is the American branch of the GSM
Standard since 1995/96 in the frequency range around 1900 MHz. The frequency
range available between 1850 - 1910; 1930 - 1990 MHz in the USA was split up in
1995 and auctioned off to different net-work operators. In 1997 the PCS1900 was
renamed GSM1900 in order to clarify the common standard.

GSM-R (Railway)
For mobile communication of railway operators 2 x 4 MHz in the frequency range of
876 – 880 MHz & 921 – 925 MHz have been reserved.

GSM400
With Rel. '99 the frequency ranges between 450.4 – 457.6 MHz & 460.4 – 467.6 MHz
respectively the ranges (of former 1G systems) between 478.8 – 486 MHz & 488.8 –
496 MHz are foreseen for GSM400. The GSM400 frequency range enables large
area cells for rural environment.

30 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

GSM-R GSM - Adaptations

890 935 1880

GSM GSM
GSM GSM 1800 1800
900 900
GSM GSM
E-GSM E-GSM 1900 1900

876 880 915 921 925 960 [MHz] 1710 1785 1805 1850 1910 1930 1990 [MHz]
Frequency Range Useable HF Application Area
[MHZ] channels
GSM400 450.4 – 457.6 / 460.4 – 467.6 35 rural environment
478.8 – 486 / 488.8 - 496
GSM900 890 - 915 / 935 - 960 124 Worldwide except
E-GSM 880 - 915 / 925 - 960 174 America
GSM1800 1710 - 1785 / 1805 - 1880 374 Worldwide except
America
GSM1900 1850 - 1910 /1930 - 1990 299 America
GSM-R 876 - 880 / 921 - 925 19 Railway systems

Fig. 15

TM2100EU03TM_0001
31
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

The GSM-PLMN
In the GSM System there must be a distinction between network operator, provider of
telecommunication services, supplier of terminal equipment and manufacturer of
network components. Especially the sale of telecommunication services and terminal
equipment differs from the conventional fixed network and mobile communication
network of the first generation, in which state-owned network operators, service
providers and equipment suppliers usually form a monopoly. In GSM the actual
network operator often transfers services to private providers who supply the
services to the mobile subscribers under different conditions. With the wide range of
products there is also great competition in the field of mobile equipment as well as of
mobile communication network components which should force further technical
development and keep the prices down.

PLMN - Public Land Mobile Network

A PLMN is a terrestrial mobile communication network set up and run by public and
private operators. It is used to provide public mobile communication services.
General Objectives of a GSM-PLMN (with respect to service aspects):
a) Provision of a wide range of speech and non-speech services and
compatibility to those services offered in fixed telecommunication networks
such as PSTN, ISDN and PDN;
b) Additional provision of specific services for mobile access environment;
c) Compatible access for mobile subscribers in all countries where the GSM
System is operated;
d) Provision of roaming (roaming agreement) and automatic updating;
e) Location registration of mobile subscribers in these countries;
f) Provision of sufficient quality of service;
g) Provision of services with a wide range of mobile stations, e.g. permanently in-
stalled in vehicles, so-called portables and hand stations (mobile phones).
General Objectives of a GSM-PLMN (with respect to performance aspects):
a) Guarantee of a high spectrum efficiency;
b) Provision of a system concept which will lead to attractive costs regarding
infra-structure and mobile equipment

32 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

GSM-PLMN Example:
(Public Land Mobile Network) Germany
D1
Telekom

Competition concept:
different network operators, D2
providers and manufacturers Mannesmann

Eplus

E2
Viag Intercom

Fig. 16

TM2100EU03TM_0001
33
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

34 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

3 Current Situation, Market & Trends

Introduction

1000

100

10

0,1

0,01
1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Current Situation,
Market & Trends

Fig. 17

TM2100EU03TM_0001
35
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Overview: Systems/Standards
At the time there is a wide spectrum of mobile communication systems of the first and
second generation along with the GSM Standard and its adaptations. Important
examples include:
l Paging Systems
l Cordless Telephone
l Wireless Local Loop
l Private Mobile Radio
l Cellular Mobile Systems
l Mobile Satellite Systems

These different systems differ in:

l Target groups
l Services offered
l Prices
l Coverage
l Degree of mobility
l Technical principles / realization

36 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

analogue digital
Current paging systems paging systems
e.g. Citycall e.g. ERMES
Mobile
Communication
analogue cordless digital cordless
Systems telephone systems telephone systems
e.g. CT1, CT1+ e.g. DECT, PACS, PHP

Cordless Wireless Local Loop

Differences: telephone booth WLL
• target groups
• services offered
• prices analogue digital
• coverage Private Mobile Radio PMR
• degree of mobility PMR e.g. TETRA
• transmission technique
• ... digital
analogue
cellular systems
cellular systems
e.g. GSM, D-AMPS,
e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS
PDC, IS-95

digital
analogue
satellite systems
satellite systems
e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO,
e.g. INMARSAT
Globalstar

1G 2G
Fig. 18

TM2100EU03TM_0001
37
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

1G Systems
C450: closed 12/2000
TACS (Total Access Communications System): closed 2001.
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone): closed 2001.
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service): The AMPS system was introduced in 1979
in the USA. The system, operated in the frequency range of 800 MHz, was the most
successful mobile radio system in the world until 1997. It still has an increasing
number of subscribers, because of its large coverage in the USA. 12/2000, more than
75 million AMPS subscribers were registered.

2G Systems
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): The GSM Standard was
adopted as the first digital mobile communication standard, as planned since the
early 80s. Commercial operation started in 1992. This led to the world-wide use of
GSM net-works, which were originally planned for the European system, in more than
120 countries and regions. GSM uses a hybrid solution of FDMA and TDMA as an
access technique. GSM used currently 900 / 1800 /1900 frequency ranges.
D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System): The D-AMPS was conceived
as a supplementary system to the successful analogue AMPS in the USA and
Canada. The commercial start was 1991/92. D-AMPS as IS-136 standard is based
on a combined FDMA/TDMA access technique. It shares the 800 MHz range with
AMPS (824 - 849; 869 - 894 MHz). It expanded to the 1900 MHz range in 1995.
Multimode / multiband equipment is used for AMPS/D-AMPS.
PDC (Personal Digital Cellular): With the influence of D-AMPS, PDC (originally
called JDC - Japanese Digital Cellular) was standardized for the Japanese market.
The commercial start was 1993/94. A combined FDMA/TDMA procedure, similarly to
the D-AMPS, is used as an access procedure. Mobile stations transmit at the higher
frequency with PDC, in contrast to all other systems. Frequencies around 900 MHz
(810 - 826; 940 - 956 MHz) & 1500 MHz (1429 - 1453; 1477 - 1501 MHz) are used.
IS-95 CDMA IS-95 CDMA was developed in the early 90s based on CDMA spread
spectrum digital technology and was declared IS-95 standard in 1993. The
commercial start was 1995/96. IS-95 CDMA networks are emerging world-wide with
emphasis on North America and Eastern Asia. Frequencies in the 800 MHz and 1900
MHz range are used world-wide, and also in the 1700 MHz range in Korea.

38 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

Cellular Systems
First generation:
C450
NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone
TACS - Total Access Communications System
AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System

Second generation:
GSM D-AMPS PDC IS-95
Start 1992 1991/92 1993/94 1995
Coverage worldwide especially Japan especially USA,
USA, Canada Canada, Eastern
Asia
Frequency 900 / 1800 / 800 / 1900 900 / 1500 800 / 1700 (Korea) /
ranges [MHz] 1900 (America) 1900
Multiple TDMA / FDMA TDMA / FDMA TDMA / FDMA CDMA
Access
Speech [kbit/s] 13 / 5.6 7.95 6.7 9.4 / 13
Data (max.) 9.6 4.8 4.8 9.6 / 14.4
[kbit/s] (n•14.4; n = 1...8)
Subscribers ~ 410 million ~ 35 million + ~ 55 million ~ 85 million
(02/2001) 75 million (AMPS)

Fig. 19

TM2100EU03TM_0001
39
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Mobile Satellite Systems MSS

Large areas of the earth's surface can not be covered by fixed or mobile networks.
Mobile Satellite Systems MSS are offered for supplying scarcely populated regions
and areas with weak infrastructure. Satellite supported mobile communication
systems are useful for high-sea ship transport, for catastrophe regions, and for
emergency supply.
Satellite systems can be distinguished with respect to their orbits:
l GEostationary Orbit - GEO, with approx. 36,000 km altitude;
l High Elliptic Orbit - HEO;
l Medium Earth Orbital - MEO, from 10,000 - 20,000 km;
l Low Earth Orbital - LEO, from 700 - 1,500 km.

1G MSS
MARISAT (Maritime Satellite): MARISAT went into operation in 1976 as the first
mobile satellite system, initiated by the USA.
INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite Organization): INMARSAT is taking a
dominant role in 1G MSS. Founded in 1979, it is used by more than 100 membership
countries. The four INMARSAT (operation) satellites are in a geostationary orbit
(about 36,000 km altitude). With the exception of a the pole caps, a global
transmission to the world is achievable. Digital transmission is via INMARSAT
satellites since 1995., i.e. INMARSAT has turned over to a 2G MSS system

2G MSS
Digital information transmission and a larger number of satellites in lower orbits (LEO
and MEO satellites) allow considerably higher capacity. Several services similar to
those of GSM should be possible. A problem of the 2G systems is the comparable
high price and fast extension of 2G terrestrial networks
l Iridium (closed 2000)
l Globalstar
l ICO
l Ellipso
l ORBCOMM
l Teledesic
l Skybridge

40 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

Mobile Satellite Systems MSS

Supply
Supplyto/
to/in
incase
caseof:
of:
- -inaccessible,
inaccessible,underpopulated
underpopulatedareas
areas
10,000 - -poor infrastructure
poor infrastructure
- 20,000 km - -high
highseas
seas
- -catastrophe
catastropheareas
areas
- -failure
failureofofother
othersupplies
supplies

MEO
Medium
Earth Orbit
700
Earth - 1,500 km
1G:
LEO MARISAT (USA) since 1976
Low Earth
INMARSAT (International Maritime
Orbit
Satellite Organisation):
• since 1979; > 80 member countries
• 4 GEO satellites;
approx. • global access
36,000 km
GEO 2G:
GEostationary HEO • Iridium, ICO, Globalstar
Orbit High Elliptic • private MSS operator
Orbit • speech- & low data rate services

Fig. 20

TM2100EU03TM_0001
41
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

The Mobile Market: Subscriber Trends 1980 - 2000

Before the introduction of first generation of cellular mobile communication systems,
the mobile communication market was unimportant. One-cell systems had only a few
thousand subscribers and slow annual growth rates in Europe, North America, and
Japan. Until the introduction of the first cellular systems in 1979 (AMPS: USA, NTT-
MTS: Japan) fewer than a million subscribers were registered worldwide.

The introduction of the first generation (analog) cellular mobile communication

systems led to a quantum leap on the mobile communication market. There were
annual growth rates of 10 to more than 50 %. In the early nineties, there were more
than a million subscribers registered in both the USA (AMPS) and Great Britain
(TACS) each. Several hundreds of thousands of subscribers were registered in other
countries with systems such as NMT, C450, NTT-MTS. The number of worldwide
sub-scribers exceeded 10 million in 1990. Simultaneously the limits of analogue
cellular systems were apparent in many countries owing to capacity problems,
especially in densely populated urban regions.

The introduction of GSM as the first mobile communication standard of the second
(digital) generation allowed an improved transmission quality, a larger offer of
service, various technical / organizational improvements, and a considerably more
efficient use of radio interface resources. A significant increase of capacity and thus
further growth of the mobile communication market became possible. Already shortly
after the start of GSM in 1992, subscriber numbers exceeded the million mark in
many countries. Other digital systems such as IS-95 followed. A development to a
genuine mass market has been evident since the introduction of the second
generation of mobile communications.

42 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

Subscriber trends:
1980 - 2000
1000
Germany
100
Subscriber [M.]

World

10

0,1

0,01
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Single cell 1G Year 2G
systems Introduction Introduction

Fig. 21

TM2100EU03TM_0001
43
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Trends & Outlook

The mobile communication market will expand greatly in the future as well. In
contrast to the fixed network sector, which has developed slowly in the past decades
and has only recently become more dynamic, many predict unhindered growth for the
mobile communication sector beyond the year 2000. Only the growth of the Internet
is expected to exceed the growth of the mobile communication sector. It is generally
expected that the number of the mobile communication subscribers will rapidly
approach that of the fixed subscribers, and that in regions with a poorly set up infra-
structure, the number of mobile communication subscribers will clearly exceed that of
fixed subscribers within the foreseeable future.
Almost three billion mobile communication subscribers world-wide are expected by
2015. This growth is apparent in the currently developing countries and newly
industrialized countries of the Asian / Pacific region. A 50 % share of the worldwide
mobile communication market is expected for the Asian / Pacific region by 2015; for
industrial nations in North America and Europe (EU15), a share of only about 7 % -
11 % is expected.

44 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

Trends & Outlook

2 5 0 0'

Ro W
2 0 0 0' A s ia / P a c ific
No rth A m e ric a

1 5 0 0' E U 15
Subscriber [M.]

1 0 0 0'

5 0 0'

0'
1995 2000 2005 2 0 10 2015
Year
UMTS Forum
Report #1

Fig. 22

TM2100EU03TM_0001
45
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Mobile Trends
The mobile radio systems of the second generation have been optimized for speech
transmission. Data transmission is possible, but has previously been considered
secondary. Taking the increasing mobility in the professional world (work outside the
office, telework) into consideration, the need for mobile transmission of data is in-
creasing. Comparatively user-unfriendly terminals (adapter solution) and relatively
low data transmission rates are problems for data transmission of the second
generation of mobile communications. The data rates for GSM are between 0.3 - 9.6
kbit/s, the transmission rates of other cellular standards are comparable or less. The
first mobile satellite systems of the second generation also have only low data
transmission rates (Iridium max. 2.4 kbit/s, Globalstar max. 9.6 kbit/s). These rates
are considerably lower than those of ISDN (64 kbit/s).
A large variety of demands are being placed on future mobile communications. Along
with improved world-wide service, user friendliness and cost reduction, mobile PC
Internet connection with a high data transmission rate is required.
Many of these demands are taken into account in GSM Phase 2+.
In this way bearer services were standardized with transmission rates in order to in-
crease data transmission rates as well as to realize “mobile computing” and access
to the Internet. Data transmission rates can be adapted to the transmission rates of
ISDN and can be increased significantly further (up to more than 100 kit/s) by means
of these bearer services. User friendly equipment and cost-reduced features are also
planned, such as improvements in speech quality and world-wide availability by
means of satellite roaming. Furthermore flexible services adaptable to customer re-
quests and intelligent network services are planned.

46 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

Mobile Trends Trend:

Voice Þ Data

100 Voice
Requirements:
Data • high data rates
80 • user-friendliness
Traffic [%]

• improved service offering

60 • cost reduction
• worldwide accessibility

40
GSM Phase 2+
20 • data rates > 100 kbit/s
• mobile computing, Internet
• new, integrating ME
0 • new flexible services + IN
1996 2001 2005 2007 • satellite roaming
• & much more
Source: Year
UMTS Forum

Fig. 23

TM2100EU03TM_0001
47
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

Mobile Forecast (Europe)

10 % of the traffic is expected to be on the data transport radio interface already in
2001, 30 % in 2005.
If further capacities and higher data transmission rates are achieved, there are hardly
any limits to a further growth of the mobile communication market even after the
number of subscribers reaches saturation.
The market share of speech transmission is as of 2007 expected to be less than 50
% in the entire volume of traffic.
An enormous change in the proportion of speech transmission to data transmission
has thus been predicted in the use of mobile communications in the first decade of
the 21st century.
It will be expected
l change from speech to data transmission
l high data rate multimedia applications.
Predictions assume a minor but slowly increasing share of multimedia users in
European mobile communications after the implementation of GSM Phase 2+
features, HSCSD and GPRS (as of 2000).
This is also the limit of GSM. Although the performance capacity of GSM Phase 2+
far exceeds the original expectations for the second generation of mobile
communications, neither the frequency ranges available nor the narrow-band
frequency use in GSM suffice for the predicted increases and demands regarding
data transmission, especially multimedia use.
The third generation of mobile communications with GSM's successor, the UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is to deal with these applications and
demands as of 2002.
A considerable increase in multimedia use is expected with a wide-range expansion
of UMTS as of 2005. Predictions of the UMTS forum assume that of the approx. 260
million European mobile communication subscribers in 2010, approx. 90 million could
be multimedia users, while the rest of the users use only speech and low data rate
services. Multimedia users will produce more than 50 % of the entire traffic rate.

48 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

Mobile communication
forecast (Europa)
300' Mobile subscriber
(total)

250'
Mobile subscriber
Subscriber [M.]

all applications from

200' voice to Multimedia

150' Mobile subscriber

Speech only/
100' low data rates

50' mobile Multi Media:

• Start with GSM Ph2+
0' • Breakthrough:
1995 2000 2005 2010 3G (UMTS)
Source: UMTS-Forum Year

Fig. 24

TM2100EU03TM_0001
49
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

The Third Generation (3G)

There are at the time many mobile communication standards of both the second and
(still) first generations. Cellular mobile networks of the most different standards
complement one another or compete with private mobile radio systems, cordless
standards, paging systems and satellite systems, etc. Every one of these standards
has specific features, advantages and disadvantages, applications and user circles.
Many of these systems exist only on a national level and/or are incompatible. To a
certain extent this scenario reassembles on a world-wide level the situation of the
cellular systems in Europe before the introduction of GSM.

IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000)

The third generation of mobile communications represents a world-wide system of
compatible standards, in which the most various current and future demands on
telecommunications have to be dealt with. The main task is to provide services to the
customer, independently of his location and the specific available infrastructure.
Smooth mobility should be guaranteed over all operator-dependent, national and
geographic borders at any location.
The demands on the third generation mobile communication systems have been
discussed since the early 90s under the term FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile
Tele-communications Systems). The term FPLMTS was changed into a term easier
to pronounce, IMT-2000, in the mid 90s for countries in which English is not a native
language. IMT stands for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 indicates
both the approximate date of introduction and the frequency range.
The International Telecommunications Union - ITU - is responsible for the IMT-2000
specification. IMT-2000 is planned as the world-wide guideline of all standards of the
third generation of mobile communications. All of the "regional" standardization units
for developing standards must fulfill the ITU stipulations for IMT-2000. This ensures a
compatibility of the standards to be specified without hindering innovative individual
development and competition.
Many regional standardization committees create their own standards under the IMT
2000 "roof". Nevertheless, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as
GSM successor system is expected to dominate the 3G market

50 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

1G
(analog)
2G
(digital)
IMT-2000
Paging Systems, Paging Systems 3G
e.g. City Call e.g. ERMES 1 family of
standards
Cordless Telephone Cordless Telephone for all
e.g. CT1, 1+ e.g. DECT, PACS, PHS • applications
• countries
Wireless
wireless
Local Loops
Telephone cell
WLL

Private Mobile Radio PMR

PMR e.g. TETRA

Cellular systems
Cellular systems
e.g. GSM, D-AMPS,
e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS e.g. UMTS, cdma2000, UWC-136
IS-95, PDC

MSS
MSS
e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO,
e.g. INMARSAT
Globalstar

different, incompatible standards for

different applications, countries & regions

Fig. 25

TM2100EU03TM_0001
51
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

The ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) has specified UMTS as
the successor of GSM; a forum call Third Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, co-
operating with the most important standardization organizations of the world is
responsible since 12/98. UMTS will fulfill the requirements for IMT-2000.
With UMTS world-wide multimedia access is possible at any time to all ranges which
are currently operated by various mobile communication systems of the first and
second generations.
Data rates of 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s are to be supported. UMTS will support zone 1 – 3 of
the four zones of the IMT-2000 concept:
l Zone 1 Indoor: for offices, private households,...; for low speed (stationary / up to
10 km/h) max. data rates up to 2 Mbit/s are theoretically possible.
l Zone 2 Urban: for city, shopping malls, railway stations, subways, airport halls for
low speed (stationary / up to 10 km/h) max. data rates up to 2 Mbit/s are
theoretically possible.
l Zone 3 Suburban/Rural: For wide range mobility (car, train) with higher / high
speeds (up to 120 / 500 km/h), 384 kbit/s 144 kbit/s should be possible. (Remark:
for UMTS only the lower speed value is currently planed)
l Zone 4 Global: For rural, thinly populated areas with low user densities. All speeds
from stationary (individual buildings, measuring stations), to intermediate speeds
(car, train, ship), to 1000 km/h (airplanes). Mobile satellite systems (e.g.
INMARSAT: Horizons) which ensure up to 144 kbit/s are planned for servicing.

For IMT-2000 the frequency ranges from 1885 - 2025 MHz and from 2110 - 2200
MHz should be reserved (requested by ITU).
UMTS uses in Europe the frequency ranges of 1900 - 1980 MHz, 2010 - 2025 MHz
and 2110 - 2170 MHz.
The frequency ranges of 1980 - 2010 MHz and 2170 - 2200 MHz are reserved for 3G
MSS.

52 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG
Introduction Siemens

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

Zone 4: Global

Zone 3:
Suburban / Rural

Zone 2:
Urban Zone 1:
Indoor
Pico
MSS Macro Micro Cell
Cell Cell

max.
144 kbit/s 144 kbit/s 384 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s data rate
1980 2010 2170
cellular MSS cellular MSS
1885 2025 2110 2200
1 8 5 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 5 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 5 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 5 0

Frequency range [MHz]

Fig. 26

TM2100EU03TM_0001
53
© 2002 Siemens AG
 Siemens Introduction

54 TM2100EU03TM_0001
© 2002 Siemens AG