CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Tally is versatile and massive software package. It is used by various types of

trade and industry. Tally Software business was set up in 1986 by late S.S.
Goenka, who was the founder of the company Peutronics Private Limited.,
Bangalore. He mentors his son Bharat Goenkar in creating software that would
handle the financial accounts for his business. Bharat Goenkar spends a lot of
months to develop path breaking technology. Tally is user friendly software
used to solve all the complicated accounting structure. Bharat Goenkar is the
original architect and programmer of the Tally Accounting systems and also
developer of the ―No-Code‖concepts of accounting entities. Tally isa globally
recognized name with 2 million users in over 90 countries experiencing the
―Power of Simplicity‖.

1.2 GENERAL FEATURES

1. The new option directory have been introduced to specify Data Directory
in the Company Creation Screen.
2. To keep data for one company in one drive/directory
3. Tally lock storage device is used to share the information quickly
4. Tally vault is used to keep the data in encrypted format instead of Normal
form
5. All the profitability reports, invoice wise reports, item wise reports ,go
down wise reports are summarized easily
6. Display all vouchers for a grouping method
7. Income and expenditure statement also available to view Profit and loss
account
8. Using the Tally Defined Language, we customize the user
friendly environment to the organization.

2
 9. Tally is availability on windows 95, 98, XP, 2000, NT and Linux. This
software is run on single personal computer, LAN and WAN. If on a
Network supports access via any combination ofplatforms.

1.3 ADVANTAGES OF TALLY

Tally is a financial statement accounting software. The advantages are:

1. It eliminates the use of hardcopy legers, cashbook.

2. It gives access to any account directly by opening thefile.
3. Entries can be deleted, edited or new entries made withoutredoing the
completeaccount.
4. Immediate up to date account such as daily, monthly,quarterly statements.
5. Additional Tax calculations can be updated eg: VAT, Sales Taxetc.
6. It runs very fast on low configured systemalso.
7. It is very simple and easy to use computersoftware. 8.It also makes
navigation easy touse.

USES OF TALLY

Tally 9 provides good accounting environment. Import, export, print, email,

web publishing direct from tally 9 software is the one of major reason of its
popularity.

We can do comparison of its extra large facility regarding its VAT calculation,
automatic interest calculation and fringe benefit tax calculation. In tally 9 we
can easily record of sale trade, partnership firm, MNC, business of commission
agents, share market and money market business records and other service and
professional sector records.Now, some Govt. Sector's large institution is also
adapting tally 9 accounting software.

3
According to AK Nandani who is 20 years experience in the field of accounting
and system analyzing says that tally 9 provides the scientific system to
businessman through its invoice, order of purchase bill wise entry and recording
of forex accounting. Association of Indian Chartered Accountant India also
happy by use this software because they can audit the accounts on tally 9 very
easily. In company creation audit feature can easily include. Bank reconciliation
in tally 9 is
verygoodforauditingpointofview.Tally9issingleSoftwarewhichprovides

the facility of bank reconciliation. The double security system of tally 9 is very
good from security of data point of view and preventing Anonymous access
point of view.

Tally 9 is becoming torch - bearer for all businessmen who were facing
difficulty to record all their branches transactions tally 9's simple cost center
feature solve all problems regarding record of transaction more than one job ,
machine ,process

, department , branches and sub branches. Speed can be increase in tally 9 up to

30 to 40% from simple voucher entry passing through following way.

1. Multiple ledgercreation.
2. Effective use of short cut commands of tally9.
3. Effective utilization of configurationbutton.

4
 CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

5
The Routledge Handbook series is a sprawling repertoire of academic labors spanning
multifarious fields. Each edition is dense, detailed, and devoted to one very specific theme.
As editor of the literature and space handbook, Robert Tally‘s addition certainly meets the
standards of excellence one would expect from a Routledge publication. Indeed, spanning 32
chapters, with an introduction by Tally, this handbook has contributions from several
established scholars in the realms of geography, comparative studies, and spatial theory.
Dedicated to the late Edward Soja—author of the significant Thirdspace(1996) and a social
theorist regularly cited in these articles—this handbook addresses literature and space from a
variety of angles. Divided into five sections, each part contains at least six well- documented
articles divided into the following areas: Spatial theory and practice; Critical methodologies;
Work sites; Cities and the geography of urban experience; Maps, territories, readings. While
it is hard to imagine that these handbooks are meant to be read from cover-to-cover, when
doing so the reader is presented with both a historicized understanding of the impact of the
spatial turn as well as the wide breadth into which space, place, and mapping hasexpanded.

The advent of the spatial turn has been considered by many to be a critical moment in which
the academic studies of literature and the humanities broke free from a domineering presence
of overworked and outdated approaches. As one critic in the collection roughly defines it, the
so-called spatial turn dislodged a putative nineteenth-century dominance of time in the
humanities (whether historical, social scientific or literary) to reintroduce, from the mid-
twentieth century onwards, the apparently elided element of space and geography‖. And from
that point, the field has blossomed into several diversified branches, many of which are
touched upon in this handbook. By separating the articles into five compartments, Tally
thereby provides some cohesion to approaching this now expansive field. In the rest of this
review, I briefly summarize the five sections, noting what I see as important contributions to
the discussion of space in literature, while also indicating areas that certain authors have
highlighted for future exploration. Each chapter is mentioned briefly, separated from the
previous chapter by a semicolon.

6Spatial theory and practice; Perhaps the most important section of the handbook, these
chapters cover much of the literary spatial theory that has developed since the late 1960s, yet
each chapter moves beyond mere summation. Touching on and resituating the theories of
Henri Lefebvre, Walter Benjamin, Martin Heidegger, and Edward Soja, among others, these
articles cover niche areas that have evolved, or not sufficiently evolved, over the last forty
years. Various insights and themes in each article include: stepping outside of the text by
6
looking at ―the text as event; the interplay between literary texts and social spaces, and
conversely how social space molds literary forms; looking at our senses of places, wherein
our five senses, as well as the spirituality of places, impact how we apprehend place a close
reading of to demonstrate a link between philosophy and space discussing the

phenomenological place representations to argue that creating place is a technique

demonstrating how the spatial turn allows us clearer comprehension of where things
takeplace and, therefore, help us ―in understanding why and how things happen. There is
excellent material in this first section encouraging starting places for future research. For
instance, Marc Brosseau offers an overview of new perspectives in literary geography,
touching on several branches of spatial studies, but he is keen to point out more than a few
areas that warrant expansion. Continuing his argument from his previous research, he
suggests that we need to put more thought into the function of space in short stories, crime
fiction, and autobiography—where the location of the author means everything(18).

7Critical methodologies; In this section, the true diversity of spatial studies begins to emerge.
Ranging from Google Maps, to sound and rhythm, to land surveying, the impact of the spatial
turn, often in combination with technological advancements, has opened new avenues of
critical thought. One thing that becomes clear in this section is that the field of geography has
benefited as much as literary studies with the advancements of the spatial turn. The authors
write on several varying facets: Google Maps has allowed us to geovisualize information
which has brought forth over 150 internet-based literary maps and databases detailing
numerous regions aroundtheworldconsideringwhatourbodies―do‖whilewearereading
examiningsound and rhythmin a text toexaminethe―auralityof literaryspace- time
demonstrating Elizabeth Bishop‘s relationship to place in her poetry,
orwhatmaybe―the(partial)failuretoengagewithplacetheimportanceof
scaleinliterature,andscalejumping,as―literarytextsexploreandtraversearange of spatial scales
much smaller and larger than the nation-stateusing digital literary cartography projects to
remap and reimagine British Romanticism how field surveys throughout history provide
various images of landscapes and terrains and have brought about a genre of survey literature
written by non- surveyors. These articles taken together send the reader a very clearmessage:

7
the limitations to where the study of literature, geography, and space that can be combined
and applied are few indeed.

8Work sites; Part III is the most intriguing collection of essays in the book. There is a
categorical cohesion that allows the chapters to flow together smoothly, as well as provide
ideas for future research. Of noteworthy mention are two chapters dealing
withislandsandtheirpartialities.Thesectiondealswiththefollowingthemes:in

Atopia/non-place,‖Carroll engages with the work of Marc Augé, detailing how we have, by
traversing the extents of the earth, removed the possibilities of finding an earthly utopia and
now must explore atopies and non- places; Amanda Dennis examines heterotopias, or
the possibilityof

―exploration and experimentation,as exemplified in the works of Foucault, Beckett, and

Calvino there is a need to pay close attention in a text to the longing of places elsewhere, that
these other places are triggered, and these
projectedotherplacesimpacttheplotfollowingEdwardSaid‘s―imaginative geography,‖ as well
as regionality and narrativity, we should consider to a greater extent how imagination impacts
the boundaries of our reading for certain texts, in particular Shakespearean period plays, the
neighborhoods in which they were written, of which they depict, and then where they were
performed, can providevaluableinsightinto―localizedspatialandsocialrelationsislands, as
―perfect sites of encounter,‖can be analyzed through three significant
characteristics:―possession,separation,andtransformationconsideringthe difficulties of
defining an island, the literary accounts of mapping islands bring into question whether
islands are bounded or interconnected within—or without—the world around them . Across
these essays, the authors ground their arguments in theory, textual analysis, and facts of
world history and geography, providing for interesting and freshreadings.

9Cities and the geography of urban experience; the essays in this part are focused around
analysis of geographic attributes in specific cities, including London, New York,
Johannesburg, and Toronto. Of worthy mention is Jean-François Duclos‘s look at literature
that features the art of following, or shadowing, a character. Many of these articles also
contain examples from specific novels and short stories to support the arguments. The cities
and geography of the urban experience involve a multitude of elements, the following of
which are explored in this part: the characterizationofa―city-
novel‖isnotclearlydefined,butcertaincharacteristics should be examined, including reference
8
to the real city, spatial distances between places, language and accents, and various contexts
of time a look at Daniel Defoe‘s Molly Flanders and Robinson Crusoe, with the curious
question of: could city-dwelling Moll survive in island-dwelling Robinson‘s position using
texts set in Johannesburg to map the contested realms of cultural spaces and the gritty
underworlds of corporate enslavement and criminality a look at two novels that are set
around Toronto‘s ravine systems, which wind through the city, and provide a backdrop for
examining spaces of difference a nostalgic look at Greenwich Village, specifically, West 10th
Street, and the inability to revive and make tangible, or even designate as historic, the rich
literary past of this street the final chapter focuses on the individual, within the urban
environment, demonstrating how the follower (shadower) is different from the flâneur, in that
the follower―usesthecrowdinordertosingularizetheexistenceofoneperson. Of the various
cities in these articles, we perceive numerous approaches to literature and space that can be
generated by the uniquely diverse environment of eachcity.

10Maps, territories, readings; This final part is the least cohesive of the book, combining
what seems to be six articles that do not fit elsewhere in the prior parts. Taken individually,
they have valid arguments and confer the following themes: using two texts by writers of
African descent, Russel West-Pavlov argues that we have advancedthe spatial turn to the state
of a ―spacetime successor-paradigm,‖

which is a move from the spatial to the affective the environmental determinism of the
nineteenth- and early twentieth-century should be reconsidered in terms of its historical
significance, with special consideration given to the work of Ellen Churchill Semple (304);
by looking to the 1500s and the works of Spanish
explorerstothe―Indies,‖wediscoveraverbalmapping,wherereaderswhohadno access to world
maps were able to visualize the regions and images as recorded, many times from memory,
by the Spanish travelers James Joyce‘sreceives a fresh look at its design new spatial
perspectives on the People‘s Republic of China and the Chinese Communist Party can be
reoriented through reexamining publications by Latin Americans who visited the country in
the 1950s (339); looking at Natalie Barney‘s writing, Amy D. Wells arguesthat ―Barney
executes literary activism, creating and claiming a place for female-oriented sexuality‖ (355).
While the section heading encompasses these six articles, their lack of a more overarching
and consistent theme leaves this section only for readers seeking one specific article topic.

9
11Tally‘s editing of this Routledge Handbook is well handled, and the different parts provide
readers with solid arguments and important new perspectives on understanding how
significant the spatial turn has been for literature and the humanities. Along with established
humanities scholars, there are several geography scholars who have contributed valuable
insight with their research. Accompanying these thirty-two articles is a healthy index,
spanning fourteen pages. This index is a welcome tool, as not all the Routledge Handbooks
include such detailed indexes. Overall, Tally‘s addition to the Routledge Handbook series
will be a worthwhile addition to your private library and certainly a necessary addition for the
university library, as students interested in learning about the spatial turn,space,

and literature will benefit from access to this timely addition to the expanding field of
literature and space.

10
 CHAPTER-3

COMPANY PROFILE

11
3.1 BHIMSARIA POLYMERS PRIVATE LIMITED

Bhimsaria Polymers Private Limited is a Private incorporated on 25 February 1997. It is

classified as Non-govt company and is registered at Registrar of Companies, Chhattisgarh. Its
authorized share capital is Rs. 3,000,000 and its paid up capital is Rs. 2,933,000. It is inolved
in Manufacture of furniture

Bhimsaria Polymers Private Limited's Annual General Meeting (AGM) was last held on 30
September 2018 and as per records from Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), its balance
sheet was last filed on 31 March 2018.

Directors of Bhimsaria Polymers Private Limited are Vikas Agrawal, Akash Kumar Agrawal.

Bhimsaria Polymers Private Limited's Corporate Identification Number is (CIN)

U36103CT1997PTC011685 and its registration number is 11685.Its Email address is
akash@lakadee.com and its registered address is NEAR PAREKH WIRES, KHASRA NO.
287/9, 287/20, UMIYA MARKET, RING ROAD NO.2, BHANPURI, RAIPUR Raipur CT
492003 IN , - , .

Current status of Bhimsaria Polymers Private Limited is - Active.

Company Details

CIN U36103CT1997PTC011685

Company Name BHIMSARIA POLYMERS PRIVATE LIMITED

Company Status Active

RoC RoC-Chhattisgarh

Registration Number 11685

Company Category Company limited by Shares

Company Sub Category Non-govt company

Class of Company Private

Date of Incorporation 25 February 1997

12
CIN U36103CT1997PTC011685

Age of Company 22 years, 4 month, 21 days

Activity Manufacture of furniture

Click hereto see other companies involvedin sameactivity.

Number of Members -

Previous Names

Login to view previous names

Previous CINS

Login to view previous cins

Share Capital & Number of Employees

AuthorisedCapital 3,000,000

Paidupcapital 2,933,000

NumberofEmployees Login toview

Listing and Annual Compliance Details

Listingstatus Unlisted

Date of Last AnnualGeneralMeeting 30 September2018

Date of LatestBalanceSheet 31 March2018

Legal Report

View all criminal and civil cases of BHIMSARIA POLYMERS PRIVATE LIMITED

Purchase Legal Report

13
Financial Report

Balance Sheet

Paid-up Capital

Reserves & Surplus

Long Term Borrowings

Short Term Borrowings

Trade Payables

Current Investments

Inventories

Trade Receivables

Cash and Bank Balances

Profit & Loss

Total Revenue (Turnover)

Total Expenses

Employee Benefit Expenses

Finance Costs

Depreciation

Profit Before Tax

14
3.2 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

SIESTO- Sliding System SIESTO – CasementSystem

SIESTO is the leading UPVC window & door manufacturer and is committed to encourage
the correct use of all its products, by assisting the building industry in ensuring the correct
specification, design, manufacture and installation of UPVC windows and doors.

Windows and doors made from SIESTO are resistant to aging and weathering, maintain
their form, easy to maintain, tough and economical. They are ideal for sound insulation and
savingenergy – thanks to very good heat insulationproperties.

Windows and doors made from SIESTO are therefore suitable for energy houses , pass
ivehous es and energy- conscious renovation. And als o to allow peaceful living through the
ins tallation of corres ponding double glazing enables the achievement of optimum
soundproofing .

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this specific
ationis correct at the tim e of publication. And changesto the specifications referred to in
thisdocument,afterpublicationdate,mustbetakenintoconsideration.

PART 1 GENERAL

SYSTEMDESCRIPTIO

The Casement System:

The SIESTO – Casement System is the casement window and door system. The SIESTO-
Casement System is a 3-chamber system; the main profiles have 3 separate internal air spaces
across the 60mm profile depth, which provide better thermal performance than single or 2
chamber systems.

15
The Sliding System:

The SIESTO – Sliding System is the sliding window and door system. The SIESTO–
Sliding System is a combination of 2- & 3- chamber system; the frame profiles are 3
chambered while the sash profiles are 2chambered.

The SIESTO - Sliding System and SIESTO - CasementSystem area product names for
particular group of S IES TOUPV C known as a WindowandDoorSystems.Theindividual
Windowand Doors have been designed in such a way as to be capable of being used with
each other to achieve di fferent varieties of window and door configurations in a variety of
styles andsizes.

The multi-chamber techni que utilizes the insulating effect of ai r and optimizes the good
heat insulation; even ceiling-high elements can be easilyinstalled.

Both SIESTO- Sliding System and SIESTO - Casement System have a common installation
depth of 60mm that offers versatility and are ideal in meeting requirements for renovation
and new construction applications in residential and commercial buildings.

SIESTO- Sliding System and SIESTO - Casement System have a optimized frame to sash
overlap of 8mm that ensures tight clasp which improves energy saving and resistance to
water and dustpenetration.

16
3.3 CONFIGURATIONS

SIESTO offers a range of windowsand doorsthat can be customized and

fabricatedfornewbuildingsandreplacementapplications:

A. Casement System (SIESTO-CasementSystem)

1. Casementdoors

Single swingdoor

Frenchdoor

Tilt & turndoor

Tilt & slidedoor

Slide &fold (or Multi-folding)door

Outwardopeningwindows

Single & multi panels sidehung window

Top hungwindow

Frenchwindow

Side hung &top hung combinationwindow

Inward openingwindows

Tilt & turnwindow

Tilt & slidewindow

Slide &fold (or multi-folding)window

B. Sliding System (SIESTO-SlidingSystem)

1. Slidingdoors

17
double-ormulti-panelsliding

Slidingwindows

double-ormulti-panelsliding

The possibilities are almost endless andlimited only by the design imagination of the
window and door designer. All popular styles can be created. There are however size
limitations arising out of safety factor considerations , physical performance requirements
and other manufacturingrestrictions.

CERTIFICATION

SIESTO-Sliding Systems and SIESTO-Casement Systems

Air-Tightness:

1. Inhibited air-infiltration through a casement window unit to 0.51 litre/sec.m2,

measuredatpressureacrosstheunitof75Pa.*
2. Inhibitedair-infiltrationthroughacasementdoorunitto0.62litre/sec.m2,measured
3. at pressure across the unit of 75 Pa.*
4. Inhibitedair-infiltrationthroughaslidingwindowunitto0.24litre/sec.m2,measuredat
pressureacrosstheunitof75Pa.*

Water-Tightness:

 Resisted water up to a pressure differential of 300 Pa with no leakage when the

casement windowunitissubjectedtowatersprayeduniformlyandcontinuouslyfor

15 minutes.*

 Resisted water up to a pressure differential of 400 Pa with no leakage when the

casementdoorunitissubjectedtowatersprayeduniformlyandcontinuouslyfor15 minutes.*
 Resisted water up to a pressure differential of 250 Pa with no leakage when the
sliding windowunitissubjectedtowatersprayeduniformlyandcontinuouslyfor15
 minutes.*
 Wind Resistance:
 Attained positive and negative ultimate strength of 2200 Pa (est. 223 km/hr) for 1 min
for thecasementandslidingwindowunits.*

18
 Attained positive and negative ultimate strength of 3200 Pa (est. 265 km/hr) for 1 min
for the casement doorunit.*
 Sound Insulation:
 Attained Sound Transmission Class, STC 45 for casement window unit with
laminated double-glazedglass.*
 AttainedSoundTransmissionClass,STC36fortilt-turnwindowunitwithlaminated single-
glazedglass.*Thermal Insulation:
 Uf-value offrame-sash combinationof1.7W/m2.K*
 AttainedUw-value ofwindowof1.5W/m2.Kofcasementwindowsize1800mm(ht)
x1500mm(wt)withLow-Edouble-glazed glass(5+12A+5)mm*

19
3.4 WORKING OF TALLY

After the installation of Tally software there are three areas for working i.e; menu master,
button. There are several shortcuts for enabling working of tally:

F1: Select Company, this enbles you to select another company and add it to the list of
selected companies.

F2: Change date after completing the entries or reports of a particular date.

F3: Create company.

F4:Select the contra voucher.

F5: To create the payment voucher. F6: To create the receive voucher. F7: To create the
journal voucher. F8: To create the sales voucher.

Ctrl + F8:To select a credit note voucher.

Alt + F9:To create purchase voucher.

Ctrl + F9:To select debit note voucher.

Alt + F10:To create the reverse journal voucher. Ctrl + F10: To create the memorandum
voucher. F11: To create the special function.

F12: To create configure.

Alt + F1:To see the detail report or to clase the company.

Alt + F2:To view the filters screen where the range or information can be specified

Alt + F3:To see the company info menu and change the system period.

20
TALLY SCREEN CLASSIFICATION

The Gateway of Tally screen can be divided into 4 parts as marked in the below figure.

PRODUCT INFORMATION

Product info displays information about Software Version & Release, Developer Company,

System Day and Date, Product brand Name, Single or multi user indicator, Software serial
number, and System time. Every time a new release of Tally is made, it is identified with a
different release name. Tally would rewrite data created in earlier release to make
itcompatible

with the current release of software.

WORK AREA

The work area at Gateway is broadly separated into two sections. The right hand side
contains the menu, where you would select your instructions to Tally and left hand side
displays List of Selected Companies, Current Period and Current Date you are working with
tally screen. In current date option have not the calendar date but the date you worked last
during the current period. In list of selected companies displayed the name of all selected or
loaded companies with last date voucher entry information. Suppose you select more than
one company, the active company is shown at top of list in bold letters and others appear next
in normalfont.

BUTTON BAR

21
Button Bar consisting of numerous buttons appears at right of the screen. Buttons provide
quick access to different options, which varies from screen to screen. Active buttons are
shown in solid colour and inactive buttons are showed in grayed colour.

Invoking Buttons

You will find many buttons name starts with Function key (e.g., F1:Select Company) which
means you have to press the function Key (appears at topmost row of keyboard). Some
buttons have a character to key single or double underline which means you have to press the
character/Function key in conjunction with Alt or Ctrl key respectively. You can of course
launch by clickingit.

CALCULATOR

Working with Tally, at any moment you can either work at Work Area (where menu, reports
and entry screens etc appear) or with Calculator. By default work Area becomes active (Teal
colour band appears at top of this section) and Calculator remains inactive. Press Ctrl+N to
activate Calculator (colour and would move to top of calculator). You can enter values and
operators e.g.,+.-,*, on pressing Enter, computed results would be displayed in next line. To
return to Work Area, pressCtrl+m.

SWITCHING BETWEEN SCREEN AREAS

When Tally first loads, the Gateway of Tally area is available. To toggle between this and the
Calculator/ODBC Server area at the bottom of the screen, press [Ctrl] + [N] or [Ctrl] + [M]
as indicated on the screen. The active area of the screen is highlighted by a green bar. At any
numeric fields, you can activate Calculator by pressing Alt+C. uponentering

value & operators, on pressing Enter, calculated result would be pasted to the numeric field.
You can return to Work area by pressing Ctrl+M. The Calculator follows BDMAS rule where
execution sequence is Bracket, Division, Multiplication, Addition, and Subtraction.

MOUSE & KEYBOARD INTERACTION

While working in Tally, please use the following conventions:

22
BUTTONS BAR HOTKEY COMBINATION HELP BUTTON <ALT> + <H>

This button launches Tally reference manual. This manual is compiled HTML Help File
method. Contents would be displayed to select the topic you wish to view. To launches Tally
help window by double click the tallyref.chm file at the program folder where Tally has been
installed. On clicking these keys, contents would be displayed and you can select any topic
for reference. This screen has two portions. While the left hand side consists of Tabs like
Contents, Index, Search and Favorites, the right
handsideportiondisplaystheinformationfortheitemselected.

Contents :The manual is split into 14 major topics indicated with book icon

mark at root level.

Index :To find out a topic from indexed List, click index Tap that displays a textbox to enter
the keyword to list index entries.

Search :To search topics matching with your keyword. Click search tab that would display a
text box to enter words to be founded.

Favorites :You can add a topic to favorites. To add the current topic at list favorites , click
Add button , thus you can add topics selectively to favorites.

WEB BROWSER BUTTON <ALT> + <W>

Using this option, you can browse any website or view any file in web format. This button
launches the web browser and on clicking this button, the internet explorer would appear at
the work area within the Tally Screen. The browser appears only in the work area while the
other areas still remains in the screen as it is. You can browse any website by entering the
URL at the address bar or view any file in web format. When web browser is active, the
button becomes End Browser. To return to Tally work area, click this button which toggles
between Web browser and Endbrowser.

23
UPLOAD BUTTON <ALT>+<O>

Uploading is the process of transferring files from the user‘s computer to the web server
where you wish to publish the web page or wish to store your file. Many business
organization already have their website, those who do not, are expected to have soon. Many
internet sites are set up to prevent unauthorized people from seeing the information that is
sent to or from those sites, these are known as secure sites. You can send information to
secure site with safety and confidence. When you visit a secure web site, it automatically
sends you its certificate and the browser displays a lock icon on the status bar. If you are
about to send informationtoasecuresite,normallybrowserwarnsthatthesitesisnot

secure. Normally commercial websites are FTP Site, so check with the Web Server provider
for the type of Web Server and select accordingly.

EMAIL BUTTON <ALT> + <M>

Working with Tally, any report can be e-mailed by entering recipients email address. Even
Invoice, Reminder, Letter, Statement of Accounts can be sent over e-mail instead of printing
and sending by post. To send and Invoice via email, on completing the invoice entry click
email button. A carbon copy of mail can also be sent by entering recipients email ID at
Carbon Copy (CC) field. Tally picks up the email address entered in party ledger for
documents / reports related to specificparty.

EXPORT BUTTON <ALT>+<E>

In Tally, you would get 2 formats for export, namely ASCII (Comma delimited export data
format) and SDF (System Data Format). In this integrated enterprises solution have some
more export data format namely HTML (web publishing) and XML (Data Interchange).

24
These formats provide you tremendous flexibility to work with the Tally data in many
applications.

PRINT BUTTON <ALT>+<P>

To change the style and format of Balance sheet or to tag schedule reference in the balance
sheet printed from tally, on storing output report to a ASCII text file. The following five steps
are used to get the hard copy of the balance sheet. These stepsare,

1. Select thereport

2. Set ReportOption

3. Print

4. Quitformat

5. FileName

GATEWAY OF TALLY MENU

If we select Display > Accounts Books the menu shows the full patch picture. The menu
displays primary choices. Menu options are dependent on activation of options. If next level
sub-menu exists, it would appear below it – showing the entire path at top of the menu. By
selecting Quit – last option in each menu (by pressing Esc key in keyboard) you can return to
the upper levelmenu.

25
COMPANY CREATION

INTRODUCTION

The term company is a generic term and not confined to an organization registered under
company Act. This term in context of Tally stands for any entity for whom a separate set of
books of accounts is maintained. It may be a company, partnership firm, individual
organization even a branch office for which a separate set of account books is maintained for
accounting. For each entity you create a profile which is termed as

―COMPANY‖inTally.

COMPANY INFORMATION MENU

Company info menu consists of following options

CREATION OF COMPANY

To create a company, select Create company option

26
FIELDS OF COMPANY CREATION

This company creation screen wants the necessary and optional information about the
company. The necessary fields are Name of the company, communication address , State
name, Pin code, E-mail address, use Indian vat, vat in, income tax number, local sales tax
number, currency symbol, maintain the company type, financial year from, Book beginning
from , Tally vault password , use security control and base currency information. The option
field is Directory specification location. The above fields are arranged in group wise

information and also discussed sequentially.

DIRECTORY

The data path where you want the company to get created can be specified in the Directory
field. This field is skipped by default assuming that you wish to create the company in the
data path given in the Tally.INI file. If you want to change it, simply use the backspace key
and change it to what ever required. This is basically referred to as the Tally Anywhere
concept – which is an ability to create/load companies in separate directories. The Directory
field is found during Select, Create, Backup, Restore and Rewrite options for a company.

MAILING ADDRESS

As you type the name of the company, Tally compresses it so that all the characters can be
viewed on the screen. This is Tally's marvelous innovative technology Auto-Fit which allows

27
you to enter really long names. Tally does not scroll to the right making the first few
characters invisible. The information given, can be viewed all at once.

28
 CHAPTER-4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

29
4.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be

understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. Research
methodology has many dimension and research methods do constitute a part of the research
methodology.

The scope of research methodology is wider than that of research methods. Thus, when we
talk of research methodology we do not only talk of the research methods but also consider
the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our research study and explain why we
are using a particular method or technique and why we are not using others so that research
results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others.

Research methodology is the study of method by which we gain knowledge…it deals with
the cognitive processes imposed on research by the problems arising from the nature of its
subject matter. Research methods comprise the procedures used for generating and evaluating
data. There are numerous tools utilized to uncover truth, and find the explanations for the
occurrence of a phenomenon.

RESEARCH DESIGN:

A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.
Regarding this project, descriptive research design concern with describing the perception of
each individuals or narrating facts on welfare measures and diagnostic design helps in
determine the frequency with which something occurs or it‘s associated with something else.
These two research design help in understand the characteristic in a given situation. Think
systematically about aspects in given situation, offers idea for probe and research help to
make certain simple decision.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

In this research it deals with descriptive research type. It includes surveys and fact-finding
enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the
state of affairs as it exists at present.

30
4.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVES:

 To know their satisfaction towards the welfaremeasures

 To understand how welfare measures to improve the motivation of theEmployees.

 To find out employees’ preferences regarding welfare measures which they like to

have infuture.

 To find the satisfaction of the employees’ in the working of the Tally EPR 9.0

4.3 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

1.To recognize human values Every person has his own personality and needs to be
recognized and developed. It is in the hands of the management to shape them and help them
grow. The management employs various methods to recognize each one‘s worth as an
individual and as an asset to the organization.

2.To retain the employees There should be fixed policies: This calls in to prepare the policies,
to conduct different training programs, to have various motivational schemes, to create
interest in the job. The employees who feel secure in an organization, backed by fixed
welfare policies have less chance of looking for a jobelsewhere.

3.To show up their positive mind in the work: Positive mind refers to the development of
one‘s attitudes. This is to change the negative attitude intopositive.

31
SAMPLE DESIGN

A sample design is a definite plan determined before any data are actually collected for
obtaining a sample from a given population. Sampling is used to collect data from limited
numbers whereas census is used for large numbers. For the research, sampling method
wasused.

There are different types of sample design based on two factors namely the representation
basis and the element selection technique. There are two main categories under which various
sampling method can be put. There are

1.Probabilitysampling

2.Non probabilitysampling

In this particular research the A study is on probability sampling. And in the simple random
sample is used.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING:

Probability sampling is based on the concept of random selection; the sample may be either
unrestricted or restricted. When each sample elements is drawn individually from the
population at large, then the sample so drawn is known as ‗unrestricted sample‘, Where as all
other forms of sampling are covered under the term ‗restrictedsample‘.

Probability Sampling is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are
chosen using a method based on the theory of probability. For a participant to be considered
as a probability sample, he/she must be selected using a randomselection.

The most frequently used probability samples are:

o Simple randomsample
o Systematicsample
o Stratified sample (proportionate &disproportionate)
o Clustersample

32
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING:

Non-probability sampling is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for
estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the
sample.

o Judgmentsampling
o Convenientsampling
o Quotasampling.
o Snowballsampling

SAMPLING METHOD

In this research systematic sampling method is used to collect the primary data by using
questionnaire.

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

A Systematic sample is selected at random sampling. When a complete list of the population
is available, this method is used. If a sample of 10 students is to be selected from 100
students, under this method kth item is picked up from the sample frame and k is the sample
interval.

Despite the sample population being selected in advance, systematic sampling is still thought
of as being random if the periodic interval is determined beforehand and the starting point is
random.

POPULATION SIZE

The overall population size is 100.

33
SAMPLESIZE

The total sample size of 100has been taken for this study. Both male and female employees
have beeninterviewed.

DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Primary Source of Data

Primary data is known as the data collected fro the first time through field survey. Such data
are collected with specific set of objectives to assess the current status of any variable
studied.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In this project, the data were collected through structured questionnaire.

QUESTIONNAIRE

A questionnaire is a schedule consisting of a number of coherent and formulated series of

question related to the various aspects of the under study. In this method a pre – printed list of
question arranged in sequence is used to elicit response from the important.

34
 CHAPTER-5

DATA ANALYSIS

35
TYPE OF COMPANIES

Tally displays a pop-up list called Type of Company this is how your books of accounts will
be maintained. Weather it may be Account only or Account with Inventory Only. Select this
only if you do not have any inventory transactions. This type of transaction is suitable for
professionals and corporate offices. Tally would not permit interruption of Inventory related
information that is notrequired.

FINANCIAL AND BOOK BEGIN YEAR

In most countries, the books of accounts of a company are maintained for a stipulated period
like 12 months. This stipulated period is referred to as the Financial Year. Tally automatically
considers 12 months from the date you give here as the FinancialYear.

SECURITY CONTROL

Tally Vault is an enhanced security system, which allows for encryption of the company data.
Encryption means converting normally accessible Tally information into unrecognizable
information, which can only be reconverted by authorized persons. Give a password here and
repeat the same. You repeat the password by way of verification. The password is not
displayed to protect it.

36
BASE CURRENCY INFORMATION

The lower portion of the Company Information screen is reserved for Base Currency
Information. Tally is multi-currency enabled. You can record transactions in foreign
currency, raise invoices in US Dollars (or any other currency), maintain bank accounts or
ledgers in foreign exchange .Base Currency is the currency in which your accounts would

be maintained. Financial statements would be prepared in the base currency by default and
these would normally be required for local statutory authorities.

SELECTING PARTICULAR COMPANY

In the button bar area you have the option F1: Select Comp button. You press the function
Key F1 means tally displayed the following screen

Choose which company you want to work Tally important fields are:

1. Company Name: All the companies created are displayed

2. System-generated code : Automatic code for each company displayed.

3. The Financial Year

Information: Relating to the number of years data present in the company

CREATION OF LEDGER

PROCESS OF CREATING LEDGER

To Create Account Ledgers Individually select Create form single Ledger under Accounts
Info ledgers Create and also press F11 to configure maintain bill wise details to Yes and for
Non-trading Accounts also to setYes.

The result will be as follows:

37
1.Name

Here, enter the name of the ledger. Tally will not accept same names. We also create the alias
name for the ledger, to conveniently retrieved later.

2.Under

Under this option, you should select the group from the list of groups that will be displayed
along with the ledger creation screen.

3.Inventory values are affected

This option should be given ‗Yes‘ for those ledgers which will affect the inventory position
of the company. For example, Purchase, Purchase Returns, Sales, Sales Returns, etc.

4.Maintain balances Bill-by-Bill

To get this option give ‗Yes‘ to Maintain Bill-wise details in Company Features-F11. This
option is useful only for Sundry Debtors and Creditors. It can also be used where some
tracking is needed like Project- wise Expenses or income, installments due, installment-wise
outstanding details. Enter due date of the bill or credit days under the option default credit
period.

5. Opening Balance

Enter the opening balance of the respective your bank account as on the date of Books
beginning from option in Company Creation Screen.

38
Tally is a accounting software package and it is used in financial accountig, inventory and
control. It is a method to calculate the accounting activities. There are different versions of
tally i.e ; TALLY 5.2, 6.3, 7.4, 8.2, 9. But these days Tally 9 is in use as it fulfills the
suitability of enterprises.

Tally 9 is the wonderful accounting software .It got good reputation in the field of business
.A businessman wanted an accounting software which be handled easily. Tally 9 is pure on
this desire of businessman. Bharat Goenka is the managing director of Tally Solutions, India's
leading company in business accountingsoftware. Tally solution Co. 's main slogan is
simplicity .That is also in real .From a small sole trade business to large scale multinational
companies accounts can easily keep in tally 9 data base .There is no difficulty in operating
tally 9 , accounting software .

It uses three fundamental formula for recording :

Istformula:istorecorddifferentcompanies‘creation,displayandalteration

2nd formula :is to record all ledger accounts vie create, display and alter under different head
or master accounts.

3rd formula: is to record all voucher entries.

Tally 9 the accounting software include also different data base of tds items, and service tax
rate etc. Tally 9 can easily operate by non commerce background persons also .In the bill
wise voucher entries there no need of journal entry .That is good point of tally 9 and it goes to
the favors who do not know double entrysystem. Education of tally 9 is very simple. All work
in this software is under good discipline , suppose if you want to pass voucher entry but , if
you have not create ledger account of that voucher entry , then tally will not pass the voucher
entry at that time tally 9 gives you facility to make ledger account in accounting vouchers .
For this just press Alt +C for creating ledger account in accountingvoucher.

39
USES OF TALLY

Tally 9 provides good accounting environment. Import, export, print, email, web publishing
direct from tally 9 software is the one of major reason of its popularity. We can do
comparison of its extra large facility regarding its VAT calculation, automatic interest
calculation and fringe benefit tax calculation. In tally 9 we can easily record of
sale trade, partnership firm, MNC, business of commission agents, share market and money
market business records and other service and professional sector records.Now, some Govt.
Sector's large institution is also adapting tally 9 accountingsoftware.

According to AK Nandani who is 20 years experience in the field of accounting and system
analyzing says that tally 9 provides the scientific system to businessman through its invoice,
order of purchase bill wise entry and recording of forex accounting. Association of Indian
Chartered Accountant India also happy by use this software because they can audit the
accounts on tally 9 very easily. In company creation audit feature can easily include. Bank
reconciliation in tally 9 is very good for auditing point of view. Tally 9 is single Software
which provides the facility of bank reconciliation. The double security system of tally 9 is
very good from security of data point of view and preventing Anonymous access point
ofview.

Tally 9 is becoming torch - bearer for all businessmen who were facing difficulty to record all
their branches transactions tally 9's simple cost center feature solve all problems regarding
record of transaction more than one job , machine , process , department , branches and sub
branches. Speed can be increase in tally 9 up to 30 to 40% from simple voucher entry passing
through following way.

4. Multiple ledgercreation.

5. Effective use of short cut commands of tally9.

6. Effective utilization of configurationbutton.

40
BENEFITS AND ADVANTAGES OF TALLY

The revolutionary Tally Business Accounting software with concurrent multi- lingual
capability has now been enhanced to offer far superior performance.This greatly improved
performance and stability in Tally 9 is the result of a remarkable amount of re-engineering.
Tally 9 now comes with advanced Payroll and POS Invoicing capability and several
minor functional augmentations. So, while Tally 9 has multiple features and
functionalities, it is without a doubt, more powerful than ever before. Apart from helping you
increase productivity and reducing costs.

Tally 9 offers the following unique benefits:

Concurrent Multi-lingual Capability: Operate in any language of your choice, concurrently –

this means that you can enter accounts in the language of your choice, view reports in another
language and print them in yet another language, at the same time. Enter data using normal
keyboards with Tally phonetic keyboard support provides transliteration support for Indic
family of languages.

Enhanced Payroll Management that includes: Capturing of employee related information like
general employee details, payment details, statutory details, Passport and Visa details and
contract information, Multiple methods for calculation of salaries, Auto-generation of
payslips including multiple payslipprinting,Tracking of loans and advances,Calculation of
PF and Gratuity Support for expatriate employee processing and generation of
expiryreports

POS Invoicing: Invoice printing on 40 column paper in continuous mode. Faster data entry
and calculation.Barcode support, batch support, multi-mode payment Integration with
accounts and inventory

41
ADVANTAGES:

Tally 9 is the ultimate business solution, designed to meet the growing needs of your
business. The following are the powerful advantages that you can enjoy with this versatile
and robustsolution:

 Expand your business – with the concurrent multi-lingual capability and multi-
currency features that allow you to transact beyond geographical boundaries, without
languagebarriers.
 No need to hire specialised resources – since Tally 9 is very simple to learn and the
easy interface enables you to navigate the software without difficulty.
 Blazing Speed – provides you with the information you want.
 Sheer Power – Tally 9 has the ability to handle huge volumes of transactions without
compromising on speed orefficiency
 Real-time access to information – enables quick decisions through fast and easy
sharing of data fromTally.
 Better cash flow and savings on interest – by using the ‗receivables and payables‘
management feature, to help you ensure on-time collections and generate
reminderletters
 Amazing Accuracy – Tally 9 provides user-definable templates for fast, accurate
dataentry
 Manage your future dealings with bad debtors and persistent defaulters – using the
payment performance of debtors feature, to identifythem
 Faster and error-free invoicing and data entry – using the multiple price levels feature
to pre-define item rates for specific categories ofcustomers
 Identify products with high or low margins – with the profitability analysis feature,
that provides you with product-wise and invoice-wiseprofitability
 Avoid stocking excess items and ensure that you don‘t run out of essential stock – by
using the reorder feature, to set reorder levels for any givenperiod
 Better planning and dramatic improvement in co-ordination of your operations with
reduced paperwork – as a result of using the integration across functionsfeature
 Reduce costs and increase productivity – using features such as inventory
management, receivables and payables managementetc.

42
  Accurate information tracking, quicker data entry and retrieval – thanks to the
integrated system that ensures real-time linking of accounts and inventory To
create an Invoicewith differentratesinoneInvoiceinTally7.2,Tally

Tally9.0

• While altering an item press F-12 (Specify default ledger allocation (Set as (Yes)

• Create / Alter an Item (Inventory Masters)(Now you will find an option set/ modify
defaults ledger allocation for invoice (set it as Yes(Yes)

• ForItemunder12.5%nowSpecifyledgerallocationforsalesledgersay

87.50 for vat 12.5% In the same manner for all item covered under 4 % VAT the ledgers say
96% for sales ledger and 4% vat

• Create a new Voucher Type (Accounts Information (Voucher Type (Create) under
sales say e.g., (multi tax sales) under salesvoucher.

• Vouches class as any name now you will find Exclude and include the groups. You
can set as per requirement or can just set it as notapplicable

• It will ask for sales ledger now select the sales ledger (any sales ledger) as 100%

• Notenowyouwillgetanoption―over rideitembydefaults‖setas yes.

• Accept the voucher and make sales entries under this voucher and check the same.

SELECTION OFMENUITEMS

These options will appear:

Using arrow key(position cursor on the itempress<enter>)

Press hot key- highlightcharacter

Double click the items

43
WORKING OF TALLY

After the installation of Tally software there are three areas for working i.e; menu master,
button. There are several shortcuts for enabling working of tally:

F1: Select Company, this enables you to select another company and add it to the list of
selected companies.

F2: Change date after completing the entries or reports of a particular date.

F3: Create company.

F4:Select the contra voucher.

F5: To create the payment voucher. F6: To create the receive voucher. F7: To create the
journal voucher. F8: To create the sales voucher.

Ctrl + F8:To select a credit note voucher.

Alt + F9:To create purchase voucher.

Ctrl + F9:To select debit note voucher.

Alt + F10:To create the reverse journal voucher. Ctrl + F10: To create the memorandum
voucher. F11: To create the special function.

F12: To create configure.

Alt + F1:To see the detail report or to close the company.

Alt + F2:To view the filters screen where the range or information can be specified

Alt + F3:To see the company info menu and change the system period.

Basic Principles ofAccounting:-

Guidelines on Basic Accounting Principles and Concepts

GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) is the framework, rules and guidelines of
the financial accounting profession with a purpose of standardizing the accounting concepts,
principles andprocedures.

44
Here are the basic accounting principles and concepts under this framework:

1. BusinessEntity

A business isconsideredaseparateentityfromtheowner(s)andshouldbe treated separately. Any

personal transactions of its owner should not be recorded in the business accounting book,
vice versa. Unless the owner ‘s personal transaction involves adding and/or withdrawing
resources from thebusiness.

2. GoingConcern

It assumes that an entity will continue to operate indefinitely. In this basis, assets are recorded
based on their original cost and not on market value. Assets are assumed to be used for an
indefinite period of time and not intended to be sold immediately.

3. MonetaryUnit

The business financial transactions recorded and reported should be in monetary unit, such as
INR,US Dollar, Canadian Dollar, Euro, etc. Thus, any non-financial or non-monetary
information that cannot be measured in a monetary unit arenot recorded in the accounting
books, but instead, a memorandum will beused.

4. Historical Cost

All business resources acquired should be valued and recorded based on the actual cash
equivalent or original cost of acquisition, not the prevailing market value or future value.
Exception to the rule is when the business is in the process of closure and liquidation.

5. MatchingConcept

This principle requires that revenue recorded, in a given accounting period, should have an
equivalent expense recorded, in order to show the true profit of thebusiness.

45
6. AccountingPeriod

This principle entails a business to complete the whole accounting process of a

business over a specific operating time period. It may be monthly,quarterly or annually. For
annual accounting period, it may follow a Calendar or FiscalYear.

7. Conservatism

This principle states that given two options in the valuation of business transactions, the
amount recorded should be the lower rather thanthe higher value.

8. Consistency

This principle ensures consistency in the accounting procedures used by the business entity
from oneaccountingperiodtothenext.It allowsfaircomparisonof financial information between
two accountingperiods.

9. Materiality

Ideally, business transactions that may affect the decision of a user of financial information
are considered important or material, thus, must be reported properly. This principle allows
errors or violations of accounting valuation involving immaterial and small amount of
recorded businesstransaction.

10. Objectivity

This principle requires recorded business transactions should have some form of impartial
supporting evidence or documentation. Also, it entails that bookkeeping and financial
recording should be performed

46
with independence, that’s free of bias and prejudice.

GOLDEN RULES OF ACCOUNTING:-

A] Real Accounts:- 1)Debit what comes in. 2)Credit what goes out.

B] Personal Accounts :- 1)Debit the receiver.

2)Credit the giver.

C] Nominal Accounts:-

1)Debit all expenses & Losses.

2)Credit all Incomes &Revenue.

47
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

48
The overarching goal of assessing technological literacy is to provide an accurate picture of
whatall of us know and can do with respect to technology. After reviewing the literature
related to assessment, cognition, and technological literacy; receiving input from a variety of
stakeholders; and drawing on its own experiences and judgment, the committee developed
the following general principles to guide the development of assessments of technological
literacy for students, teachers, and out-of-school adults:

1. Assessments should be designed with a clear purpose in mind.

2. The purpose must be clear to the developers of the assessment, as well as to test takers and
the users of theresults.

3. Assessment developers should take into account researchfindings related to how children
and adults learn, including how they learn about technology. Insights into how conceptual
understanding of technology develops and the mental processes involved in solving
technological problems can help assessment designers construct appropriate items and tasks.

4. The content of an assessment should be based on rigorouslydeveloped learning standards.

The knowledge and skills identified in learning standards reflect the judgments of technical
experts and experienced educators about the development of technologicalliteracy.

5. Assessments should provide information about all threedimensions of technological

literacy—knowledge, capabilities, and critical thinking and decision making.Meaningful

conclusions about the state of technological literacy in the United States must reflect skills
and knowledge in all three dimensions.

In addition to these general guidelines, the committee developed findings and related
recommendations in five categories: opportunities for assessment; research on learning; the
use of innovative measurement techniques; framework development; and broadening the
definition of technology. The numbering of the recommendations does not indicate
prioritization. Although some recommendations will be easier to implement than others, the
recommendations are interdependent, and the committee believes that

49
CONCLUSION

50
Tally is a reformed way for entering various entries in form of journal, ledgers, trail balance,
profit & loss statement etc. Tally helps the accountant to do his or her work efficiently. It is a
software used in computer to record, analyze and therefore interpret the result. Tally has its
various functions like accuracy, consistency, output etc. Tally is thus a revolution in business
world.

Tally ERP 9.0 is becoming torch - bearer for all businessmen who were facing difficulty to
record all their branches transactions tally 9's simple cost center feature solve all problems
regarding record of transaction more than one job, machine, process, department, branches
and sub branches.

Tally ERP 9.0 provides good accounting environment. Import, export, print, email, web
publishing direct from tally 9 software is the one of major reasonpopularity.We can do
comparison of its extra-large facility regarding its VAT calculation, automatic interest
calculation and fringe benefit tax calculation

51
SUGGESTION

52
The recommendations are addressed to a large number of entities, most of them government
agencies. The focus on the public sector is deliberate, because technological literacy—like
traditional literacy, science literacy, civics, and numeracy—is considered a public good. In
addition, improving and expanding the assessment of technological literacy will require
broad-based, coordinated efforts by federal and state agencies with an interest or role in
supporting science and engineering research, developing newtechnologies,maintaining and
protecting the infrastructure, and training the nation‘s technical workforce.

53
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.slideshare.net

• www.caclubindia.com

• www.easyreports.in

• www.scribd.com

54