Grade 10 - Level L

Biology Weekly Exam Material

Week: 2 From: Dec. 09 Till Dec. 13, 2018

Exam Timetable:

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

AMS/HW

Questions in bold are Grid Questions

Questions in italic are Poorly Answered Questions in past exam(s).
AMS Material: 1819-10013
1. What are the major parts identified in the external structure of leaf?
A leaf has a _________________, called petiole, and a leaf blade, or
_________________. The stalk continues through the lamina as a
_________________, which contains vascular tissues and results in a network of
veins.
2. What is the function of the leaf stalk?
The leaf stalk:
 Attaches the leaf to the _________________.
 Delivers _________________ and _________________ to the leaf cells.
 Carries away the _________________ molecules made by leaf cells.
3. Describe the epidermis of the leaves.
 The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves are covered with a single layer of
closely fitting cells called the _________________.
 Epidermal cells do not contain _________________.
 Cells of the upper epidermis secrete a waterproof _________________.
 In the lower epidermis there are openings called _________________.
 The epidermis
- Maintains the _________________ of the leaf.

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- Reduces _________________ so prevents _________________ from

leaf and saves stems especially if they are green..
- Prevents the entry of _________________ and _________________.
4. What is the main function of the leaves?
The leaves make (food) organic molecules by _________________.
5. Describe the leaf cuticle and state its function.
The leaf cuticle is a _________________ waterproof substance secreted by the
upper epidermal cells. It _________________ the upper epidermal cells and helps
reduce _________________ loss.
6. Where in a plant is the waxy cuticle layer found?
Waxy cuticle layer covers the _________________ and _________________
epidermis and is not present in the _________________.
7. Describe the structure of stomata.
Stomata are microscopic pores in the epidermis of plants leaves and some stems.
Each pore is surrounded by two bean-shaped _________________ cells.
8. State two functions of stomata.
 Regulating _________________ loss and offering the site for
_________________, are the two main functions of the stomata.
 Stomata are the site of _________________, where _________________
diffuses in and _________________ out of the leaf when photosynthesis is
taking place.
 Stomata regulate _________________ loss. Plants lose most of their
_________________, as vapor, through the stomata. However, stomata
prevent excessive loss of _________________ by _________________.
9. Compare the distribution of stomata in monocot and dicot leaves.
 In most _________________, or broad leaved plants, stomata occur only in
the __________________________________.
 In _________________, or narrow leaved plants, stomata are equally
distributed on _________________ of leaf.

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10. Name the ion that is important for stomatal opening and closure
mechanism
_________________ is important for stomatal opening and closure
mechanism.
11. Identify the functions of the mesophyll cells (palisade cells and spongy cells)
in plant leaves.
The mesophyll cells are responsible for:
a. Production of organic molecules in a biological conversion of solar energy to
chemical energy in the form of _________________ by _________________.
b. Allow ________________________ within the leaf.
c. Give the leaf strength by maintaining a state of _________________
12. Describe the arrangement of the mesophyll tissue.
_________________ consists of closely packed cells arranged in columns near
the top of the leaf.
The _________________ consists of loosely arranged rounded cells below the
palisade layer. There are air spaces between the spongy mesophyll cells to allow
efficient _________________.
13. How do the palisade mesophyll cells differ from the spongy mesophyll cells?
 _________________ mesophyll cells are nearer to the top whereas
_________________ mesophyll cells are nearer to the bottom of the leaf.
 _________________ mesophyll cells are closely packed and arranged in
columns. _________________ mesophyll cells are loosely arranged with
large air spaces.
 Spongy mesophyll cells are the main site of _________________.
 Palisade mesophyll cells contain more _________________ than spongy
cells. Palisade mesophyll cells are the main site of _________________.

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14. How do the palisade mesophyll cells differ from the spongy
mesophyll cells?
Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll cells
cells
Nearer to the Nearer to the _________________ (below
_________________ palisade layer)
______________________ Loosely arranged with large
arranged in _________________ ______________ ______________
Contain _________________ Contain _________________ chloroplasts
chloroplasts than spongy cells than palisade cells

15. Identify where photosynthesis takes place in a leaf.

Photosynthesis takes place in the ______________________________,
predominantly in the _________________, less in the _________________
mesophyll cells.
16. Describe gas exchange within the leaf.
Gas exchange occurs within the _________________ mesophyll layer. During
photosynthesis the mesophyll cells use up _________________. The
concentration of _________________ between the spongy mesophyll cells
decreases and more _________________ diffuses from the outside air through the
stomata. The _________________ then diffuses from the air spaces into the cells
of the mesophyll tissue. The cells of the mesophyll tissue are producing
_________________ as a waste product of photosynthesis. _________________
diffuses out of the leaf through the stomata.

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17.

a. Label the above diagram.

A. _________________
B. _________________
C. _________________
D. _________________
E. _________________
b. With regards to the above diagram, which cell matches the description
below? Support your answer.
i. The cell that absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day.
_________________ absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day as
it is the main site of photosynthesis.
ii. The cell that would contain red dye if the shoot were placed in a
solution of red dye for 30 minutes.
_________________ as xylem vessels are responsible for the transport
of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
iii. The cell containing chloroplasts for which the primary function is
photosynthesis. _________________ contains the most chloroplasts
and is the main site of photosynthesis.

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18. Diagram 1 is a transverse section of a leaf.

Diagram 2 is a surface view of a leaf.
a. Label the diagrams below.

A- _________________
B- _________________
C- _________________
D- _________________
E- _________________
b. Locate the position of guard cells in both.
_________ is the guard cell in diagram 2.
_________ is the guard cell in diagram 1.
19. Describe the features and functions of the vascular bundles
 Vascular bundles consist of three main tissues: _________________,
_________________ and _________________.
 _________________ and _________________ are the main two functions of
the vascular bundles.
 Vascular bundles form a connected network throughout the entire plant acting
as a _________________ system.
 Vascular bundles exist in _________________, _________________ and
_________________.
 In the leaf, they appear as a network of _________________ that support
the soft mesophyll tissues and helps the leaves resist the stresses of the air
currents.

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20. What are the major components of the leaf veins (vascular bundles)?
_________________ and _________________ tissues are the major components
of the leaf veins or vascular bundles.
21. Describe the material transported and the direction of flow in xylem and
phloem.
In the xylem _________________ and _________________ move
_________________ to the leaves and buds of the plant.
In the phloem organic _________________ such as _________________, are
transported down to the roots and up to the buds and flowers.
22. The main product of photosynthesis is glucose. State the fate of the glucose
formed in the mesophyll tissue.
The glucose formed in the mesophyll tissue is converted into _________________
and passed to the phloem sieve tube cells, which carry the _________________
throughout the plant.
23. Name the material that thickens the cell wall of the xylem vessels.
The material that thickens the cell wall of xylem vessels is _________________.
24. Describe the structure of xylem vessels (xylem tissues).
Xylem vessels are specialized tissues to carry out the functions of
_______________ and transport of _______________ and _______________ in
plants:
 They are elongated and _________________
 They have no _________________, no _________________ and no
_________________.
 Their cell walls are thickened with an impermeable substance called
_________________.
 They are also perforated by _________________, which allow movement of
_________________ sideways between cells.
 They are _________________.
25. Describe the structure of phloem/sieve tube elements.
The main functional units of the phloem tissue are the
_______________________________ and ______________________________.

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 Each sieve tube element is _________________, has _________________

but _________________.
 The_________________ is pushed to the sides of the cells
 The end wall of the sieve tube is perforated forming a _________________.
 The sieve tube element is kept alive by a _________________ closely linked
to it.
Note: Companion cells are complete with cytoplasm, nucleus and various
organelles.
26. State the main function of the sieve tubes that form the phloem tissue.
_________________ which are comprised of the __________________________
are adapted to carry out transport of _________________ substances such as
sucrose, down to the roots and up to the buds and flowers.
27. Define adaptation.
An adaptation is a function, structure or behavior of a living organism or any of its
parts that help the organism carry out vital processes and _________________ in
its environment.
28. State the external features of a leaf that show adaptation for photosynthesis.
 Leaves have _________________ and _________________ for support and
for maximum exposure to light and air (CO2).
 Leaves have broad, flat shape for large _________________ to absorb light
and CO2.
 Leaves are _________________ so CO2 diffuses across short distance to
reach inner cells.
 _________________ of leaf has many _________________ to allow efficient
_________________ of CO2 and O2 with air.
 The abundance of the stomata on the _________________ epidermis, limit
the water loss due to direct exposure to the sun.
29. State the internal features of a leaf that show adaptation for photosynthesis.
-Inside the leaf, _________________ between cells, allow CO2 and O2 to diffuse
into and out of cells.

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-More _________________ are found in the cytoplasm of upper palisade cells

nearer to upper surface than lower spongy mesophyll cells and will therefore
receive more _________________.
-Branching network of _________________ provides a good water supply to
photosynthesizing cells.
30. Label the following parts of the transverse section of the stem given
below and mention their function(s).

P: The _________________ protects the stem from the entry of

_________________ and _________________. The epidermis also helps
maintain the _________________. It is covered with a waxy cuticle which
reduces _________________ from the stem.
Q: The _________________ transports the _________________ compounds
(sucrose and amio acids) in the plant
R: The _________________ carries _________________ and
_________________ from the root up to different plant parts
S: The _________________ acts as packing tissue for stem
_________________ It may contain _________________ or store
_________________.
T: The _________________ is the central tissue of the stem and act as a
packing tissue for stem _________________.
NB. The cells of pith and cortex provide support for the stem.
31. Describe the arrangement of the vascular bundles of a dicot stem.
 In the transverse or cross- section of a dicot stem, the vascular bundles are
arranged in a _________________ pattern.

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 In the stem, _________________ is located towards

the_________________ of the stem and _________________ towards the
outside, and they are separated by _________________.
 In a longitudinal section of a dicot stem, the vascular bundles appear as
cylinders arranged next to each other. This cylindrical arrangement in the
_________________ helps resist bending forces caused by strong
_________________.

32. Define cortex and state the four possible functions of the stem cortex.
The cortex lies between the ____________________________ and the
_________________
The cortex may:
 store _________________
 store _________________
 make _________________ by photosynthesis in green stems
 provide _________________ for the stem
33. Identify the relative location of the xylem and phloem within the stem and
leaves.
In a stem, _________________is located towards the inside of the stem and
_________________ towards the outside, and they are separated by
_________________.
In the leaves, _________________ is located in the upper part of the vascular
bundles and the _________________ is located in their lower part.
34. Which structure is more distinct in the stem than in the root? Explain
_________________ is more distinct in the stem than in the root because in the
root, the epidermis consists of thin walled cells with no _________________.
N.B. Water absorption needs to be optimized in the root and the cuticle is a water
repellant that’s why it is absent in the roots.
35. Describe the structure of a root.
 The _________________ of the root is less distinct than that found in stems.

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 The vascular bundles are situated _________________ with

_________________ in the center and _________________ to the outside.
 The root tip contains cells that form _________________.
 The _________________ are specialized cells adapted for absorption, they
are present in large numbers in the epidermis.
 The _________________ lies between the epidermis and the vascular
bundles.
36. Describe the vascular bundle of a typical root.
 The parts of the vascular bundles are: _________________ and
_________________.
_________________ is a tissue found between the xylem and the phloem.
 The vascular bundle of a typical root is located at the _________________ of
the root.
 The _________________ location of the vascular cylinders allows them to
withstand pulling forces on the roots when the shoot system above is
subjected to strong air currents.
37. Explain what a root hair is. Label all key features and know their significance.

 A root hair cell is an epidermal cell with ______________________________

called root hairs.
 It is a specialized plant cell that is adapted to absorb _________________
and _________________ from the soil by _________________.
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38. State how a root hair cells is adapted to its function.

Root hair cell:
 has a thin _________________ and a thin _________________ which
increase the rate of diffusion of water and mineral salts from the soil.
 It has a large permanent _________________ to store the absorbed water
and mineral salts.
 It is produced by the _________________ cells just above the root tip and
they are present in large numbers and help increase the
_________________ for absorption in the roots.
39. State the functions of the root hair.
Root hairs:
 absorb _________________ by osmosis.
 absorb _________________ by diffusion or by active transport.
 help to _________________ the plant in the soil.
 increase absorbing _________________ of root system.
40. Identify the position of the root cortex and its function.
 The cortex of the root lies between the _________________ and the
_____________________________
 The root cortex may store _________________
 The root cortex cells are _________________ packed with plenty of air
spaces for _________________ to diffuse into the root from the soil.
41. Define root cap and state its function.
 Root cap consists of thin layer of cells covering the _________________..
 It protects the growth regions of the root or what is called
_________________.
 It also prevents the tip of the root from damage as the presence of the root
cap reduces _________________ with soil particles.

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42. The diagram below represents the vascular bundle from the stem of a plant.
Identify the cells represented by label 1, 2 and 3. State the role of each cell.

a. Cell 1: xylem vessel element of the xylem tissue

Function: Transport of minerals and water and support.
b. Cell 2: sieve tube element of the phloem tissue
Function: Transport of organic material including sucrose and amino acids.
c. Cell 3: cell of the cortex (type of parenchymal cell)
Function: Storage of starch. Packaging tissue.
43. The below diagrams depict transverse sections of the stem and root. Label
the tissues.

a. 1: epidermis
b. 2: phloem
c. 3: xylem

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d. 4: cortex
44. The below diagrams depict transverse sections of the leaves, roots and
stems. Label the tissues.

a. 1: xylem
b. 2: phloem
c. 3: phloem
d. 4: xylem
e. 5: phloem
f. 6: xylem
45. Draw and label a dicot root plan drawing and a dicot stem plan drawing. In
plan diagrams, individual cells are not drawn.
(Practical work).

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1. What are the major parts identified in the external structure of leaf?
A leaf has a stalk, called petiole, and a leaf blade, or lamina. The stalk continues
through the lamina as a midrib, which contains vascular tissues and results in a
network of veins.
2. What is the function of the leaf stalk?
The leaf stalk:
 Attaches the leaf to the stem.
 Delivers water and mineral salts to the leaf cells.
 Carries away the organic molecules made by leaf cells.
3. Describe the epidermis of the leaves.
 The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves are covered with a single layer of
closely fitting cells called the epidermis.
 Epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts.
 Cells of the upper epidermis secrete a waterproof waxy cuticle.
 In the lower epidermis there are openings called stomata.
 The epidermis
- Maintains the shape of the leaf.
- Reduces evaporation so prevents water loss from leaf and saves
stems especially if they are green..
- Prevents the entry of bacteria and fungi (pathogens).
4. What is the main function of the leaves?
The leaves make (food) organic molecules by photosynthesis.
5. Describe the leaf cuticle and state its function.
The leaf cuticle is a waxy waterproof substance secreted by the upper epidermal
cells. It protects the upper epidermal cells and helps reduce water loss.
6. Where in a plant is the waxy cuticle layer found?
Waxy cuticle layer covers the stem and leaf epidermis and is not present in the
roots.
7. Describe the structure of stomata.
Stomata are microscopic pores in the epidermis of plants leaves and some stems.
Each pore is surrounded by two bean-shaped guard cells.
8. State two functions of stomata.
 Regulating water loss and offering the site for gas exchange, are the two
main functions of the stomata.

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 Stomata are the site of gas exchange, where carbon dioxide diffuses in and
oxygen out of the leaf when photosynthesis is taking place.
 Stomata regulate water loss. Plants lose most of their water, as vapor,
through the stomata. However, stomata prevent excessive loss of water by
closing.
9. Compare the distribution of stomata in monocot and dicot leaves.
 In most dicots, or broad leaved plants, stomata occur only in the lower
epidermis.
 In monocots, or narrow leaved plants, stomata are equally distributed on
both sides of leaf.
10. Name the ion that is important for stomatal opening and closure
mechanism
Potassium ion is important for stomatal opening and closure
mechanism.
11. Identify the functions of the mesophyll cells (palisade cells and spongy cells)
in plant leaves.
The mesophyll cells are responsible for:
a. Production of organic molecules in a biological conversion of solar energy to
chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates by photosynthesis.
b. Allow gas circulation within the leaf.
c. Give the leaf strength by maintaining a state of turgidity
12. Describe the arrangement of the mesophyll tissue.
Palisade layer consists of closely packed cells arranged in columns near the top
of the leaf.
The spongy layer consists of loosely arranged rounded cells below the palisade
layer. There are air spaces between the spongy mesophyll cells to allow efficient
gas exchange.
13. How do the palisade mesophyll cells differ from the spongy mesophyll cells?
 Palisade mesophyll cells are nearer to the top whereas spongy mesophyll
cells are nearer to the bottom of the leaf.
 Palisade mesophyll cells are closely packed and arranged in columns.
Spongy mesophyll cells are loosely arranged with large air spaces.
 Spongy mesophyll cells are the main site of gas exchange.
 Palisade mesophyll cells contain more chloroplasts than spongy cells.
Palisade mesophyll cells are the main site of photosynthesis.

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14. How do the palisade mesophyll cells differ from the spongy
mesophyll cells?
Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll cells
cells
Nearer to the top Nearer to the bottom (below
palisade layer)
Closely packed, Loosely arranged with large
arranged in columns air spaces
Contain more Contain less chloroplasts than
chloroplasts than spongy palisade cells
cells

15. Identify where photosynthesis takes place in a leaf.

Photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll tissue, predominantly in the
palisade cells, less in the spongy mesophyll cells.
16. Describe gas exchange within the leaf.
Gas exchange occurs within the spongy mesophyll layer. During photosynthesis
the mesophyll cells use up carbon dioxide. The concentration of carbon dioxide
between the spongy mesophyll cells decreases and more carbon dioxide diffuses
from the outside air through the stomata. The carbon dioxide then diffuses from
the air spaces into the cells of the mesophyll tissue. The cells of the mesophyll
tissue are producing oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis. Oxygen
diffuses out of the leaf through the stomata.

17.

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a. Label the above diagram.

A. Epidermal cell
B. Palisade cell
C. Xylem vessel
D. Spongy cell
E. Guard cell
b. With regards to the above diagram, which cell matches the description
below? Support your answer.
i. The cell that absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day.
Palisade cell (B) absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day as it is
the main site of photosynthesis.
ii. The cell that would contain red dye if the shoot were placed in a
solution of red dye for 30 minutes.
Xylem vessel (C) as xylem vessels are responsible for the transport of
water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
iii. The cell containing chloroplasts for which the primary function is
photosynthesis. Palisade cell (B) contains the most chloroplasts and
is the main site of photosynthesis.

18. Diagram 1 is a transverse section of a leaf.

Diagram 2 is a surface view of a leaf.
a. Label the diagrams below.

A- Epidermal cell
B- Palisade cell
C- Epidermal cell
D- Guard cell
E- Spongy cell
b. Locate the position of guard cells in both.
P is the guard cell in diagram 2.

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D is the guard cell in diagram 1.

19. Describe the features and functions of the vascular bundles
 Vascular bundles consist of three main tissues: xylem, phloem and
cambium.
 Support and transport are the main two functions of the vascular bundles.
 Vascular bundles form a connected network throughout the entire plant acting
as a transport system.
 Vascular bundles exist in leaves, stems, and roots.
 In the leaf, they appear as a network of veins that support the soft mesophyll
tissues and helps the leaves resist the stresses of the air currents.
20. What are the major components of the leaf veins (vascular bundles)?
Xylem and phloem tissues are the major components of the leaf veins or vascular
bundles.
21. Describe the material transported and the direction of flow in xylem and
phloem.
In the xylem water and dissolved salts move upwards to the leaves and buds of
the plant.
In the phloem organic substances such as sucrose, are transported down to the
roots and up to the buds and flowers.
22. The main product of photosynthesis is glucose. State the fate of the glucose
formed in the mesophyll tissue.
The glucose formed in the mesophyll tissue is converted into sucrose and passed
to the phloem sieve tube cells, which carry the sucrose throughout the plant.
23. Name the material that thickens the cell wall of the xylem vessels.
The material that thickens the cell wall of xylem vessels is lignin.
24. Describe the structure of xylem vessels (xylem tissues).
Xylem vessels are specialized tissues to carry out the functions of support and
transport of water and minerals in plants:
 They are elongated and hollow
 They have no cytoplasm, no nucleus and no organelles.
 Their cell walls are thickened with an impermeable substance called lignin.
 They are also perforated by pits, which allow movement of water sideways
between cells.
 They are non-living.

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25. Describe the structure of phloem/sieve tube elements.

The main functional units of the phloem tissue are the sieve tube elements and
companion cells.
 Each sieve tube element is cylindrical, has cytoplasm but no nucleus.
 The cytoplasm is pushed to the sides of the cells
 The end wall of the sieve tube is perforated forming a sieve plate.
 The sieve tube element is kept alive by a companion cell closely linked to it.
Note: Companion cells are complete with cytoplasm, nucleus and various
organelles.
26. State the main function of the sieve tubes that form the phloem tissue.
Sieve tubes which are comprised of the sieve tube elements are adapted to
carry out transport of organic substances such as sucrose, down to the roots and
up to the buds and flowers.
27. Define adaptation.
An adaptation is a function, structure or behavior of a living organism or any of its
parts that help the organism carry out vital processes and survive in its
environment.
28. State the external features of a leaf that show adaptation for photosynthesis.
 Leaves have stem and leaf stalk for support and for maximum exposure to
light and air (CO2).
 Leaves have broad, flat shape for large surface area to absorb light and CO2.
 Leaves are thin so CO2 diffuses across short distance to reach inner cells.
 Lower surface of leaf has many stomata to allow efficient gas exchange of
CO2 and O2 with air.
 The abundance of the stomata on the lower epidermis, limit the water loss
due to direct exposure to the sun.
29. State the internal features of a leaf that show adaptation for photosynthesis.
-Inside the leaf, large spaces between cells, allow CO2 and O2 to diffuse into and
out of cells.
-More chloroplasts are found in the cytoplasm of upper palisade cells nearer to
upper surface than lower spongy mesophyll cells and will therefore receive more
sunlight.
-Branching network of veins provides a good water supply to photosynthesizing
cells.

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30. Label the following parts of the transverse section of the stem given
below and mention their function(s).

P: The epidermis protects the stem from the entry of bacteria and fungi. The
epidermis also helps maintain the shape .It is covered with a waxy cuticle
which reduces water loss from the stem.
Q: The phloem transports the organic compounds (sucrose and amio acids) in
the plant
R: The xylem carries water and minerals from the root up to different plant
parts
S: The cortex acts as packing tissue for stem support It may contain starch or
store water.
T: The pith is the central tissue of the stem and act as a packing tissue for stem
support.
NB. The cells of pith and cortex provide support for the stem.
31. Describe the arrangement of the vascular bundles of a dicot stem.
 In the transverse or cross- section of a dicot stem, the vascular bundles are
arranged in a ring pattern.

 In the stem, xylem is located towards the inside of the stem and phloem
towards the outside, and they are separated by cambium.
 In a longitudinal section of a dicot stem, the vascular bundles appear as
cylinders arranged next to each other. This cylindrical arrangement in the
stem helps resist bending forces caused by strong winds.

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32. Define cortex and state the four possible functions of the stem cortex.
The cortex lies between the vascular bundles and the epidermis.
The cortex may:
 store starch grains
 store water
 make food by photosynthesis in green stems
 provide support for the stem
33. Identify the relative location of the xylem and phloem within the stem and
leaves.
In a stem, xylem is located towards the inside of the stem and phloem towards
the outside, and they are separated by cambium.
In the leaves, xylem is located in the upper part of the vascular bundles and the
phloem is located in their lower part.
34. Which structure is more distinct in the stem than in the root? Explain
Epidermis is more distinct in the stem than in the root because in the root, the
epidermis consists of thin walled cells with no waxy cuticle.
N.B. Water absorption needs to be optimized in the root and the cuticle is a water
repellant that’s why it is absent in the roots.
35. Describe the structure of a root.
 The epidermis of the root is less distinct than that found in stems.
 The vascular bundles are situated centrally with xylem in the center and
phloem to the outside.
 The root tip contains cells that form root cap.
 The root hairs are specialized cells adapted for absorption, they are present
in large numbers in the epidermis.
 The cortex lies between the epidermis and the vascular bundles.
36. Describe the vascular bundle of a typical root.
 The parts of the vascular bundles are: phloem and xylem.
Cambium is a tissue found between the xylem and the phloem.
 The vascular bundle of a typical root is located at the center of the root.

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 The central location of the vascular cylinders allows them to withstand pulling
forces on the roots when the shoot system above is subjected to strong air
currents.
37. Explain what a root hair is. Label all key features and know their significance.

 A root hair cell is an epidermal cell with tube-like outgrowths called root
hairs.
 It is a specialized plant cell that is adapted to absorb water and minerals
from the soil by active transport.
38. State how a root hair cells is adapted to its function.
Root hair cell:
 has a thin cell wall and a thin cytoplasm which increase the rate of diffusion
of water and mineral salts from the soil.
 It has a large permanent vacuole to store the absorbed water and mineral
salts.
 It is produced by the epidermal cells just above the root tip and they are
present in large numbers and help increase the surface area for absorption
in the roots.
39. State the functions of the root hair.
Root hairs:
 absorb water by osmosis.
 absorb mineral salts by diffusion or by active transport.
 help to anchor the plant in the soil.
 increase absorbing surface area of root system.

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40. Identify the position of the root cortex and its function.
 The cortex of the root lies between the epidermis and the vascular bundles
 The root cortex may store starch grains
 The root cortex cells are loosely packed with plenty of air spaces for oxygen
to diffuse into the root from the soil.
41. Define root cap and state its function.
 Root cap consists of thin layer of cells covering the root tip.
 It protects the growth regions of the root or what is called root meristems.
 It also prevents the tip of the root from damage as the presence of the root
cap reduces friction with soil particles.
42. The diagram below represents the vascular bundle from the stem of a plant.
Identify the cells represented by label 1,2 and 3. State the role of each cell.

a. Cell 1: xylem vessel element of the xylem tissue

Function: Transport of minerals and water and support.
b. Cell 2: sieve tube element of the phloem tissue
Function: Transport of organic material including sucrose and amino acids.
c. Cell 3: cell of the cortex (type of parenchymal cell)
Function: Storage of starch. Packaging tissue.

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43. The below diagrams depict transverse sections of the stem and root. Label
the tissues.

a. 1: epidermis
b. 2: phloem
c. 3: xylem
d. 4: cortex
44. The below diagrams depict transverse sections of the leaves, roots and
stems. Label the tissues.

a. 1: xylem
b. 2: phloem
c. 3: phloem
d. 4: xylem
e. 5: phloem
f. 6: xylem

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 Grade 10 - Level L

45. Draw and label a dicot root plan drawing and a dicot stem plan drawing. In
plan diagrams, individual cells are not drawn.
(Practical work).

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 Grade 10 - Level L

Diagnostic Material: 1819-BLDiag-002

1. Briefly explain the mechanism of stomatal opening.
During the day:
 _________________ ions are actively transported into the
_________________ cells from the surrounding epidermal cells.
 The buildup of those ions _________________ the water potential of the
cells.
 This draws water into them by _________________.
 The cells become _________________ and the stomata ________________.
2. Briefly explain the mechanism of stomatal closure.
Which of the following is not true concerning stomatal closure?
During the night, in the absence of light:
 Potassium ions diffuse _________________ of the guard cells.
 Water_________________ guard cells by _________________.
 The guard cells become _________________.
 The stomata _________________.
3. How do the palisade mesophyll cells differ from the spongy mesophyll cells?
 _________________ mesophyll cells are nearer to the top whereas
_________________ mesophyll cells are nearer to the bottom of the leaf.
 _________________ mesophyll cells are closely packed and arranged in
columns. _________________ mesophyll cells are loosely arranged with
large air spaces.
 Spongy mesophyll cells are the main site of _________________________.
 Palisade mesophyll cells contain more _________________ than spongy
cells. Palisade mesophyll cells are the main site of _________________.

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4.

c. Label the above diagram.

A. _________________
B. _________________
C. _________________
D. _________________
E. _________________
d. With regards to the above diagram, which cell matches the description
below? Support your answer.
i. The cell that absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day.
_________________ absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day as
it is the main site of photosynthesis.
ii. The cell that would contain red dye if the shoot were placed in a
solution of red dye for 30 minutes.
_________________ as xylem vessels are responsible for the transport
of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
iii. The cell containing chloroplasts for which the primary function is
photosynthesis. _________________ contains the most chloroplasts
and is the main site of photosynthesis.
5. Diagram 1 is a transverse section of a leaf.
Diagram 2 is a surface view of a leaf.
a. Label the diagrams below.

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A- _________________
B- _________________
C- _________________
D- _________________
E- _________________
b. Locate the position of guard cells in both.
___________ is the guard cell in diagram 2.
__________ is the guard cell in diagram 1.
6. Use the following figure to label the parts of the vascular bundle in a
transverse section of a root.
A: _________________
B: _________________

7. The photomicrograph shows a transverse section of a plant root.

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 Grade 10 - Level L

i) Identify the structure that transports sucrose and amino acids?

Structure _____ or ________________ transports sucrose and amino acids.
ii) Identify the structure that transports water?
Structure _________ or _________________transports water and minerals.
8. The diagram shows a cross-section of a root.

a) What does letter C represent and what is its function?

Letter C is the _________________ tissue.
Xylem transports _________________ and ________________ in the plant.
b) What does letter D represents and what is its function?
Letter D is the _________________ tissue.
Phloem transports _________________compounds (sucrose and amino
acids) from plant leaves to all other parts of the plant.
9. Which of the following diagrams are sections through
i) the root ?
ii) the stem?

i) Sections through the stem: _____________ and ____________

ii) Sections through the root: ___________ and _____________

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10. Label the following parts of the transverse section of the stem given
below and mention their function(s).

P: The _________________ protects the stem from the entry of

_________________ and _________________. The epidermis also helps
maintain the _________________.It is covered with a waxy cuticle which
reduces _________________ from the stem.
Q: The _________________ transports the _________________ compounds
(sucrose and amio acids) in the plant
R: The _________________ carries _________________ and
_________________ from the root up to different plant parts
S: The _________________ acts as packing tissue for stem
_________________ It may contain _________________ or store
_________________.
T: The _________________ is the central tissue of the stem and act as a
packing tissue for stem _________________.
NB. The cells of pith and cortex provide support for the stem.

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 Grade 10 - Level L

Grid Sample Questions (T2Wk2)

1. G What is the function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes play a key role in the synthesis of _________________ .
2. G What is the function of the mitochondria?
The organelle responsible for manufacturing energy from the breakdown of food
substances, like sugar is the _________________.
3. G What is the function of chloroplasts?
The _________________ is the organelle responsible for photosynthesis.
4. G What are the building blocks of proteins? By what bonds are the building
blocks of proteins joined together?
The building blocks of proteins are _________________. They are held together
by _________________ bonds.
5. G What is a nucleotide made up of?
A _________________ is made up of a simple sugar, a phosphate group and an
organic base.
6. G Give the temperature at which complete denaturation of human enzymes
takes place.
Human enzymes completely denature at ______________°C.
7. G State the uses of energy in living organisms.
Energy is used to
synthesize _________________ from simpler substances.
synthesize _________________ from amino acids.
carry out cell activities like _________________ and cell _________________.
allow _________________ of the organism as a whole.
maintain body _________________ or _________________ in warm blooded
animals.
allow _________________ to travel along nerves.

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 Grade 10 - Level L

8. G What is respiration?
_________________ is the chemical process which occurs in every cell, by which
energy is released from the breakdown of food substances such as glucose.
9. G Name the process shown in the diagram below and define it using an
example.

The above diagram shows the process by which single-celled animals take in solid
particles. This process is called _________________
10. G Name the process shown in the diagram below and define it using
an example.

The process of expelling liquids or solids out of the cell via a temporary vacuole or
vesicle as shown in the diagram above is termed _________________.
11. G What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates
from water and _________________ using _________________.

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12. G Identify three factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis.
Three factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis include
_________________ intensity, _________________ concentration and
_________________.
13. G What are the levels of cellular organization starting from the
lowest?
_________________, _________________, _________________,
_________________ and _________________
14. G Why is water important for living cells?
The _________________ that fills the inside of cells is mainly made of water.
Water is important for the _________________ of substances throughout the
body. It is essential for the process of _________________, since it is needed to
dissolve enzymes and nutrients in the alimentary canal.
15. G What are the major differences in characteristics and structure of
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
The _________________ are carbohydrates, which are formed by two sugar
molecules joined together. Just as _________________, they are sweet and
soluble in water. However, _________________ are insoluble in water and do not
taste sweet.
16. G Enumerate key features of lipids.
Compared to carbohydrates, lipids have more _________________ atoms per
oxygen atom.
Fats are common representatives of lipids, in which one _________________
molecule is joined with three fatty acids.
The common feature of all lipids is their _________________ in water.
17. G Differentiate between the lock and key theory and induced fit theory of
enzyme action by completing the statements below.
According to the _________________ theory, the shapes of the substrate and the
active site of the enzyme are completely complementary.
The _________________ theory suggests that the substrate can cause structural
modifications in the active site of an enzyme upon binding.

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18. G What are some factors affecting the rate of diffusion?

A _________________ rate of diffusion is usually observed for smaller particles.
An increase in the thickness of a barrier between two media results in a
_________________ rate of diffusion.
Gases are characterized by a _________________ rate of diffusion compared to
solids
19. G What happens to plant and animal cells that are placed in hypertonic
solutions?
Unlike animal cells, plant cells do not burst in a _________________ solution
because of the presence of a cell wall.
Plant cells placed in a hypertonic solution undergo _________________.
When an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will pass out of the
cell by _________________, causing the _________________ to shrink and the
cell to shrivel up.
20. G Why is energy stored as ATP in cells?
Energy is stored in the cell in the form of _________________, and the energy
stored is immediately available and can be used to drive different
________________. In addition, these molecules store energy in
________________ packages, which prevents wasting energy.
21. G What is metabolism?
The _________________ is the set of all chemical reactions that take place inside
cells.
22. G What are the features of the two modes of nutrition in living organisms?
_________________ nutrition is associated with the inability of an organism to
produce its own food from inorganic molecules, and thus, food should come from
external sources. _________________ nutrition means that the organism can
synthesize its own organic molecules from raw inorganic ones.
23. G In which way are the main products of photosynthesis used by the plant?
The _________________ produced during photosynthesis is released as a free
gas in the atmosphere.

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 Grade 10 - Level L

The _________________ molecules produced during photosynthesis can be

converted into lipids, which are used as an energy store.

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 Grade 10 - Level L

1. Briefly explain the mechanism of stomatal opening.

During the day:
 Potassium ions are actively transported into the guard cells from the
surrounding epidermal cells.
 The buildup of those ions lowers the water potential of the cells.
 This draws water into them by osmosis.
 The cells become turgid and the stomata open.
2. Briefly explain the mechanism of stomatal closure.
Which of the following is not true concerning stomatal closure?
During the night, in the absence of light:
 Potassium ions diffuse out of the guard cells.
 Water leaves guard cells by osmosis.
 The guard cells become flaccid.
 The stomata close.
3. How do the palisade mesophyll cells differ from the spongy mesophyll cells?
 Palisade mesophyll cells are nearer to the top whereas spongy mesophyll
cells are nearer to the bottom of the leaf.
 Palisade mesophyll cells are closely packed and arranged in columns.
Spongy mesophyll cells are loosely arranged with large air spaces.
 Spongy mesophyll cells are the main site of gas exchange.
 Palisade mesophyll cells contain more chloroplasts than spongy cells.
Palisade mesophyll cells are the main site of photosynthesis.
4.

a. Label the above diagram.

A. Epidermal cell
B. Palisade cell

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 Grade 10 - Level L

C. Xylem vessel
D. Spongy cell
E. Guard cell
b. With regards to the above diagram, which cell matches the description
below? Support your answer.
i. The cell that absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day.
Palisade cell (B) absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day as it is
the main site of photosynthesis.
ii. The cell that would contain red dye if the shoot were placed in a
solution of red dye for 30 minutes.
Xylem vessel (C) as xylem vessels are responsible for the transport of
water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
iii. The cell containing chloroplasts for which the primary function is
photosynthesis. Palisade cell (B) contains the most chloroplasts and
is the main site of photosynthesis.
5. Diagram 1 is a transverse section of a leaf.
Diagram 2 is a surface view of a leaf.
a. Label the diagrams below.

A- Epidermal cell
B- Palisade cell
C- Epidermal cell
D- Guard cell
E- Spongy cell
b. Locate the position of guard cells in both.
P is the guard cell in diagram 2.
D is the guard cell in diagram 1.
6. Use the following figure to label the parts of the vascular bundle in a
transverse section of a root.
A: Phloem

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 Grade 10 - Level L

B: Xylem

7. The photomicrograph shows a transverse section of a plant root.

i) Identify the structure that transports sucrose and amino acids?

Structure D or phloem transports sucrose and amino acids.
ii) Identify the structure that transports water?
Structure A or xylem transports water and minerals.
8. The diagram shows a cross-section of a root.

a) What does letter C represent and what is its function?

Letter C is the xylem tissue.
Xylem transports water and minerals in the plant.
b) What does letter D represents and what is its function?
Letter D is the phloem tissue.
Phloem transports organic compounds (sucrose and amino acids) from plant
leaves to all other parts of the plant.

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9. Which of the following diagrams are sections through

i) the root ?
ii) the stem?

i) Sections through the stem: (ii) and (iii)

ii) Sections through the root: (i) and (iv)
10. Label the following parts of the transverse section of the stem given
below and mention their function(s).

P: The epidermis protects the stem from the entry of bacteria and fungi. The
epidermis also helps maintain the shape .It is covered with a waxy cuticle
which reduces water loss from the stem.
Q: The phloem transports the organic compounds (sucrose and amio acids) in
the plant
R: The xylem carries water and minerals from the root up to different plant
parts
S: The cortex acts as packing tissue for stem support It may contain starch or
store water.
T: The pith is the central tissue of the stem and act as a packing tissue for stem
support.
NB. The cells of pith and cortex provide support for the stem.

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 Grade 10 - Level L

Grid Sample Questions (T2Wk2)

1. G What is the function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes play a key role in the synthesis of proteins.
2. G What is the function of the mitochondria?
The organelle responsible for manufacturing energy from the breakdown of food
substances, like sugar is the mitochondria.
3. G What is the function of chloroplasts?
The chloroplast is the organelle responsible for photosynthesis.
4. G What are the building blocks of proteins? By what bonds are the building
blocks of proteins joined together?
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. They are held together by
peptide bonds.
5. G What is a nucleotide made up of?
A nucleotide is made up of a simple sugar, a phosphate group and an organic
base.
6. G Give the temperature at which complete denaturation of human enzymes
takes place.
Human enzymes completely denature at 60°C.
7. G State the uses of energy in living organisms.
Energy is used to
synthesize food from simpler substances.
synthesize proteins from amino acids.
carry out cell activities like growth and cell division.
allow movement of the organism as a whole.
maintain body heat or temperature in warm blooded animals.
allow nerve impulses to travel along nerves.
8. G What is respiration?
Respiration is the chemical process which occurs in every cell, by which energy is
released from the breakdown of food substances such as glucose.

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9. G Name the process shown in the diagram below and define it using an
example.

The above diagram shows the process by which single-celled animals take in solid
particles. This process is called endocytosis.
10. G Name the process shown in the diagram below and define it using
an example.

The process of expelling liquids or solids out of the cell via a temporary vacuole or
vesicle as shown in the diagram above is termed exocytosis.
11. G What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates
from water and carbon dioxide using sunlight.
12. G Identify three factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis.
Three factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis include light
intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.
13. G What are the levels of cellular organization starting from the
lowest?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms
14. G Why is water important for living cells?
The cytoplasm that fills the inside of cells is mainly made of water. Water is
important for the transport of substances throughout the body. It is essential for

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the process of digestion, since it is needed to dissolve enzymes and nutrients in

the alimentary canal.
15. G What are the major differences in characteristics and structure of
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
The disaccharides are carbohydrates, which are formed by two sugar molecules
joined together. Just as monosaccharides, they are sweet and soluble in water.
However, polysaccharides are insoluble in water and do not taste sweet.
16. G Enumerate key features of lipids.
Compared to carbohydrates, lipids have more hydrogen atoms per oxygen atom.
Fats are common representatives of lipids, in which one glycerol molecule is
joined with three fatty acids.
The common feature of all lipids is their insolubility in water.
17. G Differentiate between the lock and key theory and induced fit theory of
enzyme action by completing the statements below.
According to the lock and key theory, the shapes of the substrate and the active
site of the enzyme are completely complementary.
The induced fit theory suggests that the substrate can cause structural
modifications in the active site of an enzyme upon binding.
18. G What are some factors affecting the rate of diffusion?
A higher rate of diffusion is usually observed for smaller particles.
An increase in the thickness of a barrier between two media results in a lower rate
of diffusion.
Gases are characterized by a higher rate of diffusion compared to solids
19. G What happens to plant and animal cells that are placed in hypertonic
solutions?
Unlike animal cells, plant cells do not burst in a hypotonic solution because of the
presence of a cell wall.
Plant cells placed in a hypertonic solution undergo plasmolysis.
When an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will pass out of the
cell by osmosis, causing the vacuole to shrink and the cell to shrivel up.
20. G Why is energy stored as ATP in cells?
Energy is stored in the cell in the form of ATP, and the energy stored is
immediately available and can be used to drive different reactions. In addition,
these molecules store energy in small packages, which prevents wasting energy.
21. G What is metabolism?
The metabolism is the set of all chemical reactions that take place inside cells.
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22. G What are the features of the two modes of nutrition in living organisms?
Heterotrophic nutrition is associated with the inability of an organism to produce
its own food from inorganic molecules, and thus, food should come from external
sources. Autotrophic nutrition means that the organism can synthesize its own
organic molecules from raw inorganic ones.
23. G In which way are the main products of photosynthesis used by the plant?
The oxygen produced during photosynthesis is released as a free gas in the
atmosphere.
The glucose molecules produced during photosynthesis can be converted into
lipids, which are used as an energy store.

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