CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES

ACCESS ROADS WITHOUT THE USE OF HEAVY EQUIPMENTS

THIS REFERS TO PATHWAYS, CONCRETING OF ROADS (BARANGAY, FARM TO MARKET, ETC.) WHICH DO
NOT REQUIRE THE USE OF HEAVY EQUIPMENTS FOR THE EARTHWORKS

MATERIALS

- Materials that will be used for the construction of the said SPs are expected to be of standard
quality as stated in the standard specifications. For aggregates, this should either be taken from
a source listed in the DPWH materials map or if to be taken from a new source, should pass the
standard materials test by the DPWH.

DELIVERIES

- Proper material delivery and placement is crucial in ensuring that the SP will not experience
work stoppages during construction caused by late deliveries or un-availability of materials on
site.
- Each section of the concreting works represents a correct ratio of cement, aggregates and
water.
- Cement, as this is perishable should be stock piled in a secure site/warehouse. The quantity that
will be used for the day should be delivered to the project site daily before the start of works as
this will ensure that there will be no wastage in case of rains.
- Sand and Gravel if possible should be directly delivered on site to avoid additional costs for
hauling. The warehouseman and the foreman can direct delivery trucks to pour the required
quantity of aggregates per section to be concreted. The TF can assist them in computing the
required volume of aggregates per length/section of road to be concreted.
- In cases where delivery trucks cannot directly deliver the aggregates on site, laborers should be
stationed at the drop site where they can immediately bag the delivered aggregates and have it
hauled up to the job site.
- Hauling of aggregates can be done in different ways, these can be carried manually by laborers ,
hauled by carabao sled or by motorcycle/tricycle if accessible. The community can craft a
carrying case for bagged aggregates or cement for it to fit in motorcycles. This would be a faster
way of hauling the aggregates.

BASE PREPARATION

- Clearing and grubbing of shrubs and other organic materials should be done at the start of
construction, this way proper layout and staking can be done without any interruption.
- If excavation is needed, provide markings on the ground where excavation is needed and
measure the depth of excavation based on the plan. Markings on the depth can be placed at the
stakes as a guide for the laborers
 - The site should be ready prior delivery of aggregates that will be used for surfacing materials
(aggregate base coarse) and concreting.
- The site should be free from unsuitable and organic matter prior to the spreading and
compaction of base coarse materials.
- Grading can be manually done using hand tools through the placement of guides. The base
should be graded with the same slope reflected in the plans, this will ensure that water runoff
will flow towards the side ditch
- Compaction is very critical as this will ensure that the base is stable before it is topped by
concrete, a walk behind roller would be the ideal equipment to be used where road rollers
cannot access the site due to terrain and distance, but in cases where even a walk behind roller
cannot be used, plate compactors can be used. Several passes should be made to ensure proper
compaction is attained particularly in areas where fill was made during grading.

CONCRETING

- Formworks should be placed on the prepared base at least a day before pouring.
- The length of the forms should be equivalent to at least a day and a half’s worth of concrete
pouring to provide allowance if in case the volume of the days concrete poured exceeds the
target.
- A template or guide must be prepared to make sure that the dimension of the forms for
concrete pouring is properly followed. A template is a frame made of wood, this is of the same
width and thickness of the typical concrete cross section.
- A Wooden Concrete Schrader must be fabricated ahead of time, this will be used to ensure that
the concrete is even and properly levelled with the form.
- The proper amount of aggregates should be stockpiled in the site for concrete works
- Aggregates can be stored in bags and stockpiled in rows in the job site equivalent to the
required number of bags that will be used per block/length or section.
- The TF must assist the volunteers in computing the equivalent length of concrete per day of
pouring based on the capability output stated in the detailed estimates, this should be the
workers’ target for each day of pouring.
- Proper ratio of aggregates cement and water should be followed during the mixing of concrete.
o 4 bags gravel
o 1 bag cement
o 2 bags sand
o 16 liters of water
- Samples for flexural strength testing can be taken from the first, middle and last batch of
concrete mix during the day’s concrete pouring.
- As soon as the concrete settles and water is no longer visible in the surface, the surface can now
be broom finished. The broom finish will create lines that will ensure that vehicle tires will no
slip when using the road. The depth of the lines should be at least 1.5 milimeters. A broom can
be made out of umbrella spokes fabricated like a rake with a distance of more or less one
centimeter.
- Contraction joints can be made by either placing a 2” x 1/4” flat bar for every 4.5 meters of the
span during concrete pouring or by using a concrete cutter, the depth of the joint should not be
more than 2” or 50 mm
- Cold joints are joints where concrete pouring has stopped for more than 30 minutes. 12 mm dia.
dowels spaced at 0.3 meters must be placed at the joint where concreting has stopped
- Forms can be removed 24 hours after concrete pouring
- The concrete should be allowed to cure for 21 days before light vehicles can pass, heavy vehicles
should wait up to 28 days before using the concreted pavement.
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES

GRAVITY DRIVEN WATER SYSTEM SUB-PROJECTS

Before the start of the deliveries, the technical facilitator assists the community in identifying specific
work items that can be done first as reflected in the work schedule. For water system sub-projects, it is
critical that the construction of the intake box is done before any of the other work items are started as
this will ensure that the flow of water is secured.

MATERIALS

- Materials that will be used for the construction of the said SPs are expected to be of standard
quality as stated in the standard specifications. For aggregates, this should either be taken from
a source listed in the DPWH materials map or if to be taken from a new source, should pass the
standard materials test by the DPWH.

DELIVERIES

- Materials for the intake box should be prioritized during the delivery. The TF shall assist the
community in identifying the correct materials and quantity that will be used for the intake box.
- In cases where the intake box is not accessible by delivery trucks, materials can either be done
manually by labor, carabao sleds or even motorcycles.

INTAKE BOX

- During the first day of construction, the TF should be on site to provide instructions on how to
secure the water source without disturbing the flow. This can be done by knowing which parts
of the intake box should be done first.
- There are two types of spring sources:
o Sloped
o Flat
- For Sloped springs, the eye of the spring should first be located before anything else, this can be
done by slowly removing the soil and other debris surrounding the spring.
- Once the eye is located the elevation of the eye should be established by putting a fixed stake at
a distance of at least 2 meter in front of the spring using a level hose. The elevation of the eye
should be marked at the stake as this will be the elevation of the over flow.
- RSB can be fabricated while the form works are prepared and the labourers excavate the
foundation of the box. Excavation should not be deep enough to disturb the flow of water.
- Pipe fittings should be discussed with the workers as to use and placement in the intake box
based on what is reflected in the technical plans.
- Pipe fittings should be welded with RSB dowels to ensure that these fittings will not move when
poured with concrete.
- RSB and form works is then placed strategically depending on which side of the spring box will
be poured first. The side where the drain is located should be the first side that will be poured as
 this will ensure that when the other sides are poured with concrete, the drain can be used to
divert the flow of the water.
- Pipe fittings should be embedded properly in the form works. Always double check the
placement of the pipe fittings particularly the elevations. Remember that the over flow should
not be placed higher than the spring eye and the outlet pipe should be located below the over
flow.
- The foundation and flooring of the intake box should be the first to be poured. It will be easier
to divert the water once the foundations, flooring and drain pie is already installed. The flooring
for the intake box should be sloped towards the drain pipe.
- The RSB and the Formworks for the other sides of the box can now be installed and poured with
concrete.
- The top slab is the last part to be poured. This should include a manhole and airvent. The man
cover can be fabricated separately then placed in the intake box once it ha cured.
- Forms should be removed as soon as the concrete has cured.

TRANSMISSION PIPELINES

- Pipelines should be checked with the schematic diagram and hydraulic analysis if it matches
with the diameter per section of the transmission lines
- Pipes should be delivered per group of 20 6 meter pipes in each location where the butt fusion
machine is strategically placed. Butt fusion must be done in one place where the 20 pcs of 6
meter pipe is delivered and moved only when it is time to move to another group of pipes
remember that the butt fusion machine is heavier than a 6 meter pipe.
- The pipe should then be connected to the outlet pipe of the intake box using an adapter and
gate valve.
- The transmission pipe lines should be tested by temporarily sealing the end of the pipe by
placing an end cap and opening the gate valve at the intake box, the workers can then check for
leaks.
- If there are no leaks, the pipes should be drained and excavation for the pipe trench can start. It
is critical that the pipes are checked for leaks prior to placement in the pipe trench and back
filling.

RESERVOIR

- During the first day of construction, the TF should be on site to provide instructions on which
parts of the reservoir should be done first.
- Pipe fittings should be discussed with the workers as to use and placement in the reservoir
based on what is reflected in the technical plans.
- Excavation for the foundation, fabrication of the formworks, cutting, bending and fabrication of
the RSB can be simultaneously done.
- The TF must assist the BSPMC in checking the actual flow of water by opening the valve in the
intake box and checking if the water will flow up to the elevation of the reservoir inlet pipe. In
the rare case that there is a need to adjust the height of the location of the inlet pipe or the
 reservoir itself, the dimensions of the reservoir must also be adjusted to ensure that the
required volume can still be reached.
- Pipe fittings should be embedded properly in the form works. Always double check the
placement of the pipe fittings particularly the elevations. Ensure that the pipe fittings are
welded with dowels to ensure that the pipe fittings do not move.
- The RSB and the Formworks can now be installed and poured with concrete.
- It is critical that the reservoir is monolithically poured with concrete up to 0.15 meters below
the bottom of the top slab.
- Water proofing compound is used to ensure that the reservoir is water proof and to avoid leaks.
The ratio of the water proofing compound to the number of bags of cement can be seen in the
packaging of the water proofing compound.
- The Top Slab together with the remaining 0.15 m of the sides of the reservoir can be poured
after the lower part of the sides of the reservoir has cured.
- The reservoir must be cured for 21 days before water is allowed to enter the reservoir.
- The reservoir must be filled up slowly at a rate of 1/3 of the reservoir height per day.
- Leaks can be repaired using a food grade sealant.

DISTRIBUTION PIPELINES

- Pipelines should be checked with the schematic diagram and hydraulic analysis if it matches
with the diameter per section of the distribution lines
- Pipes should be delivered per group of 20 6 meter pipes in each location where the butt fusion
machine is strategically placed. Butt fusion must be done in one place where the 20 pcs of 6
meter pipe is delivered and moved only when it is time to move to another group of pipes
remember that the butt fusion machine is heavier than a 6 meter pipe.
- The pipe should then be connected to the outlet pipe of the intake box using an adapter and
gate valve.
- The distribution pipe lines should be tested by temporarily sealing the end of the pipe by placing
an end cap and opening the gate valve at the intake box, the workers can then check for leaks.
- If there are no leaks, the pipes should be drained and excavation for the pipe trench can start. It
is critical that the pipes are checked for leaks prior to placement in the pipe trench and back
filling.

TAP STANDS

- The TF can have all the pipe fittings for a tap stand assembled by the plumber, this will be used
as a guide for the construction of the other tap stands. This is so that the materials for the tap
stand can be grouped and distributed to each of the site for the tap stand.
- Tap stands can be assembled and poured simultaneously.
- The faucet pad should be poured in such a way that the pad is sloped towards the direction of
the drainage.
COMMISSIONING

- No person should be allowed to drink water immediately after the completion of the system
- Pipelines must be flushed with water mixed with chlorine, this is to dis-infect the intake box,
pipelines, reservoir and tap stands.
- Flushing can run up to 12 hours.
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Before the start of the construction activities, the TF will guide the community in the conduct of staking
and establishment of the invert elevations which will be the basis for the depth of excavation. The TF
can use any of the permanent structures close to the drainage site in marking the desired depths of
excavation. Disposal of excavated materials should also be considered particularly in areas where there
is heavy vehicular or pedestrian traffic. A designated disposal area should be identified before the start
of works.

DELIVERIES

- The TF should assist the barangays in computing for the needed quantity of materials per
section of the drainage based on the plan
- The areas where the materials will be stockpiled should be identified carefully so as not to cause
obstruction especially in areas where there is heavy traffic.
- Delivered aggregates should immediately be placed in empty cement bags so as to avoid
wastage and obstruction of roads.

SITE WORKS

- The site must be cleared of debris and organic materials prior to excavation.
- Excavation can start but only up to a length that will be poured/laid for 3 days, the TF must
assist the community in identifying the equivalent length for a 3 day concrete pouring/CHB or
boulder laying activity.
- The depth and width of the excavation should allow space for the thickness of the gravel bed
and the flooring and the thickness of the sides including the form works.
- Community members should assist in identifying areas where existing pipelines, sewage pipes
and cross drains are located. These areas should be marked.
- Laborers should be instructed to be careful during excavation as there might be existing
pipelines that are present in the project site.

CONCRETE/MASONRY WORKS

- Formworks that are good for three days should be installed at a time.
- RSB can be fabricated while excavation is ongoing but installation should only be done for the
length that will be poured for 2 days.
- Location of drip holes should be identified and should be laid out in reference to the existing
concrete pavement prior to concrete pouring.
- If concrete cover is needed, the TF should demonstrate the proper placement of reinforcing bars
by placing spacers to ensure that the reinforcement is in the middle of the concrete cover.
- Concrete covers should be cast in the area where they will be installed.
- Forms for sidewalls can be removed 7 days after concrete pouring.
- Forms for fixed covers can be removed within 14 days
- For sections with honeycomb, concrete plaster should immediately be applied.
- After the removal of forms, backfill should immediately be placed at the outer side of the canal.
- Correction in the canal floor can be done before the pouring of fixed concrete covers
-
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES

SLOPE PROTECTION

THIS REFERS TO RIPRAP, GROUTED RIPRAP AND STONE MASONRY

MATERIALS

- Materials that will be used for the construction of the said SPs are expected to be of standard
quality as stated in the standard specifications. For boulders and aggregates, this should either
be taken from a source listed in the DPWH materials map or if to be taken from a new source,
should pass the standard materials test by the DPWH.

DELIVERIES

- Proper material delivery and placement is crucial in ensuring that the SP will not experience
work stoppages during construction caused by late deliveries or un-availability of materials on
site.
- Cement, as this is perishable should be stock piled in a secure site/warehouse. The quantity that
will be used for the day should be delivered to the project site daily before the start of works as
this will ensure that there will be no wastage in case of rains.
- Boulders, Sand and Gravel if possible should be directly delivered on site to avoid additional
costs for hauling. The warehouseman and the foreman can direct delivery trucks to unload the
required quantity of boulders and aggregates per section to be used for the riprapping works.
- In cases where delivery trucks cannot directly deliver the aggregates on site, laborers should be
stationed at the drop site where they can immediately bag the delivered aggregates and have it
hauled up to the job site.
- Hauling of aggregates can be done in different ways; these can be carried manually by laborers,
hauled by carabao sled or by motorcycle/tricycle if accessible. The community can craft a
carrying case for bagged aggregates or cement for it to fit in motorcycles. This would be a faster
way of hauling the aggregates.

EXCAVATION

- Clearing and grubbing of shrubs and other organic materials should be done at the start of
construction, this way proper layout and staking can be done without any interruption.
- Provide markings on the ground where excavation is to be done and measure the depth of
excavation based on the plan. Markings on the depth of excavation can be placed at the stakes
as a guide for the laborers.
- The bed for riprap shall be excavated to the required depths and properly compacted, trimmed
and shaped and shall be founded in a toe trench dug below the depth of scour as shown on the
plans.
PLACING AND GROUTING

- Stones shall be placed by hand and laid with close, broken joints and shall be firmly bedded into
the slope and against the adjoining stones.
- The spaces between the stones shall be filled with sufficient cement mortar throughout the
thickness of the riprap to completely fill all voids, except that the face surface of the stones shall
be left exposed.
- Grout shall be placed from bottom to top of the surface swept with a stiff broom.
- Proper proportion of sand and cement for mortar (grout):
o Grouted riprap - one part cement to three parts sand by volume
o Stone Masonry - one part cement to two parts sand by volume

WEEPHOLES

- Weepholes shall be placed horizontally at the lowest points where free outlets for water can be
obtained and shall be spaced at not more than 2m center to center in a staggered manner.
- The length of the weepholes shall not be less than the thickness of riprap and shall be at least
50mm diameter (2ӯ) PVC or other approved pipe materials.
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES

VERTICAL STRUCTURES USING GI ROOFING

THIS REFERS TO DAY CARE CENTERS, SCHOOL BUILDINGS AND OTHER VERTICAL STRUCTURES USING GI
SHEETS AS ROOFING

MATERIALS

- Materials that will be used for the construction of the said SPs are expected to be of standard
quality as stated in the standard specifications. For aggregates, this should either be taken from
a source listed in the DPWH materials map or if to be taken from a new source, should pass the
standard materials test by the DPWH.

DELIVERIES

- Materials for lay-out and fabrication of forms and reinforcements should be delivered first.
- Cement, as this is perishable should be stock piled in a secure site/warehouse. Ensure that the
cement will be piled on the floor with a wooden matting to avoid early hardening.
- Sand and Gravel if possible should be directly delivered on site to avoid additional costs for
hauling.
- In cases where delivery trucks cannot directly deliver the aggregates and other materials on site,
laborers should be stationed at the drop site where they can immediately bag the delivered
aggregates and have it hauled up to the job site.
- Hauling of aggregates and other materials can be done in different ways, these can be carried
manually by laborers , hauled by carabao sled or by motorcycle/tricycle if accessible. The
community can craft a carrying case for bagged aggregates or cement for it to fit in motorcycles.
This would be a faster way of hauling the aggregates.

LAY-OUT

- Clearing and grubbing of shrubs and other organic materials should be done at the start of
construction, this way proper layout and staking can be done without any interruption.
- The TF can rely to the foreman on what method to be used for lay-out.
- Checking of the measurements should be done to ensure that the physical target will be met
before the column footing is poured with concrete.
- This can be followed with the excavation of column footing and simultaneously fabrication of
forms, reinforcements and steel trusses.

CONCRETING

- Formworks should be placed on the prepared column or beams a day before pouring.
 - Ensure that the forms for columns and beams are properly nailed and scaffoldings in place to
avoid “pregnancy”.
- Dowels for masonry works should be in place.
- Using of level hose and plumb bob to ensure the verticality of the column and horizontal
alignment of the beams.
- The proper amount of aggregates should be stockpiled in the site for concrete works
- Aggregates can be stored in bags in preparation for the concrete mixing.
- Proper ratio of aggregates cement and water should be followed during the mixing of concrete.
o 4 bags gravel
o 1 bag cement
o 2 bags sand
o 16 liters of water
- Samples for compressive strength testing can be taken from the column footing, column and
beams.
- Forms can be removed 24 hours after concrete pouring.

MASONRY WORKS

- Ensure that dowels from columns and wall footings are in place before laying of CHB.
- Use nylon string and plum bob to ensure the verticality and horizontally of the CHB wall.
- Use string and level bar to check the thickness of the plaster finish.

STEEL WORKS

- Fabrication of the trusses can be done simultaneously on the first week of the work.
- Check all the measurement of the trusses to be fabricated.
- Ensure that the gusset plates of the joints of the web members are well welded.
- All the steel members should be painted with red oxide.

ROOFING WORKS

- Fabrication of the trusses can be done simultaneously on the first week of the work.