The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….

The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba plant (Jatropha curcas L.) in making pesticides.

Group 2 BSEd-3A Biological Science

Abstract

Jatropha curcas L. commonly known as Tuba-tuba is one of the poisonous plant species
in the Philippines. It contains phytotoxins that are said to be dangerous when ingested.
Thus, the researchers came up with this idea of using this toxic property of this plant in
preparing pesticides against common domestic pests. Moreover, the prepare pesticides
were compared to a commercial pesticide in terms of its effects in killing pests. In like
manner, aside from investigating for its pesticide potential, the researchers also studied
the phytochemical aspects of Jatropha curcas L., specifically the odor, color, viscosity,
and its time of effect to take place. Three consecutive trials were conducted in selected
setup such as death rate of domestic pests using the prepared pesticides. Through it all,
among all the prepared pesticides, the researchers found out that Formulation C was the
best formulation in killing the domestic pest.

Nowadays, thousands of unprecedented demands, including problems in the environment

are constantly persisting in the local areas of the country. To specify, food poisoning is likewise

one of the issues that predominates these past few years. The plant species Jathropa curcas L.,

locally known as Tuba-tuba, Tubang-bakod (Tag.), Kasla (Bis.), and Tagumbau (Ilk.) and

ecumenically called as fig nut, physic nut and pig nut is diversely distributed throughout the

country and has been subjected in several food poisoning cases (Manila bulletin, 2006). Local

media reported that eight children in General Santos City suffered in extreme stomach pain after

eating Tuba-tuba (Jathropa curcas L.) last September 9, 2010 (http://gmanews.tv). The same

scenario is observed in La Paz, Iloilo wherein fourteen school children experienced the same

symptoms after eating Tuba-tuba fruit and were eventually rushed to a hospital

(http://www.gmanews.tv).

The prime reason why Tuba-tuba fruits and seeds result stomach pain and vomiting is

because it contains poison which scientifically labeled as curcin. It is a phytotoxin (toxalbumin)

which is large, complex protein molecule of toxicity. Additionally, curcin is said to be highly

irritant. Consequently, Jatropha resembles other toxins such as hydrocyanic acid, dermatitis
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….2

producing resin, alkaloid, and glycoside which produce cardiovascular and respiratory

depression, tetramethylpyrazine (TMPZ), an amide alkaloid which can be obtained from the stem

and atropine-like effects have also been reported (http://www. inchem.com). Jatropha curcas L.

is also well known for its scent which is somehow irritating, that even animals like goats do not

try to eat. This perennial (lives for several years) plant is most commonly placed in towns as

hedge. Hence, it is named as Tubang-bakod (Quisumbing, 1978).

With these reasons, researchers came up with the idea of using Tuba-tuba fruits, seeds

and stems extract as an alternative ingredient in making pesticides. To stress, Tuba-tuba is

known for its abundance in the Philippines, where in fact it is seen everywhere. Most especially

it is available for free. In like manner, Tuba-tuba is a perennial plant which means it can live for

several years. Jathropa curcas L. is also a drought resistant shrub or small tree that produces

seeds up to 35 years but can live up to 50 years. Furthermore, it grows fast with little or no

maintenance at all.

Etymologically, the word “pesticides” is built in the model of many words ending with

the suffix “-cide” which originates from the Latin verb “caedo, cadere,” which means to kill. In

our present days, enormous types of pest have been destroying some of our properties

domestically. Filipino citizens are fond of using commercial inorganic pesticides which are sold

in the market. Thus, this research aims to provide an alternative source of pesticides which is

using Tuba-tuba fruits, seeds, and stems which are organic and less expensive. Jatropha curcas

L. that is Tuba-tuba contains phytotoxin that may help in rapid control of the accelerating pests’

population in the community. (http://www.speedylook.com/Pesticide.html)

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….3

Significance of the Study

This part of the research is primarily concerned with the importance as well as the

implication of the research to the following people and institutions respectively:

To the pesticides manufacturers. This research provides an innovative source of materials that

might be possible source of ingredients in making pesticides, which is Jatropha curcas L.,

locally labeled as Tuba-tuba. The said material is well known for its abundance throughout the

country. In the same way, Tuba-tuba is a perennial plant, which means that it can bear fruits and

live the entire year regardless of the climate or season. Additionally, tuba-tuba plant extract is

organic, eco-friendly, and can be drawn out in voluminous amount, and to stress, Tuba-tuba

might be one of the cheapest source of ingredients in making pesticides that requires less

maintenance.

To the common people. Various types of pests are invading our domestic environment which

may bring harm to our health these present days. Hence, this research will try to unleash a better

solution in minimizing the risk and the detrimental constraints emanating in our home which are

brought by several types of pests, by means of utilizing Tuba-tuba plant extract as an alternative

source of ingredients in producing pesticides, that likewise less expensive compare to

commercial pesticides.

To agricultural and botanical institutions. Philippines is blessed with diverse types and plant

species. However, there are still enormous of plant species in the country which the potential

uses are not yet established, including Tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas L.). Thus, this research will

try to evince the significance and the potential applications of tuba-tuba plant, which a type of

plant that is not yet subjected for pesticide uses.

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….4

To science teachers. The prime goal of the field of science is discovering new things that can be

beneficial to the society. As a science teacher, this study may provide better ideas regarding

discovery. Teachers, specifically to those who are under the field of science shall cultivate in the

minds of their students the significance of science and its implication to their lives. Hence this

study provides key concepts and ideas on the process of discovering new things using scientific

approach.

To future researchers. This study may provide future researchers to gain better ideas regarding

the plant species Jatropha curcas L.. In the same way, it may also help the future researchers to

generate more ideas about the applications of the said plant species that probably benefit the

society.

Statement of the Problem

General Problem: This study will probe for the feasibility of using Tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas

L.) fruits, seeds, and stems extract as an alternative source of ingredient in making pesticides.

Specifically, the researchers will try to answer the following questions:

1. What are the physico-characteristics of Tuba-tuba in terms of:

1.1. color;

1.2. volatility;

1.3. viscosity;

1.4. toxicity;

1.5. time of its effect to take place?

2. What are the different pests that can be killed by the prepared pesticide?
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….5

3. How does a commercial pesticide be compared with the prepared pesticide with Jatropha

curcas L., fruits, seeds, and stem extract in terms of:

3.1. color;

3.2. volatility;

3.3. viscosity;

3.3. time of its effect to take place?

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Jatropha curcas Linn Botanical Classification:

Kingdom Plantae- Plants

Subkingdom Tracheonbinta- Vascular plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta- Seed plants

Division Magnoliophyta- Flowering Plants

Class Magnoliopsida- Dicotyledons

Subclass Rosidae

Order Euphorbiales

Family Euphorbiaceae- Spurge Family

Genus Jatropha L.- Nettlespurge

Species Jatropha curcas L.- Barbados nut

Common name Tubang-bakod/ Tuba-tuba

Diverse types and species are seen throughout the country’s parameters. Historically,

plants play a vital role in the development of human civilization. Plants were subjected for

several uses. In the same way, it accounts for the accelerating development in the field of
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….6

medicine, fabric, food and other industries that benefit human race. Scientifically, plants are one

of the few organisms that are capable of manufacturing their own food. Hence, they are labeled

as the main producers in the terrestrial ecosystem. Plants are good source of different substances

that are indispensable for the demands of the society.

However, according to Stern (2000) some plant species may bring risk to human health.

To specify, various plant species contain poisonous substances which harm the human system,

and worst it may cause death when ingested. In relation with these, one plant species that is

endemic in the country which is locally known as Tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas L.) has been

subjected to several poisonous effects to human when ingested. Local news show several cases

of Tuba-tuba poisoning in various places in the country. On February 28, 20007 fourteen school

children in La Paz, Iloilo were rushed to the hospital after eating fruits of Tuba-tuba plant. The

same case was also observed in Tubigan, Bohol last July 27, 2007, wherein 21 elementary school

pupils landed in hospital after eating the poisonous seed of Tuba-tuba (Manila bulletin, 2007).

Moreover, several cases were also reported by the local media in the past few years

(http://www.gmanews.tv/story/32450/Tuba-tuba-fruit-poisons/14-kids-in-Iloilo)

Jatropha curcas Linn.

Local names: Galumbang (Pamp.); Kasla (Bis.); Kirisol (Tag.); Taba-taba (Tag.); Tagumbau

(Ilk.); Takumbau (Sbl.); Tangan-tangan Tuba (Tag.); Taua-taua (Ilk,.Ig.); Tauua (Ilk.); Tuba (Ig.,

Bik.); Tubang – bakod (Tag.); physic nut tree, purging nut tree, big-purge nut (Eng.).

According to Quisumbing (1978), the plant species Tuba-tuba/ Tubang-bakod is found

throughout the Philippines and is usually very common. Historically, it was introduced at an

early date in colonial history from Mexico and is now pan tropic in distribution.
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….7

Furthermore, he described the species as a smooth, erect, branched shrub 2 to 5 meters in

height. In like manner, Duke (1988) described the leaves as deciduous, alternate but apically

crowded, ovate, acute to acuminate, basally cordate, 3 to 5 lobed in outline, 6-40 cm long, 6-35

cm broad, the petioles are 2.5 to 7.5 cm long. Additionally, Quisumbing also described the leaves

of the plant as pointed and the base being heart shaped. The flowers are greenish or greenish

white, 7 to 8 millimeters in diameter and borne on axillary cymes. The capsules are at the fleshy

but later become dry, are rounded and are composed of two or three one seeded division which is

3 to 4 centimeters long.

This plant is most commonly cultivated in towns as hedge. Hence the name Tubang-

bakod/tuba being a name given to many plants of this family use for poisoning fish, and

“bakod”, the Tagalog word for hedge or fence (Quisumbing 1978).

Chemically, the seeds contain a toxic principle, toxalbumin curcin. Toxalbumins are

large, complex protein molecules of high toxicity. They resemble bacterial toxins in structure

and physiological effects. Moreover, phytotoxins are heat labile, and can be positively identified

by precipitin reactions with sera containing known antibodies as recorded by Kingsburg (1964).

Curcin is said to be highly irritant and remains in the seed after the oil has been expressed

(http://www.inchem.org.documents/pims/plant/jcurca.htm#SectionTitle:3.2%20%20%20%20%2

0%20%20%20poisonous%20parts%20of%20the%20plant).

Duke (1983) also noted that the poisoning causes irritation, with acute abdominal pain

and nausea about ½ hour following ingestion. Diarrhea and nausea continue but are not usually

serious. Depression and collapse may occur, especially in children. Two seeds are strongly

purgative. Four to five seeds are said to cause death, but the roasted seed is said to be nearly

innocuous. Bark, fruit, leaf, root, and wood are all reported to contain HCN.
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….8

Dr. Quisumbing also states that the seed contains from 29 to 40 percent of yellow fixed

oil, known variously as Heil oil, Penhoen oil, Oleum infernale and Oleum ricini majoris. It also

consists of the glyceride of a characteristic acid belonging to the same group as ricinoleic and

crotonoleic acids, but is not identical with either.

In some aspects, the genera may also contain hydrocyanic acid. There may be also

dermatitis producing resin, an alkaloid, and a glycoside which can produce cardiovascular and

respiratory depression (http://www.inchem.org.).

Quisumbing quotes Bernard-Smith who states that the acrid juice is an irritant poison

with nerve-symptoms.

Additionally, Quisumbing also determined the percentage of oil in the seed (22 percent),

the physical properties of the oil, the chemical properties of the oil, and the composition of the

seed cake and pulp (Quisumbing 1978).

Constants of Jatropha curcas L.

Specific gravity -------------------------------------------------------- 0. 9141

Refractive index -------------------------------------------------------- 1.4698

Solidifying point -------------------------------------------------------- 8° to 10°

Melting point -------------------------------------------------------- 8° to 10°

Acid number -------------------------------------------------------- 10.2

Saponification value -------------------------------------------------------- 195.89

Unsaponifiable value -------------------------------------------------------- 0.5

Acetyl value -------------------------------------------------------- 2.16

Hydroxyl value -------------------------------------------------------- 2.15

Iodine value (Hanus) -------------------------------------------------------- 101.8

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….9

However, though the plant species Jatropha curcas L. has been subjected to various

poisoning cases, it is also likewise have its medicinal properties. In traditional medicine, the

leaves of this plant are used against stomachache, diagnosed in children: boiled leaves for

conditions of the gums and throat, tea of the leaves for stoppage of urine, constipation, backache

and inflammation of ovaries. (http://www.upiu.com/articles/jatropha-wonders).

Quisumbing quotes Guerrero, which states that the oil of the seed is a drastic purgative. A

decoction of the leaves is a good antidiarrheatic. A decoction of the roots is also use as a cure or

diarrhea; while that of the leaves is employed as a cough remedy bark of this plant is pounded

slightly and placed in the mouth as a cure for snake bite, and apparently also applied to the bites

of various animals. He also quoted Sulit who added that the bark as a poultice for sprains and

dislocations and the sap as a cure for a toothache (Quisumbing 1978).

Input Process Output

iretc

The extract
obtained will be
Stems, fruits, and utilized to form
seeds of Jatropha different Best pesticide
curcas L. formulations and formulation.
(Tuba-tuba) will be compared
to a commercial
pesticide

Direct extraction
Figure 1: The Paradigm
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….10

Figure 1, presents the paradigm of the study. In the figure presented it is composed of

three frames, which are the input, process, and the output respectively. In like manner, it also

illustrates the overall procedure that will lead the researchers in solving the problem accordingly.

The first frame shows the input variables, which include the seeds, stems, and fruits of

the Jatropha curcas L. otherwise known as Tuba-tuba. Those three will serves as the main

ingredients in making pesticides.

Secondly, the next frame accounts for the process. In this part the obtained extracts will

be subjected in making different formulations. In the same way, each formulation will be

compared to a commercial pesticide. Additionally, the juice of the seed, fruit and stem will be

drawn out by means of direct extraction.

Lastly, the third frame contemplates for the output variable which refers to the result or

the final product of the entire experiment which is the best formulation.

Methods

This part of the research presents the research design in gathering data and information.

In addition, the sources of data, procedures, and statistical tool of the research are also provided.

Research Design

This research was conducted using experimental method. The researchers investigated for

the feasibility of using Tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas L.) as an alternative source of ingredients in

making pesticides by means of experimental research method. In relation with these, the

researchers followed the fundamental principle of an experimental research which states that try

something new and systematically observe what happens.

Moreover, an experimental research aimed to predict a specific phenomenon. Typically,

an experiment is constructed to be able to explain some kind of causation. Experimental research

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….11

is important to the society. It helps in improving our daily lives (http://www.experiment-

resources.com/experimental-research.html).

Sources of Data

The researchers used various materials for the sources of data such as botanical books,

magazines, internet and other references which are related to the study. Furthermore, the main

source of the data was the experiment which the researchers had conducted. Different

formulations of the prepared pesticides were utilized to some domestic pests. Then the death

rates were also recorded.

Procedure

In order to achieve the prime goal of the research, the researchers used the stem, fruit and

seeds of Jatropha curcas L. as the main ingredient of pesticides. The stem, fruit and seed of the

plant were subjected to direct extraction in order to drawn out their juices. Then the researchers

will also provide different formulations of the extracted juice as a pesticide.

Formulation Concentration
(Jatropha curcas L. extract)
Formulation A 25%
Formulation B 50%
Formulation C 75%
Formulation D 100%

Secondly, table of data were presented to gather and plot data systematically. Next, three

trials will be conducted in different domestic pests. Consequently, the prepared formulations

were compared to commercial pesticide

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….12

Table 1: Color

Pesticide/ Formulation Color

(Rank)

Commercial Pesticide
Formulation A
Formulation B
Formulation C
Formulation D

Table 2: Odor

Pesticide/ Formulation Odor

(Rank)

Commercial Pesticide
Formulation A
Formulation B
Formulation C
Formulation D

Table 3: Viscosity

Pesticide/ Formulation Viscosity

(Rank)

Commercial Pesticide
Formulation A
Formulation B
Formulation C
Formulation D
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….13

Table 5: Time of Death

Domestic Pests Time of Death Average time of death

1 trial 2nd trial 3rd trial
st

Cockroach
Housefly
Termites
Rodents
Table 6: Death Rate

Domestic Pests No. of death pest Average no. Percentage

1st trial 2nd trial 3rd trial of death pest (%)

Cockroach
Housefly
Termites
Rodents

Statistical Tool

The researchers, in order to obtain data used or computed for the mean of different

aspects such as for volatility, time of death and death rate.

x= Q1+Q2+Q3
QT

Where: x = mean (average)

Q1 = first trial

Q2 = second trial

Q3 = third trial

QT = total numbers of trial

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….14

On the other hand, on death rate to be specific another formula was used for computing

for the percentage of death rate.

% = __f__ x 100
x

Where: f = frequency

x = total population

% = percentage

Results

This part of the research is primary concerned with the data gathered throughout the

entire experiment that was conducted by the researchers.

Table1: Jatropha curcas L. pesticide formulation

Formulation Concentration

Formulation A 25%

Formulation B 50%

Formulation C 75%

Formulation D 100%

Table 1 presents the different formulations of Jatropha curcas L. extract prepared by the

researchers. Sequentially Formulation A has 25% Jatropha curcas L. extract and 75% distilled

water. Formulation B has 50% Jatropha curcas L. extract and 50% distilled water. Lastly,

Formulation D is made up of 100% (concentrated) Jatropha curcas L. extract.

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….15

Table 2: Color/Clearness

Pesticide 1 Formulation Color/Clearness

Commercial Pesticide 1

Formulation A 2

Formulation B 3

Formulation C 4

Formulation D 5

This time, Table 2 accounts for the clearness of the color of the prepared Jatropha curcas

L. extract formulations including the commercial pesticide used by the researchers.. In the same

way, the said formulations had been ranked accordingly: no. 1; Formulation A ranked no. 2;

Formulation B ranked no. 3; Formulation C ranked no.4; and lastly, Formulation D had ranked

no.5; in terms of color of clearness.

Table 3: Odor

Pesticide / Formulation Odor

(rank)

Commercial Pesticide 5
Formulation A 4
Formulation B 3
Formulation C 2
Formulation D 1
Table 3 shows the rank of each formulation including the commercial pesticide in terms

of odor. Respective, commercial pesticide ranked no. 1; Formulation A ranked no. 2;

Formulation B ranked 3; Formulation C ranked no.4 and lastly, Formulation D had ranked no. 5.
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….16

Table: Viscosity

Pesticide 1 Viscosity
(Formulation) (Rank)
Commercial Pesticide 5
Formulation A 4
Formulation B 3
Formulation C 2
Formulation D 1
Table 4 dwells on data gathered in terms of the viscosity of each prepared formulation

including the commercial pesticide. Subsequently, the Formulation D ranked no. 1; Formulation

C ranked no. 2; Formulation B ranked 3; Formulation A ranked no. 4; and the commercial

pesticide ranked no. 5 in terms of viscosity.

Table 6.1: Time of death (Commercial Pesticide)

Domestic Pest Time of death Total Time Average Time

1st 2nd 3rd
Cockroach 4:36 4:24 4:42 13:42 4:47
Housefly 4:21 4:09 4:15 12:48 4:15
Termites 3:04 3:53 2:46 9:43 3:14
Rodents 11:55 13:34 13:52 39:21 13:07
Table 6.1 accounts for the time of death of the selected domestic pests using a

commercial pesticide. The first domestic pest on the table is a cockroach. For three consecutive

trials of using a commercial pesticide on cockroach, researchers have obtained the following

results respectively: 1st trial: 4:36; 2nd trial: 4:24; 3rd trial: 4:42, thus resulting for a sum of

13:42. At the same time, a mean of 4:47 was recorded. Secondly, is the time of death of the

housefly, in which researchers have recorded the following result: 1st trial 4:21; 2nd trial: 4:09;

3rd trial: 2:46. In like manner, a sum of 9:43 and a mean of 3:14 were recorded. Lastly, is the

respectively: 1st trial: 11:55; 2nd trial: 13:52; 3rd trial; 13:52, thus resulting for a sum of 39:21

and an average time of 13:07.

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….17

Table 6.2: Time of Death (Formulation A)

Domestic Pest Time of death Total Time Average Time

1st trial 2nd trial 3rd trial

Cockroach N.E N.E N.E N.E N.E

Housefly 28:41 27:43 27:30 84:54 28:18

Termites 18:08 18:22 18:29 54:59 18:19

Rodents N.E N.E N.E N.E N.E

Table 6.2 presents the time of death of the selected domestic pest using Formulation A

(25% Jatropha curcas L. extract). The first domestic pest on the table is the cockroach. For three

consecutive trials of using Formulation A on a cockroach, researchers have obtained the same

result which is “No effect”. Meanwhile, in terms of the time of death of the housefly using

Formulation A, researchers gathered the following data respectively: 1st trial: 28:41; 2nd: 27:43;

3rd trial: 27:30. Collectively, 84:54 was the sum of the three trials, and resulted for an average of

28:18. On the other hand, in terms of the time of death of termites, researchers have gathered the

following data respectively: 1st trial: 18:08; 2nd trial: 18:22; and, 3rd trial: 18:29, resulting for a

sum of 54:59 and a mean of 18:19. Lastly, in terms of the time of death of rodent, researcher

gained the same results for the three trials which is “No Effect”.
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….18

Table 6.3: Time of Death ( Formulation B)

Domestic Pest Time of death Total Time Average Time

1st trial 2nd trial 3rd trial

Cockroach 28:52 28:33 29:15 85:40 28:08

Housefly 24:11 24:28 24:09 72:48 24:16

Termites 12:03 11:20 11:14 34:37 11:45

Rodents N.E N.E N.E N.E N.E

Table 6.3 presents the time of death of the selected domestic pest using Formulation B

(50% Jatropha curcas L. extract). The first domestic pest on the table is a cockroach. For three

consecutive trials of using formulation B on cockroach, researchers have obtained the following

results respectively: 1st trial: 28:52; 2nd trial: 28:33; 3rd trial: 29:15, thus resulting for a total

time of 85:40 and a mean of 28:08. Next, is the time of death of Housefly using Formulation B.

Consecutively, 72:48 was the sum of the three trials, and have resulted for an average time of

28:18. Meanwhile, in terms f the time of the death in termites, the following data have gathered:

1st trial: 12:03; 2nd trial: 11:20; 3rd trial 11:14. Furthermore, a sum of 34:37 was collected, at

the same time a mean of 11:45 was gained the same results for three trials which is “No Effect”.
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….19

Table 6.4 Time of Death (Formulation C)

Domestic Pest Time of death Total Time Average Time

1st trial 2nd trial 3rd trial

Cockroach 14:05 10:46 12:28 37:19 12:40

Housefly 7:56 8:21 8:37 24:54 8:18

Termites 7:40 7:31 7:10 22:21 7:40

Rodents N.E N.E N.E N.E N.E

Table 6.4 shows the time of death of the selected domestic pests Formulation C (75%

Jatropha curcas L. extract). The first domestic pest on the table is a cockroach. For three trials of

using Formulation C in a cockroach, researchers have obtained the following results

respectively: 1st trial: 14:05; 2nd trial: 10:46; and 3rd trial: 12:28; thus, resulting for a total time

of 37:19 and a mean of 12:40. Secondly, in terms of the time of death housefly using

Formulation C the following results were obtained: 1st trial: 7:56; 2nd trial: 8:21; and 3rd trial:

8:37, resulting for a sum of 24:54 and an average time of 8:18. Next, is the time of death of

termites. For three consecutive trials, researchers have gathered the following data respectively:

1st trial: 7:40; 2nd trial: 7:31; 3rd trial: 7:10. Moreover, a sum of 22:21 and an average time of

7:40 were recorded. Lastly, in terms of the time of death of domestic pests using Formulation C,

researchers likewise gained the same result of “No Effect” for three consecutive trials.
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….20

Table 6.5: Time of Death (Formulation D)

Domestic Pest Time of Death Total Time Average time

1st 2nd 3rd

Cockroach 6:17 6:20 6:33 19:10 6:37

Housefly 4:46 5:17 5:25 15:28 5:09

Termites 4:26 5:34 5:20 14:20 5:06

Rodents 25:41 27:58 34:15 87:54 29:18

Table 6.5 accounts for the time of death of the selected domestic pest using formulation

D (100% Jatropha curcas L. extract). The first domestic pest on the table is a cockroach. For 3

consecutive trials of using formulation D on cockroach, researchers have obtained the following

results respectively. 1st trial; 6:17; 2nd trial; 6:20 and, 3rd trial; 6:33, resulting for sum of 19:10

and a mean of 6:37. Mean while, in terms of the time of death of housefly, using formulation D,

following data have gathered: 1st trial; 4:46; 2nd trial; 5:17; and, 3rd trial; 5:25, resulting for a sum

of 15:28 and a mean of 5:09. On the other hand, in terms of the time of death of termites using

formulation D, researchers have obtained the following data: 1st trial; 4:26; 2nd trial; 5:34; 3rd

trial; 5:20. Furthermore, a sum of 14:20 and a mean of 5:06 were recorded. Lastly, in terms of

the time of death of rodent the following results were collected respectively: 1st trial; 25:41; 2nd

trial; 27:58; 3rd trial; 34:15, thus resulting for a total time of 87:54 and a mean of 29:18.
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….21

Table 7.1 Death rate (Commercial pesticide)

Domestic Pest No. of No. of Death Pest Total no. of Average Percentage
Pests death pests

1st 2nd 3rd

Trial Trial Trial

Cockroach 15 12 12 14 38 12.7 84%

Housefly 15 12 15 13 43 14.3 95.3%

Termites 15 15 15 15 45 15 100%

Rodents 5 2 1 2 5 1.7 34%

Table 7.1 dwells on the death rate of selected domestic pests using a commercial

pesticide. The first domestic pests on the table are cockroaches, which at the beginning has a

population of 15. After subjecting 15 cockroaches on the experiment, the following results were

gathered (no of death pests): 1st trial; 12/15; 2nd trial; 12/15; and 3rd trial; 14/15, giving a total

number of 38 death cockroaches. Hence, an average of 12.7 and a percentage of 84 were

recorded. On the other hand, in terms of death rate of housefly this has an initial population of

15, following results were obtained; 1st trial; 15/15; 2nd trial 15/15; and, 3rd trial 13/15. Thus a

sum of 43 of death of houseflies was recorded. Consequently, researchers also computed for the

mean of the three trials of which 14.3, resulting for a percentage of 95.3. Next, is the death rate

of termites which has an initial population of 15, the following results were recorded; 1st trial;

15/15; 2nd trial; 15/15 and, 3rd trial; 15/15, giving a total number of 45. Thus a mean of 15 and a

percentage 0f 100 were calculated. Lastly, in terms of the death rate of rodents which has a

population of 5, the following results were gained: 1st trial; 2/5; 2nd trial; 1/5; and 3rd trial; 2/5,

thus resulting for a sum of 5. Moreover a mean of 1.7 and a percentage of 34 were recorded
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….22

Table 7.2 Death rate (Formulation A)

Domestic Pest No. of No. of Death Pest Total no. of Average Percentage
Pests death pests
1st 2nd 3rd
Trial Trial Trial
C 15 0 0 0 0 0 0

H.F 15 4 2 3 9 3 20%

T 15 2 1 1 4 1.3 8.7%

R 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 7.2 shows death rate of selected domestic pests using a formulation A 25%. The

first domestic pests on the table are cockroaches, which at the beginning has a population of 15.

After subjecting 15 cockroaches on the experiment the following result were gathered (No. of

death pests) 1st trial; 0/15; 2nd trial 0/15 and, 3rd trial 0/15; giving a total number of a death

cockroaches an average of 0 and a percentage of 0 were recorded. On the other hand in terms of

death rate of houseflies which has an initial population of 15, the following results were

obtained: 1st trial; 4/15; 2nd trial; 2/15 and 3rd trial; 3/15, a sum of 9 death houseflies were

recorded, consequently researchers also computed for the mean of the three trials of which is 3,

resulting for a percentage of 20%. Next is the death rate of termites, which have an initial

population of 15, the following results were recorded: 1st trial; 2/15; 2nd trial; 1/15; and 3rd trial

1/15, giving a total number of 4 termites. Thus a mean of 1.3 and a percentage of 8.7% were

calculated. Lastly are the rodent which has a population of 5 the following results was gained: 1st

trial: 0/15; 2nd trial; 0/15 and 3rd trial 0/15, thus resulting for a sum of 0 and a percentage of 0.
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….23

Table 7.3 Death Rate (Formulation B)

Domestic Pest No. of No. of Death Pest Total no. of Average Percentage
Pests death pests
1st 2nd 3rd
Trial Trial Trial
Cockroach 15 3 2 0 5 1.7 11.3%

Housefly 15 5 3 4 12 4 26.7%

Termites 15 8 11 9 28 9.3 62.2%

Rodents 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 7.3 presents the death rate of selected domestic pests using formulation B. (50%

Jatropha curcas L. extract). The first domestic pests on the table are cockroaches, which at the

beginning has a population of 15. After subjecting the 15 cockroaches on the experiment, then

following results were gathered (No. of death pests): 1st trial: 3/15; 2nd trial: 2/15; and 3rd trial:

0/15, giving a total number of 5, an average of 1.7 and a percentage of 11.3 were recorded. On

the other hand, in terms of the death rate of houseflies which also has an initial population of 15,

the following results were obtained: 1st trial: 5/15; 2nd trial: 3/15; and 3rd trial: 4/15.a sum of 12

death houseflies were recorded. At the same time, researchers also computed for the mean of the

three trials of which is 4, resulting for a percentage of 26.7%. next is the death rate of termites

which has an initial population of 15, the following results were recorded: 1st trial: 8/15; 2nd

trial: 11/15; and 3rd trial: 9/15, giving a total number of 28. Thus, a mean of 9.3 and a percentage

of 62.2 were computed. Lastly are the rodents which have a population of 5. The following

results were gained: 1st trial: 0/5; 2nd trial: 0/5; and 3rd trial: 0/5,b thus resulting for a sum of 0

and a percentage of 0.
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….24

Table 7.4 Death Rate (Formulation C)

Domestic Pest No. of No. of Death Pest Total no. of Average Percentage
Pests death pests
1st 2nd 3rd
Trial Trial Trial
Cockroach 15 5 3 7 15 5 33.3%

Housefly 15 13 10 8 31 10.3 68.7%

Termites 15 13 11 11 35 11.6 77.8%

Rodents 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 7.4 presents the death rate of selected domestic pests using formulation C. (75%

Jatropha curcas L. extract). The first domestic pests on the table are cockroaches, which at the

beginning has a population of 15. After subjecting the 15 cockroaches on the experiment, then

following results were gathered (No. of death pests): 1st trial: 5/15; 2nd trial: 3/15; and 3rd trial:

7/15, giving a total number of 15, an average of 5 and a percentage of 33.3 were recorded. On

the other hand, in terms of the death rate of houseflies which also has an initial population of 15,

the following results were obtained: 1st trial: 13/15; 2nd trial: 10/15; and 3rd trial: 8/15.a sum of 31

death houseflies were recorded. At the same time, researchers also computed for the mean of the

three trials of which is 10.3, resulting for a percentage of 68.7%. Next is the death rate of

termites which has an initial population of 15, the following results were recorded: 1st trial:

13/15; 2nd trial: 11/15; and 3rd trial: 11/15, giving a total number of 35. Thus, a mean of 11.6 and

a percentage of 77.8 were computed. Lastly are the rodents which have a population of 5. The

following results were gained: 1st trial: 0/5; 2nd trial: 0/5; and 3rd trial: 0/5, thus resulting for a

sum of 0 and a percentage of 0.

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….25

Table 7.5 Death Rate (Formulation D)

Domestic Pest No. of No. of Death Pest Total no. of Average Percentage
Pests death pests
1st 2nd 3rd
Trial Trial Trial
Cockroach 15 8 7 10 25 8.3 55.3%

Housefly 15 12 13 13 38 12.7 84.7%

Termites 15 14 10 12 37 12.3 82%

Rodents 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 7.5 presents the death rate of selected domestic pests using formulation D. (100%

Jatropha curcas L. extract). The first domestic pests on the table are cockroaches, which at the

beginning has a population of 15. After subjecting the 15 cockroaches on the experiment, then

following results were gathered (No. of death pests): 1st trial: 8/15; 2nd trial: 7/15; and 3rd trial:

10/15, giving a total number of 25, an average of 8.3 and a percentage of 55.3 were recorded. On

the other hand, in terms of the death rate of houseflies which also has an initial population of 15,

the following results were obtained: 1st trial: 12/15; 2nd trial: 13/15; and 3rd trial: 13/15.a sum of

38 death houseflies were recorded. At the same time, researchers also computed for the mean of

the three trials of which is 12.7, resulting for a percentage of 84.7%. Next is the death rate of

termites which has an initial population of 15, the following results were recorded: 1st trial:

14/15; 2nd trial: 10/15; and 3rd trial: 12/15, giving a total number of 37. Thus, a mean of 12.3 and

a percentage of 82 were computed. Lastly are the rodents which have a population of 5. The

following results were gained: 1st trial: 0/5; 2nd trial: 0/5; and 3rd trial: 0/5,b thus resulting for a

sum of 0 and a percentage of 0.

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….26

Discussion

This part of research features the interpretation of the data gathered throughout the entire

research process. To simplify, each specific problems were answered accordingly:

Specific Problem 1. What are the physico-chemical characteristics of tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas

L.) in terms of:

1.1 color/clearness

1.2 odor

1.3 viscosity

1.4 toxicity/active component

1.5 time of its effect to take place?

The specific problem no.1 accounts for the physico-chemical characteristics of the extract

obtained from the plant species Jatropha curcas L. To concretize, the first specific question will

be answered by means of analyzing the different factors that govern with the physico-chemical

characteristics of Jatropha curcas L. extract such as, color/ clearness, viscosity, odor, toxicity or

active component present, and its time to take place.

1.1 Color/Clearness

The first physico-chemical characteristic that was investigated by the researcher is the color

of Jatropha curcas L. extract. However the color or clearness of the extract varied as it has been

subjected to different formulation. Based on the result gathered referring to table 2 , the different

prepared Jatropha curcas L. pesticide formulation also varied on their clearness, in relation in

their color. Additionally, the extract that was obtained resembled golden yellow to dark brown

color. In relation with these, the color or result recorded by the researchers is the same with the
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….27

result of the study conducted by Duke (1983), who stated that the extract obtained resembled

golden yellow color. Nevertheless, researchers also came out with formulation that has brown

color. This is probably due to the reason that fruit and stem extract of Jatropha curcas L. was

added.

Furthermore, alluding on table 2 of the previous part, Formulation A ranked as number 2, in

terms of clearness; respectively, Formulation B ranked as number 3, followed by formulation C

which ranked as number 4, and lastly, formulation D ranked as number 5. To concretize, the

higher the concentration the darker the color of the prepared pesticides it will be.

1.2 Odor/Acridity

The second physico-chemical characteristic investigated by the researcher is the odor of the

extract of the prepared pesticides. The researcher found out that the extract of Jatropha curcas L.

was somewhat acrid in nature. In relation with these, the result regarding to the odor of Jatropha

curcas L. gathered by the researcher, is similar to the result of the study of Quisumbing and

Bernard-Smith as cited on the first few part of this research. In like manner, Quisumbing also

stated that acrid juice of Jatropha curcas L. was an irritant poison with a severe nerve-symptoms

In addition, Table 3 of the previous part presented the degree of acridity of the prepared

formulation. Referring on the table 3, formulation D had raked no. 1 for it has the most acrid

odor. Secondly formulation C had ranked no.2, followed by formulation B which ranked no.3,

and lastly, formulation A raked no.2 for it has the least acrid odor. Researcher have analyzed that

the odor of the formulation varied due to the concentration of the extract expressed from

Jatropha curcas L. thus, the researcher formulated an idea that the more concentrated the

formulation the more acrid the odor will be.

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….28

1.3 Viscosity

The next factor that governs with the physico-chemical characteristics of Jatropha curcas L.

pertains on viscosity. Scientifically, viscosity is defined as condition or property of having a

relatively resistance to flow, or having a heavy, and gluey quality. In relation with the given

definition, researchers have found out that the viscosity of the formulation varied as the

concentration increased. Referring on table 4, formulation D had ranked no.1 for it was the most

viscous among all the prepared formulation, followed by formulation C that ranked no.2.

Moreover, formulation B ranked no.3, while formulation A had ranked as no.4 for it exhibited

the property of the least viscous among all the prepared formulations.

1.4 Toxicity/ Active Component

The next specific aspect under the physic-chemical characteristics of Jatropha curcas L.

accounts for the presence of active component. According to the laboratory and phytochemical

tests result from the standards and Testing Division of the Department of Science and

Technology (DOST), the following constituents were present on the sample tested:

Sterols. According to Heftman (1970), one possible cause of the insecticidal activity of Jatropha

curcas L. extract could be due to the presence of several sterols. In like manner, Duke

(1983)have identified various types of sterols present on Jatropha curcas L. extract such as

Cholesterol, Methylcholesterol, Champesterol, Stigmasterol, Isofocosterol, Avenasterol and

Peposterol.

Glycoside. Based on the laboratory test analysis, the sample given was positive in containing

glycoside. Particularly, Jatropha curcas L. has cardiac glycoside, in which can cause dermatitis,

cardiovascular and respiratory depression.

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….29

Tannins. The most widely known effect of tannins is that it can reduce digestibility. Tannins

have also an astringent taste, and so feeds and other materials with high concentration of tannins

are often unpalatable, as well as being relatively indigestible. Chemically, tannins have the

ability to bind precipitate proteins.

1.5 Time of its Effect to Take Place

This aspect that pertains on the time of effect of Jatropha curcas L. extract to take place

can be answered referring to Table 6.2, Table 6.3, Table 6.4, and Table 6.5 respetctively. To

scrutinize, the following pieces of interpretation are provided

Formulation A (25% Jatropha curcas L. extract)

Formulation A, is made up of 25% Jatropha curcasL. extract. Referring on Table 6.2 of

the previous part, formulation A was not able to kill cockroaches and rodents. On the other hand,

Formulation A was able to kill houseflies and termites, however it took a very long time to have

its effect. With this reasons, researchers found out that Formulation A (25% Jatropha curcas L.

extract) would probably have a very low toxicity value to kill the selected domestic pests.

Formulation B (50% Jatropha curcas L. extract)

Formulation B is composed of 50% Jatropha curcas L extract. Referring to Table 6.3 of

the previous part. Formulation B was able to kill three types of domestic pests, unlike

Formulation A. Those include cockroach, housefly, and termites. Nonetheless, Formulation B

has also no effect on rodents. Moreover, in terms of duration of effect of formulation B seemed

to have a quite long time to take place. Thus, the researchers found out that Formulation B (50%

Jatropha curcas L extract) would still have low toxicity level to kill the selected domestic pests

within a short period of time.

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….30

Formulation C (75 % Jatropha curcas L. extract)

Formulation C is comprised of 75% Jatropha curcas L. extract. Referring on tale 6.4 of

the previous part, formulation C was also able to kill three types of domestic pest (cockroaches,

housefly and termites) like formulation B. however in terms of duration, the effect of

Formulation C is quite faster compare to Formulation A and Formulation B. it is therefore,

researchers found out that Formulation C (75 % Jatropha curcas L. extract) has higher toxicity

level compare to the two previous formulation.

Formulation D (100% Jatropha curcas L. extract)

Formulation D is made up of 100% Jatropha curcas L. extract. Referring on Table 6.5 of

the previous part, Formulation D was able to kill all the selected domestic pest. Furthermore,

Formulation D has been recorded to have the fastest duration in terms of its effect to take place.

However, in terms of its effect to rodents, the time is quite long, although it was also able to kill

rodents. Therefore, researchers found out that Formulation D (100% Jatropha curcas L. extract)

has the highest toxicity value among all the prepared pesticides.

2. How is the comparative effect/s of the prepared pesticides to the following selected domestic

pests:

2.1 cockroach

2.2 housefly

2.3 termites

2.4 rodents?

2.1 Cockroach

The first domestic pest subjected to the different prepared Jatropha curcas L. pesticide

formulations were cockroaches. Referring on Table 6.2 of the results, Formulation A does not
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….31

have any effect to the cockroaches. Moreover, after subjecting the cockroaches on Formulation

A, no signs of poisoning were observed. Thus, the researchers had found out the Formulation A

would not be a good formulation to kill cockroaches.

On the other hand, in terms of the effect of Formulation B on cockroaches, it is shown on

Table 6.3 of the previous part that the formulation was not that effective in killing the said pest.

However, it seemed that Formulation B had taken its effect to cockroaches for a very long period

of time (average time: 28 minutes and 8 seconds). In terms of the death rate Formulation B

brought a very weak result of 11.3%, that would be mean that it has low toxicity value.

Next, using Formulation C (75% Jatropha curcas L. extract), improvement in the toxicity

effect was observed. From average time of 28 minutes and 8 seconds of Formulation B,

Formulation C was recorded to have an average time of 12 minutes and 40 seconds in which

high interval of time can be seen. In terms of the death rate, on Table 7.4 of the previous part a

percentage of 33.3% was recorded.

Lastly, using Formulation D (100% Jatropha curcas L. extract), high toxicity effect was

observed,. Researchers had recorded an average time of 6 minutes and 37 seconds. In terms of

the death rate, a percentage of 55.3% was recorded, which means that the formulation was able

to kill half of the cockroaches population.

2.2 Housefly

The second domestic pests on the list were houseflies. Unlike cockroaches, houseflies

were killed by all the prepared formulations. However, the effect varied as the concentration

increased. As recorded, Formulation A had the longest time in killing houseflies, next is

Formulation B which has an average time of 24 minutes and 16 seconds, followed by

Formulation C which had an average time of 8 minutes and 18 seconds, lastly Formulation D had
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….32

an average time of 5 minutes and 9 seconds, which was the shortest time among all prepared

pesticides. With these reasons, researchers that Jatropha curcas L. extract can be an effective

agent in killing houseflies.

2.3 Termites

The third domestic pests subjected to the different prepared pesticides were termites. Like

houseflies, termites were easily killed by all the prepared Jatropha curcas L. pesticide

formulations. Nonetheless, effect of the pesticides differs as the concentrations increased. As

recorded, Formulation A had an average time of 28 minutes and 18 seconds which was the

longest time among all prepared pesticides. Formulation B was able to kill termites with an

average time of 11 minutes and 45 seconds, followed by Formulation C which had an average

time of 7 minutes and 40 seconds. Lastly, Formulation D had a shortest time in killing termites

with an average time of 5 minutes and 6 seconds. Thus, the researchers found out that Jatropha

curcas L. extract can be a good agent in controlling termites.

2.4 Rodents

The last pests that were subjected to the different prepared pesticides were rodents. This

time, all the prepared pesticides were not that effective in killing rodents. Inconsistency with the

effects was also observed by the researchers. One factor that would have affected the result is

that, compare to the previous selected pests, such as cockroach, housefly and termites; rodents

have the most complex body structures and system. Thus, the prepared formulations of Jatropha

curcas L. were not able to kill the rodents.

3. How does the prepared pesticides with Jatropha curcas L. extract be compared t commercial

pesticide in terms of:

3.1. color
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….33

3.2. odor

3.3. viscosity

3.4. time of its effect to take place?

The specific problem no.3 dwells on the comparative characteristics as well as the effects

of the prepared pesticides with Jatropha curcas L. extract to commercial pesticide used by the

researchers. Furthermore, specific characteristic or aspects such as color, odor, viscosity and

time of its effect to take place are likewise be discussed to fully understood and answer this

specific problem.

On the experiment done by the researchers, the results on each specific aspect are

happened to be somewhat the same. In the color, the commercial pesticide used by the researcher

had ranked no.1 which means it has the clearest color among all the prepared pesticide.

Furthermore, in terms of odor, the commercial pesticide has the least odor among all the

prepared pesticide. In like manner, in terms of viscosity, the commercial pesticide was the least

viscous among all prepared pesticide. Lastly, in terms of its effect to take place, it was clearly

seen that the commercial pesticide had the shortest time in killing all the selected domestic pests.

Conclusion

The plant species Jatropha curcas L., commonly known as Tuba-tuba is one of the

enormous number of plant species in the country that the possible and potential uses are still

unstudied. In this study conducted by the researchers, the plant species Jatropha curcas L., has

been the main subject of this research. The researchers investigated for the feasibility of using
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….34

Jatropha curcas L (Tuba-tuba) plant in making pesticide, which was the main problem of this

study. Through it all, the researchers came up with the following conclusions:

Based on the data gathered and interpreted, the researcher found out that the species

Jatropha curcas L. can be an alternative source of ingredient in making pesticide. However, on

the experiment conducted, the effect of the pesticides made from the extract of Jatropha curcas

L. varied as the formulations been subjected to various concentrations.

Among all the prepared pesticides formulated by the researchers. Formulation C (75%

Jatropha curcas L. extract) was the best formulation prepared by the researchers. Nonetheless,

Formulation D (100% Jsatropha curcas L. extract) has the fastest and strongest effect to the

domestic pests, but its physico-chemical characteristics, particularly its odor, gave a very acrid

smell compare to the formulation C. Moreover, in terms of clearness, formulation C is more clear

than formulation D. Thus, the researchers decided the formulation C was the best formulation

among all the prepared pesticides.

Recommendation:

This study pertaining to the feasibility of using Tuba-tuba plant ( Jatropha curcas L)

extract in making pesticides accounts for a very interesting and significant topic, since the

potential uses of this plant species are still not researched and unstudied. This study had focused

on one of the possible potential uses of this plant species which is making pesticide. However,

this research necessitates further study and improvement to strengthen the result of data gathered

and interpreted by the researchers. It is therefore, the following suggestions are hereby

recommended by the researchers to the following people and institutions respectively.

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….35

To the pesticide manufacturers. The study conducted by the researchers had probed in searching

for innovative ingredients in making pesticides. Nonetheless, further study and laboratory

experiments are still recommended for the development of this study. The plant species Jatropha

curcas L might be one of the cheapest source of ingredients in preparing pesticides since its

population is abundantly distributed throughout the country.

To common people. Tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas L) had been part of the traditional medical

practices in the Philippines. In this study conducted by the researchers another innovative way of

utilizing this plant species was provided. However, further modifications are necessary in order

to improve the effect of the pesticide made by the researchers.

To science teachers. As a science teacher, this study provided better ideas regarding discovery.

Teachers, specifically to those who are under the field of science shall cultivate in the minds of

their students the significance of science and its implication to their lives.

To future researchers. The study regarding the feasibility of using Jatropha curcas L. locally

known as Tuba-tuba is such an interesting topic to study since this plant species has not been

fully studied yet. Nevertheless, this study conducted by the researchers necessitates further

improvement. In the same way, more laboratory experiments are needed to strengthen the result

of this study.

References:

Article: “Poisoning Due To Consumption Of Tuba Tuba Plant.(Metro & National News)”.
 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….36

Manila Bulletin. Published on January 26, 2006.

Botanical Classification. http://plants.usda.gov/Java/profile?symbol=JACU2. Retrieved

on web: January 30, 2011.

Botanic Description. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/ Products/AFDBases/AF/

asp/speciesInfo.asp?SpID=1013. Retrieved on web: February 3, 2011.

Duke, James A (1983). “Handbook of Energy Crops”.Unpublished.1983.

Experimental Research. http://www.experiment-resources.com/experimental-research.html.

Retrieved on web: February 24, 2011.

Garhwa, Srinagar. “Seed oil content variation in Jatropha curcas Linn. in different altitudinal

ranges and site conditions in H.P. India”. http://www.Iyonia.org/download.PDF.

php?pdfID=390.4871. Retrieved on web: February 16, 2011.

Herrer, J (1996). “Physic nut, Jatropha curcas promoting conservation and use of underutilized

neglected crops”. International Plant Genetic Institution.

Jatropha curcas L. http://www.org/downloadPDF.php?pdfID=390.487.1. Retrieved on web:

January 30, 2011.

Main Toxins. http://www.inchem.org.documents/pims/plants/jcura.htm#SectionTitle: 3.2%20%

20%20%20%20%20Poisonous%20parts%20of%20the%20plant. Retrieved on web:

February 3, 2011.

Mosqueda, Mars W. “Article: Tuba-tuba downs 21 kids in Bohol”. Manila Bulletin. Published on

July 27, 2007.

Oclarino, Roxanne Margrete. “Jatropha Wonders”.http://www.upiu.com/articles/jatropha-

wonders. Retrieved on web: January 30, 2011.

Pesticide. http://www.speedylook.com/Pesticide.html. Retrieved on web: February 3, 2011.

 The feasibility of using Tuba-tuba….37

Quisumbing, Eduardo G (1978). “Medicinal Plants of the Philippines”. Katha Publishing

Co.,Inc.

Report: “Tuba-tuba downs eight kids in GenSan”. http://www.gmanews.tv/story/201807/report-

tuba-tuba-downs-eight-kids-in-gensan. Retrieved on web: January 30, 2011.

Salimon Jumat.“Physicochemical Properties of Malaysian Jatropha curcas Seed Oil”.

http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/5985/1/12.pdf. Retrieved On web: February 19, 2011.

Stern, Kingsley R (2000).“Introductory Plant Biology (edition eight)” Companies Inc. reserved.

by McGramm-Hill.

The Tuba-tuba plant (Jatropha curcas L).http://pcaagribiz.da.gov.ph.herbal-medicine.philsite.net.

Retrieved on web: February 4, 2011.

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