Correct location of Port Structures, Elevation of water

Reporters: Tolibas, Tejay L.

Salazar, Jhon Rey
BSCE 5C Ports and Harbor
Selection of Port Location
 In principle, selecting the best location for a port is a process which includes collecting
and processing all relevant data (e.g., topographic and hydrographic conditions, and
environmental data and information) for orientation and design of such port elements as
breakwaters, different kind of basins, and water- and land-based facilities.
 The location selection should be based on the following major factors:
1. Sufficient water area for safe ship operations
2. Required water depth
3. Geotechnical conditions
4. Protection from open-sea exposure
5. Prevailing wave, wind, current, and ice conditions
6. Sufficiency of land suitable for development of the terminal facilities
Harbor Area Requirements
 The minimum harbor area is the space required to accommodate one ship berth with a
turning basin, where the ship is turned by warping her around the turning dolphin or
around the end of the pier. Depending on the local conditions, the minimum harbour
length can be taken as equal to five to six lengths of the largest ship, with a width of two
to three lengths of the largest ship.

Port Structures, Elevation of Water

Navigation Channels
 A deeper channel cut into the sea or river bed, to enable larger ships to pass through to
a port.
 In planning and design of navigation channels, consideration shall be given to the safety
of navigation, the easiness of ship maneuvering, the topographic meteorological and
marine consideration, and conformity with related facilities.
 The desirable intersection angle of the center lines of a waterway at a curve is 30 degrees
or less. When it exceeds 30 degrees, the center line at a curve of a waterway shall be a
 circular arc with the radius of curvature of about 4 times or more of the overall length of
the ship; and the width of the waterway shall be wide enough for the navigation of the
ship
Basins
• Basin is a wider body of water, either located at the end of a ship canal or in a port to
allow cargo ships to turn and reverse their direction of travel, or to enable long narrow
barges in a canal to turn a sharp corner.
• The location of basin shall be based on the layout of breakwaters, wharves and navigation
channels, and the calmness requirement.

Protective Facilities for Harbor

Breakwater
 A breakwater is a structure constructed for the purpose of forming an artificial harbour
with a basin so protected from the effect of waves as to provide safe berthing for ships
and fishing vessels.
 In a port with large ship traffic where the water area behind the breakwater is so wide
that overtopping waves are allowed to. some extent, the crown height may be 0.6H above
the mean monthly-highest water level, if the influence of storm surge is not required to
be considered.
 In such a port where the basin behind the breakwater is small in water area and is used
for small ship, considerable overtopping waves should be preferably prevented. Hence
the crown height of the breakwaters may be 1.25H above the mean monthly highest
water level.
Jetty
 A jetty is a pier or structure of stones, piles, or the like, projecting into the sea or other
body of water to protect a harbor, deflect the current, etc.
 In principal, a jetty at the updrift side shall be placed perpendicular to the shoreline within
the surf zone. In the offshore zone, a jetty shall be so placed that sediment transport shall
be diverted ·to the updrift side of harbor entrance.
 When a jetty is designed to function as a breakwater as well, it shall be placed in the
appropriate location in consideration of its required function as the breakwater.
Revetment
  Revetments are used in coastal and marine environments to protect the toes of coastal
cliffs, bluffs and dunes, and to protect exposed land areas from erosion caused by waves,
currents and tides.
 In instances of port and harbour constructions where wave energy is limited, the concrete
mattress system can be used as a revetment and scour protection to replace concrete
slabs, blocks and rip-rap alternatives
Mooring Facilities
A mooring is any permanent structure to which a vessel may be secured. A ship is secured to a
mooring to forestall free movement of the ship on the water. An anchor mooring fixes a vessel's
position relative to a point on the bottom of a waterway without connecting the vessel to shore.
Berth
 Berth is the term used in ports and harbors for a designated location where a vessel may
be moored, usually for the purposes of loading and unloading. Berths are designated by
the management of a facility (e.g., port authority, harbor master). Vessels are assigned to
berths by these authorities.
 Most berths are alongside a quay or a jetty (large ports) or a floating dock (small harbors
and marinas). Berths are either general or specific to the types of vessel that use them.
The size of the berths varies from 5–10 m (16–33 ft) for a small boat in a marina to over
400 m (1,300 ft) for the largest tankers. The rule of thumb is that the length of a berth
should be roughly 10% longer than the longest vessel to be moored at the berth.
Quay Walls
A quay wall is an earth retaining structure which is used to dock floating vessels and transfer
goods.
Quay walls are of various types and are used for mooring and berthing floating vessels such are
barges, container vessels, ships, boats etc.
Various types of quay walls are as follows:
 Sheet piled quay walls
 Combi walls
 Steel cellular / caisson quay walls
 Reinforced concrete diaphragm walled quay walls
 Gravity block quay walls
 Reinforced concrete counterfort quay walls
Wharfs
A wharf is a structure on the shore of a harbor or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may
dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or
more mooring locations, and may also include piers, warehouses, or other facilities necessary for
handling the ships. Wharfs are often considered to be a series of docks in which boats are
stationed.
Dolphins
Dolphins are usually installed to provide a fixed structure when it would be impractical to extend
the shore to provide a dry-access facility, for example, when the number of ships is greater than
can be accommodated by the length of the berth/pier. Typical uses include extending a berth (a
berthing dolphin) or providing a mooring point (a mooring dolphin).
Mooring Buoys
A buoy mooring (also known as single-point mooring or SPM) is a loading buoy anchored
offshore, that serves as a mooring point and interconnect for tankers loading or offloading gas or
liquid products. SPMs are the link between geostatic subsea manifold connections and
weathervaning tankers. They are capable of handling any tonnage ship, even very large crude
carriers (VLCC) where no alternative facility is available.
Fenders
 Fenders are bumpers designed to absorb the kinetic energy of a vessel berthing against a
jetty, quay or another vessel. They prevent damages to boats, vessels and berthing
structures.
 Well-designed docking fender systems absorb the ship’s impact at docking, transforming
ship berthing energies into reactions, transmitting to both the ships and berth structures.
 There are different types and ranges of fenders, depending on many variables, including
dimension and displacement of boats, maximum allowable stand-off, specific berthing
structure, tidal variations and other conditions.
Aprons
Between the face line of wharf and the shed or open storage yard in the back of the face line, a
space so called "apron" shall be provided for the purpose of temporary stock for loading or
unloading cargoes, cargo sorting, delivery of cargoes and traffic of vehicles for cargo handling.
The apron shall have an adequate area ensuring smooth cargo handling and be sloped to allow
runoff of rain and other surface water. Further, it should be paved to ensure safe and smooth
cargo handling and traffic.