Mastermind Use of English MINI-COMPANION with exercises for Advanced & Proficiency classes Paul Hains Anna Johnsontsa Mastermind Use Of English by Paul Hains and Anna Johnson Burlington Books P.O. Box 54411 3721 Limassol Cyprus Burlington Books is an imprint of Danos Books Ltd Tris mini-companion has been revised to reflect changes in REVISED Mastermind and now Includes extra vocabulary practice exercises after every two units as well, ‘The definitions provided inthis glossary reflect the context in which the words and phrases are used in the book. ABBREVIATIONS adj adjective (entero) Opp. adv adverb (erioenua) phrv onj conjunction (auvéeqy0¢) pr Der derivative (napayayo) prep ml formal (ertionun yAwooa) v Inf informal (AaiK6 tina, apyxd) AmE a ‘noun (ovataaTiK6) opposite (avri8ero) Phrasal verb (nepippactix6 pra) Plural (rAnBuvtiK6) reposition (npé8eon) verb (ofa) ‘American English 1H 005-767 Pack ISBN 978.9963-47-895-8 Copyright © 2008 Burlington Books 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18UNIT 2 Business and Employment TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 14) 21 on the dote = receiving money from the government because you are unemployed: oto raueio avepyiag James can't find a job; he has been on the dole for almost a year 22 make redundant = dismiss from a job because the person is not needed: arohvw (Novi NepIapIoYOU Sécewy epyadiag) / was made redundant at my ‘company and now must find @ new job. Der: redundancy (n) 23 situations vacant = a newspaper listing of available jobs: oiin o& egruspiba ue ayyedieg ia Béoeic epyaaing The company ran an advertisement in the situations vacant column for the receptionist's position. 24 foreman (n) = a person in charge of a group of ‘workers: ertotatn¢, apxtepyatng He worked his way Lup at the factory from the assembly ine to foreman in charge of 50 men. 25 board (of directors) (n) = group of people responsible for making decisions about how a company or organization is managed: cuUBOUN, Blown ouaba The board will make a decision on the matter at its next meeting. 28 make cutbacks = to reduce the amount or number of something: nav nepuoriés Due to the economic situation, the company was forced to make cutback 15 people lost their jobs. 27 lay off (phrv) (laid, laid) = stop employing someone, especially when there is not much work to do: nioAuw (npoowpiva) After the fire at the factory, the ‘owner laid off half the workers. 28 manufacturing (n) = the business of producing large ‘quantities of goods in a factory: BuoLnxavia Clothing ‘manufacturing used to be a significant part of the region's economy, but many factories have closed. Der: manufacture (n) ‘manufacturer (n) ‘manufacture (¥) 29. sector (n) = part (of economy, a country's business etc): Touéag Teachers and police workin the public sector. 210 freelance (ad) = working independently for various ‘organisations: cheG8epog (enayyeAyatiag) Tom Works as a freelance photographer for several different magazines. 2.11 permanent (adi) = continuing for an unlimited time: oviiog Margaret had a temporary position for a while, but now she's on permanent staff 212 contract (n) = a written agreement: oupBbAa0 She signed a contract with the publishing company, agreeing to write two books a year. Der: contract (y) contractual (adi) 218 career ladder = levels of progress in a profession: KRiyaka enayyedyaructg EEEAIENg People who choose to climb the career ladder often Rave to ‘sacrifice their personal ife to reach the top. 25 2ar 219 220 22 225 227 ee apprenticeship (r) = time spent working for someone in order to learn a ski: uaBrreia She is doing an apprenticeship as a hairdresser at a central salon and ‘hopes this will help her establish her career. Der: apprenticeship (n): wosnreia apprentice (v) take on (phrv) = 1. employ: npocAaupava They are taking on temporary staff forthe holiday season. 2, accept a job or responsibilty: avahoyRavw She took on extra work to earn more money. post (n) = a position of employment or responsibilty: 8éon epyadiag, ndato She accepted the post even though it meant relocating to China and accepting ‘much more responsibilty. Der: post () long-term (ai = lasting for along period of time: uaxpone6@eouog Borrowing money is not a long-term solution to your money problems if you don't have a job. Opp: short-term (ad) prospects (n) = possibilty that something will happen: npoonmxé His promotion prospects are excalent because he has both first-rate qualifications and great people skls. executive (n) = high-level manager: avéstepo oréAex0g erixeiphoewg She was the fst woman ‘executive in her company. delegate (v = to give part of your work or responsibilty to a subordinate: uorodzia ‘apuodiémytec The director aways delegates the less important tasks to his deputy Der: delegate (r): avrinpdaunog, aneoraayevos Paperwork (n = office work related to letters, forms, Feports, ec.: yea epyaoia There is @ lot of paperwork involved in banking. PA (personal assistant) = someone who is employed to help a manager with organizational tasks: iartépa ‘Ypauxatéac The managers PA spent over a month ‘making all the arrangements for the conference. overtime (n) = extra hours worked: urepwpia People in tourism work overtime in surnmer. workload (n) = amount of work a company or person has to do: @éprox eoyaciag The travel agency's workload is much lighter in the winter as fewer people ‘book holidays at that time of year. salary (r) = money paid regularly by employers to employees: y1086c Her monthly salary is stil the ‘same as it was three years ago. Der: salaied (ad): wro8wr3¢ perk (o) = extra benefit that you get at your job: ‘povOui0 One of the perks of working ata hotels that you can use the gym. put in (phrv) = spend time or fort: agiepdove (xp6v0) The office staf put in about 10 hours of overtime last week. supervise (also -iz)(v) = oversee others’ work to make sure they do tasks correty:enttnpd The ‘manager supervised the new employee's work. Der: supervision (n) superior () supervisory (ad): enorrég220 230 292 2a 208 206 207 208 299 24s 202 24s aes Clerical (ad) = related to office work: tou ypagetou, UnaXAnAwnég The job requires clerical skils such as typing. Der: clerk (n) promote (v) = give someone a higher position: Sivw poaywyt Lisa has been promoted to manager and ‘now supenises five people. Der: promotion (n) duty (a) = something you have been assigned to do: aBhKOV it's my duty to lock up the office each night Der: dutiful (ad): unéxouos, evouveiSntog ‘administration () = activites involved in running a business or organisation: ioiknon, Biaxeioion it ‘seems that more of the doctor's time is spent on office administration than on patient care. Der: administrator (n) administer (v) ‘administrative (ad) efficiency (n) = abilty to do something successtuly without waste: aroBorwomTa We are impressed with Tony's efficiency; he does a lot of work in a short time. Der: efficient (adi) ‘Opp: inefficiency (n) people skills = abilty to get on well with others: kavomnta Stanpoouruny oxéoewv She is a good ‘manager because of her people skils. ‘colleague (n) = person who works with you: ‘uvadehoo¢ My colleagues and / get on so well that we even socialise after work. rise to a challenge = manage to do something new ‘or dificult: avrartoxpivopiat oe ja npoxAnon Tony was a weak maths student but he rose to the challenge and got good results on his final exams, ‘managerial (ad) = related to the work of a manager: BieuBuvTIKOG Alex Was hired because of his ‘managerial skis. Der: management (n) ‘manager (n) manage (¥) further (v) = help something to progress or develop: ‘npow®to You can further your career by learning foreign languages. human resources = personnel: aveparivo Suvayiks (turua eraipetag nou exnaiBever Kat @povtite: Tous UnaAArAoug) Ifyou are interested in @job, send your ‘pplication to the human resources department. staff (n) = group of people who work for a business (oF an organisation: npooumik6 The teaching staff ‘meets regulary withthe principal ofthe school Der: staf (y) firm (9) = company: eraipeia The firm | work for is very generous to the workers. maternity leave = paid time away from work before / after alving birth: adeia wntpomtac After Sue gave birth, she took three months maternity leave CV (n) = written account of education, work experience ‘and personal details; résumé: Bioypapixd onpeinua TO apply fora job, send a leer and your CV. asset (n) = something valuable or especialy useful: MAeoveKmnua Helen's English skls are an asset to her employer ‘Opp: liability (0) BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY COLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS (page 15) 245 246 248 249 2st 252 28 set (v) = decide when or where something will take place: opigw The board set a date for its next meeting, Der: set (ad) circulate (¥) = pass something around: Siavéw, KurAo@opi Could you please circulate this letter ‘amongst the staff? Der: citculation (a) select () = choose: ethéyw We can only select one person from the three qualified candidates. Der: selection (n): erukoyn selectivity (n): ermAextixornra selective (ad) egotiate (v) = discuss a conflict (usually in politics cr business) in order to reach an agreement: ‘ianpayyarevopa The workers mat with the ‘managers to negotiate an end to the strike, Der: negotiation (n) negotiator (n) demand (y) = ask for something in a forceful way: anattts This coat is torn. demand my money back! Der: demand (r) demanding (ai) set up (phr v) = make arrangements that are ecessary to start something: othvw, pow (emexeionon) We helped Tom set up his new business. raft (i) = write the first copy of a speech, letter or book: npoxe\poypaw, eroIpatw npooxéd1o (owtniag, emioroNrg KtA.) My assistant drafted the letter for me ‘but | made several changes before sending it. Der: draft (a) ‘run (v) = be in charge of an activity or business: ‘teuove (emnxeipnon) Mrs Green has been running € sweet shop for more than 30 years. recruit (¥) = get new people to join an organisation: enavBpiivw, orpatoAovi The basketball club is ‘hoping to recruit some new players this season. Der: recruit o): véo wéhog, veoouNAeKrog recruitment (r) chair (\) = be in charge of a meeting: noceSpetw r Robertson chaired the session on women's health at the medical conference. Der.chair / chairperson (n) WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 15) 255 256 258 239 handle () = manage a dificult situation or job: xepouay, avreroniges ‘cope (with) (v) = deal with a problem: ra Byagw népa, ovtweroriga line (of work) = type (of work}: ei80 epyactas, endyyeAwar ‘eccupation (r) = profession or job: endyyeAua Der: occupy (v): anaoxoha occupational (adj) ‘vocation (n) = a job someone does because they think they are particularly suited to it: endyyerya, Detroopymua Der: vocational (adi) effective (ad) = producing the intended result: fanoreAsouarKds, anoSovIKss261 262 263 264 2085 266 207 2058 268 270 an 27 affectionate (adi) = showing love, warmth or caring: oropyiKés domain (n) = area of activity or interest: roueac, ywworKs avikeljievo field (n) = area of activity or study: touéag, emtoTnpovixds x@p0c aspect (7) = part, feature or quality: rheupa, anon leave (n) = time off from work: ASeia (G.aKondv KAM.) ficial paper giving permission to do ‘something: enionun dei Der: permit () permission (r) = the act of allowing somebody to do something: 4Be1a, ouykarddeon ‘outlook (n) = view of a situation: anoyn prospect (n) = chance of success: nooormxh Perspective (n) = point of views aroun significance (n) = special meaning or importance: ‘onuiaoia, vena priority (n) = more important thing: nootepauérnra expertise (n) = expert knowledge: neioa, exSikémmra WORD FORMATION (page 16) 274 276 279 200 282 beneficial (adi) = having a good ettect or influence: @péwog, euepyenKés The new sports programme thas been beneficial to students’ health. Der: benefit (n) benefit (v) ‘commercial (adj) = related to business activities: ‘eumopii6e The town's commercial centre has @ bank and some shops. Der: commerce (n: eurépio commercialise (v) ‘commercialised (adi) trying very hard to be more avrayaviowiiog We wil have to offer competitive prices if we want to boost sales. Der: competition () compete (v) ‘confidential (ad) = not to be shared with others: ‘eumateuTixég Medical information is confidential. Der: confidence (n}: eymsoroouvn confidentiality (n): exeHu8e1a constructive (ad) = useful and helptut erioikoSounroc Maggie's comments always help because she gives constructive criticism. co-operative (ad) = working well wth others: ‘uvepytiouing A co-operative person works well on «team, Der: co-operation (n) co-operate (y) emotional (ad) = relating to strong feelings: ‘uvato@nuatixdc Brenda gave me emotional support when my father was il. Der: emotion (n) ‘excessive (ad) = too much: unepBohkog The floods were caused by excessive rainfall, Der: excess (n) exceed (v) ‘extensive (ad) = large in amount or degree: ‘extetayévog The shop has an extensive stock of wine Der: extension (r) extend (v): napareive, enexreives 283 285 206 297 208 200 200 201 292 2983 204 financial (ad) = related to money: xonuaTiKbc, iKovoKeg Sue works as a financial adviser in a bank Der: finance (): xenuatoowovopiKd oooTn a finances (n): Ta oikovo.Ka, oikoVvouuKh KaTGOTaON financier (n): xenuarobomng finance (v) Inolusive (ad)) = containing everything: nou ‘uLMEpLAGHBAvet ta révTa The price ofthe cruise is inclusive so you don't pay extra for meals. Der: inclusion (n): cuvurtohoyiou6s, npooBrKn include (v) influential (ad) = having the power to affect others: \oxupes, nov aaxei eripoon The president of the ‘bank is @ very influential person in the community. Der: influence (r) influence (\) Innovative (ad) = using new and creative methods or ‘ideas: xawvorouoc Our designer has an innovative {dea for redecorating the living room. Der: innovation (n) innovator (n) innovate (v) instructive (ad) = giving useful information: ‘iSaxTiK6< if ou want to learn about aerobics, you" find this video very instructive. Der: instruction (o) instructor (0) instruct ) Intentional (ad) = on purpose: oxémpog I’m sorry ‘hurt your feelings; it wasnt intentional, Der: intent (7): oxondc, npdBeon intention (7): oxonéc, npd8_on, pp: unintentional (ac) inventive (ad)) = creative; having new ideas: ‘egeupenix6g Barbara is very inventive; she makes Useful items from junk. Der: invention (a) inventor (7) invent (v}: e@peupioxw cffcia (a) = approved by someone in authority: enionuog There has been no oficial confirmation ofthe rumour thatthe company is going out of business. Der: official (n): unaxANAOG preferential (ad) = treating one person or group better than others: npovouaxse People with physical disabilities get preferential seating on the bus. Der: preference (n) preter (v) preferred (adi): nponiintéog professional (adi) = relating to work that needs special knowledge or training: enayyehuarog Could ‘you give me your professional opinion as a lawyer? residential (ad) = related to an area with houses and without factories or businesses: xarounuévos We five ina quiet residential area. Der: residence (n) resident (n) reside (v) supportive (ad) = helpful and sympathetic: nou poaipépet Poneeta Kat uMooTHpIEN Tom's friends were very supportive when he lost his job. Der: suppor (n) supporter (r) support (v) supporting (ad: evioxuTaKe,RELATED WORDS (page 17) 205 297 298 298 2.100 2x01 202 2100 2108 2.106 boost (v) = make something increase or become more successful: enoxtw, evBapauve His colleague's kind words boasted his self-confidence, Der: boost (n} booster (r) broaden (\) = become wider: Bicupivw, nAavaivea The company has broadened its appeal by adaing ‘new products. Der: broad (adi) ‘contract (v) = become smaller or tighter: ‘ouatéAAopa, cuordpal As you lift the weights, you will fee! your arm muscles contract - when you put them down allow your muscles to relax. Der: contraction (a) deteriorate (v) = become worse: xeipotepeuw Their relationship deteriorated after they quarrelled. Der: deterioration (n) diminish (v) = become less: jetven, -opat Dan's hhopes of buying his own home have diminished since he lost his job. downsize (\) = make smaller: Kavi nepixoné¢ Many high-tech companies have downsized because of the poor economy. ‘enlarge (v) = make bigger: ueyeBuvea My uncle enlarged his living room by knocking down @ wall. Der: enlargement (a) ‘enlarged (ad)) expand (v) = become larger: enexreivw Sales are .good and our company is expanding its market share, Der: expansion (a) expansive (adi) ‘extend (\) = make something longer or bigger: entexreiv, apateive Bob's company has extended his contract so he can finish the project. shrink (v) (shrank, shrunk) = become smaller uacevu, uxxpaive Our expenses have shrunk following severe budget cuts. ‘swell (v) (swelled, swollen) = to become larger than Normal due to a build-up of liquid: npfiZouat My feet tend to swell in hot weather so I have to wear loose- fiting shoes. Der: swelling (n) swollen (ad) widen (v) = become bigger: Steupive, enexteiven Our company is widening its range of products for the Christmas season. Der: wiath (a): natog wide (ad) METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 17) 2307 2.108 20 {go under (phr v) = go out of business: kaTaoTpépojat, xpeoxorti Times were bad during the war and thousands of businesses went under. fly high = feel very happy and successful: netéw ova, ‘ouweea and xapa We've been fying high since we won the lottery. high-flying (ad)) = very ambitious and successful: @udoBOFoG Ki erttuxMHEvog Anne is a high-flying executive with two secretaries. fall through (phr v) = not work out as planes ‘anotuyxavw George's skiing plans fell through because there was no snow. am 2ar9 ane ane an7 ane down-and-outs (n) = homeless people without jobs: (01 Goteyot Unfortunate down-and-outs had to sleep (on the streets last winter. meteoric rise = sudden increase: anétoun aunon / ‘avob0q The singer had a meteoric rise to fame and won many awards. reach the top = become the most successful in a field: @8ave omy xopugh Jim reached the top of his profession before he retired. up-and-coming (ad) = likely to succeed: ‘avepxojevog Our club gives up-and-coming singers a chance to perform in front ofa live audience. take a dive = fall suddenly: kav Bounid, négtw The value of the dollar took a dive during the war. pick up (phr v) = 1. improve: BeAtavouat, kadutepetw The hotel hopes business will pick up now that they are advertising more. 2. learn a skill without much effort: uaBaive She picked up some ‘Spanish while she was on holiday in Spain. 3. notice: avtthapBavouai Nobody picked up Mark's problems with maths until he was 12. take off (phr v) = 1. become popular or successful: ovepaive oe enuruxia f SnuoTKoTNta Sales of the book t00k off after the author was interviewed on TV. 2. leave in a hurry: @euyw BiaoTiKa She jumped in the car and took off at high speed. lowly (ac) = low in importance: aorfyavros, Karate pS People working in lowly positions are paid very ite. rising star = person on the way to being very successful: avepxouevo aotéo% The latest rising star in Hollywood has appeared on all the talk shows. MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 18) 2120 ant 22 apply (v) = 1. request to be accepted to a job, club or ‘academic institution: kava aitron / applied for six Aifferent jobs after | graduated. 2. put into practice: expapLdGo We must apply the rules equally to everybody. 3. be relevant: oxbw, axpopd These prices apply to all students. Der: applicant {n) application (n) applicable (ad): epapuootpos applied (ad): epapuoguevog ‘apply (myself) (\) = concentrate hard fora tong time: aipooubvoua I! apply myself, I do well on the exam, deal = 1. (n) agreement: cuuavia Boeing mace @ deal to sell aeroplanes to British Airways. 2. (v) (deat, Veronica's parents reluctantly consented to her using the car Der: consent (o) 1058 endorse (v) = say that you are in favour of something: Lunoatpigw The company asked Tom Cruse to ‘endorse their clothing Der: endorsement (n) 1057 permit (y) = allow: erirpénw The zoo authorities don't permit visitors to feed the animals. Der: permission (n: GBe1a permit (n): entonun dBeua (ané nig apxes) permissible (ad) 1059. protest (\) = say or show that you strongly disagree: ‘iayoptupouat The students are protesting the latest increase in university fees. Der: protest (n): StahapTupia protester (7): BiauapTupepevog 1059. kitten (n) = young cat: yarext Kittens are cute. 4060 PUPPY () = young dog: KOUTEBL Our dog was really playful as a puppy. 1081 tadpole (n) = see 10.29 4062 lamb (n) = young sheep: apvi Te tny lambs stood lose tothe older sheep. 4069 kid (n) = young goat: xarowéns Kids ive with female goats in heres. 1064 calf (0) = young cow: Hooxdpt The cow gave bith to two calves. 1065. chick (n) = see 10.34 4065. cub (7) = young wol, bear, ion or other wild animal: ‘veoyv6 (AUKOU, apKoiBag, NovTapIOU KA) Wolf cubs look like young dogs. 4067 foal () = a young horse or donkey: nounaps A veterinarian was called into assis a horse giving birth to its foal. 1068 chirp (v) = make a short, high-pitched sound lke @ bird: TUB A bright groan bird chirped loudly 4009. croak () = make allow sound lke a frog: xoati, pat The frogs were croaking loudly. 4070 mew (v) = make a sound lke a cat: vaoupizw The cat mewed because it was hungry. 4071 moo (v) = make along, low sound lke a cow: ouyravigw Moving loudly, the cows crossed the field. 1072. bleat (v) = make a sharp, jerky sound lke a go: Bed The hungry goats stood bleating near the fence. 41073. bark (y) = make a shor, loud sound like a dog: ‘yaByiGw When his dog barked, lack knew something was wrong. 41074 how (\) = make a long, loud sound ike a wort CUpNtagws We could hear the wolf howiing at the moon. 4075. neigh v) = make the high sound horses make: xnuivipigw We could hear the horses neighing to each other while we were working onthe frm. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 80) 1076 capsize (v) = tip over on the water (a boat): ‘avanodoyupite (via BapKa) 1077 capture (v) = take prisoner: axxuarurigw 1078 captivate ( 1079 conserve (\) = take care using something so it lasts, as long as possible: Siampi, npopuAGoow 1081. preserve (\) = protect from changing: npootarevw, ‘ouvmnpd 1082 immigration (n) = moving to @ new country to ive: ueravéorevan (reo wa xpa) 108 migration (n) = moving to another part of the ‘wor'd for a specific time period, usually seasonal: eravaoteuan, anonuia 10.88 emigration (a) = leaving your country to live in another country: weravaoreuon (and wa x‘20q) 1085 docile (ad)) = quiet and not aggressive: uraxousc, netfviog Der: doalty (n) 1088 tame (adi) = not wild: fepo«, Der: tame (v) 1087 domestic (ad)) = 1. animal kept as a pet or on a farm: KarouKi6i0¢ 2. related to home and family life: o1KaKo¢ Der: domesticate (v) domesticated (ac) 1092 physical (ad) = elated to the body: owpareg 1089 genuine (ad) = real: yviotoq 1090 atural (ad) = norma: found in nature: guowes Der: naturalist (n) 1081 evolution (n) = gradual change overtime (particularly in the development of living things): eEENEN Der: evoive (v) evolutionary (ad) 1092 extinetion (n) = death ofall animals or plants of a certain type: eEapavion (eiSouc) Der: extinct (ad) 1099 extermination (r) = the complete king off of a group Of animals or insects in a certain area: e£oA48pcv0n Der: exterminator (n) exterminate (¥) 10.94 predator (n) = see 10.31 4098. prey 7) = animal hunted by another animal fr food: ‘Snpapa Der: prey () 098. poacher (7) = person who ileglly catches or kills animals: Aa®poxuvnye, Der: poaching (n) Poach (¥) 10.97 involve (v) = include: oupnepiAapBavw, apopa 092 revolve (\) = turn around: nepioTpép0, -onL WORD FORMATION (page 80) 40.22 doubtful (ad)) = unlikely: aipiBoog its doubttul whether we can finish this project on time, 10.100 dutiful (ac) = careful to do what is expected: uréxouog, James is a dutitl son, 10.101 eventful (adi) = with a lot of things happening: epmereuddng, rokuTapaxoc We were tired at the ‘end of the long, eventtul day. 10.102 fruitful (ad) = 1. producing good results: anoBonués, apriogép0g The meeting was fruitful and now we can ‘expect better working conditions. 2. fertile: YouLoG Der: fruitfulness (n) Opp: fruitless (ad)) ‘ruitlessness (n) 10109 mereiless (ad) = very cruel: Gohaxvos, oxhnp6s ‘The merciless king killed many innocent people. Opp: merciful (adi) 2510:104 motionless (adi) = without movement: axivnrog The soldiers stood motionless as the flag was raised. 10105 pitiful (ad) = looking unhappy and in need of sympathy: aio8prvmto The thin and weak child looked pitiful 10.108 pointiess (ad) = without purpose: daxonog it's ointless to plan a holiday it you don't have any time to go away. 10:07 priceless (adi) = worth a large amount of money: eyadng akiag These diamond earrings are priceless. 10.108 relentless (ac) = when something shows no sign ‘of stopping or improving: aBiéxorog The relentiess barking of the dogs in the neighbourhood keeps everyone up at night. Der: relentiessness (0) unrelenting (ad) 10.109 restless (ad) = unable to be stil because of being ervous or bored: avouxog Jean was restless and ‘couldn't sit stil. Der: restlessness (n) 10.110 shameless (ad) = not feeling ashamed of behaviour ‘that others find unacceptable: EeBiavrponiog Her ‘shameless lies caused her family embarrassment. Der: shamelessness (n) ‘shameful (ad) atoxpd< 10:11 shapeless (adi) = without shape or form: ‘aKavomaros, aouLLeTpO¢ / started with a shapeless lump of clay and made it into a sculpture. Der: shapelessness (n) 10.112 tactful (ad) = careful not to say things which will upset others: dtaKpirixig it's not tactful to comment ‘on someone's weight. pp: tactless (ad) 10118 worthless (ad) = having lite of no value: xwpig aFia The advice he gave us was worthless. Der: worthlessness (n) 10.114 youthtul (ad) = young-Ike: veavixés Although she is ‘quite old, Mrs Jenkins has a very youthful face. Der: youthfulness (n) 10:15 featheriess (ad) = without feathers: xwpig @tepd When baby birds hatch, they are featheriess, METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 81) 10.118 cultivate () = 1. grow plants: xakNepys They Cultivate every bit of land on the island. 2. develop an attitude, image or skil: xaXAtepyi2, avartUoou John has cultivated an image of the caring, kind physician. Der: cultivation (n) 10.117 dig (v) (dug, dug) = make a hole inthe grounc: ‘oxaBw The dog has dug holes allover the garden! dig around (piv) = look for information not easily available: waxvw navtou (nAnpo@opies) The Journalist dug around for days until he found someone ‘who would evea! her secret. 10:18 fertile (ad) = 1. able to produce: e¥popog, YOvMoS The fertile land in the valley produced a good crop of wheat this year. 2. able to produce good ideas: apaywyn6s Sue's fertile mind comes up with ‘amazing solutions. Der erty (n) : Opp: infertile (ac) 26 10.119 flourish (v) = 1. grow well: euBoxinio Tres flourish in the jungles of South America. . develop and be successful: avarmtdoaouat My restaurant flourished after | hited @ new chet. Der: flourish (ni): xetpovopia 10.120 root (n) = 1. part of a plant that grows underground: piga (guT00) The tree roots were so deep we had to dig them out. 2, place or culture a person or family comes from: ouxoyevetakes piges Bob's going to Ireland to look into his familys roots. 8. main cause of a problem: attia We need to get to the root of the problem so we can sole it Der: root () 10.121 sow (\) (sowed, sown) = 1. plant seeds in the ground: (guteiw ondpoug The farmer sows seeds in the spring. 2. put an idea in someone's mind: anéovw (aupiBoNtec, Bxx6vo1a Kar.) Mrs Baker sowed doubt {and suspicion when she couldn't remember important facts or details. 10.122 stem (n) = part of a plant where leaves and flowers: ate attached: pioxog AovAovBio¥, KoTOUV Put the stems into water as 800n as the roses are cut. ‘stem from (\) = caused by: mpoépxouat an His back ‘problems stem from an old football injury. 10:29 unearth (v) = discover something that was secret or missing: Ee84Bu, avaxakimrw After searching for days, | finally unearthed the picture | needed. 10124 deep-rooted (ad) = something which has lasted a Jong time and is dificult to change: BaBia pZouévos have had a deep-rooted fear of spiders ever since | was young, 10.125 field (n) = 1. area of land that is cultivated: opt The feldis planted with cotton. 2. see 2.63 10:26 leave no stone unturned = try every possible way to achieve something: xxvt) yn Kat oupavé The detective will leave no stone unturned in his attempt to solve the crime. MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 81) 10.27 branch 1. (v) divide: SaxAadiZouat At the intersection where the road branches, stay to the right. 2. (n) small store or office belonging to a bigger ‘company: nappa, unokardomua | have been transferred from the head office to a new branch. 3. (n) see 10.3 branch out (phr v) = see 4.148 10.128 coat = 1. (n) covering of hair or fur on an animal: ‘Tix Zi0U The animals grew a thick coat for the winter. 2. (n) layer: oTpaua, enlotpwon Jane put on a ‘second coat of nail polish. 3. (v) cover with a thin layer: ernkaAurte Coat the chicken with flour and fry. 10.129 plant = 1. (v) put into the ground to make it grow: ‘gureuw We planted a rose bush near the door. 2. (\) put something into someone's possession so that they will look guity: ronoBerw evoxoriountiKd ‘oto1xeia Someone must have planted the drugs in Toda's backpack. 3. (n) factory: epyoorda1o The workers at the chemical plant went on strike vesterday.PHRASAL VERBS (page 82) 10.190 stamp out (ph v) = put an end to something unacceptable: KaTaGTéANw Conservationists are campaigning fo stamp out the use of harmtul pesticides. 10.131 back out (phrv) = decide not to do something you had agreed to do: anocupoyot, eyxaraneins The contract hasn't been signed yet so i's not too late to ‘back out ofthe deal. 10.182 wear out (phr v) = feel very tired: e€avrha Looking after two young chidren al day realy wore me out. 10.138 psych out (phr v) = (nf ty to shake an opponent's ‘confidence: ano8apptves (avtinaAo) While Barbara was aiming forthe basket, a player on the opposing team tried to psych her out by making fun of her. 10134 drop out (of) (phr v) = leave school, a competition, ete. before finishing: eyraraheinas (onouBéc, Brayuwtoud Kn.) Todd found the pressure at law school too much and dropped out after one term. Der: dropout (0) 10135 single out (hr v = select one person or thing for special attention: Eexupigw, iahéya Lisa was singled out on graduation day as the student most ikely to succeed. 10398 run out (phe v) = stop being vali: Ajye, Bev voxiw ‘Matthew's lease ran out last month so he's looking for 2 new flat torent. 10137 hold out (phe v) = last long enough: avtéxw The hikers should have enough water to hold out until the rescue team arives. 10138 work out (phr v) = do intensive physical exercise: ‘yuuvatouai Weightitters work out several hours each ay to build their muscles. Der: workout (n) 10.198 burn out (ph v= become unable to continue because of overwork: eEovihocuay, xavanovodyat He worked so hard _atimorovig his tennis game that he but hisetf out IN OTHER WORDS (page 82) 10.140 fundamentally (adv) = completely: Baoixa The two pplticians had fundamentally ltferent views on global warming. 10.141 flawed (acl) = has a mark or mistake: eharraoparinés The data was flawed so the experiment has to be run again. 10:42 radical (ad) = extreme: piZixég, pRoonaotiKog Communism isa radical version of socialism. 10.148 makeover (n) = set of changes that makes ‘someone or something look better: oAoKAnpwTaKh ‘evavéwon Our company should function better after ‘management carries out its radical makeover. 10.144 unjustifiable (ad) = see 6.129 10.145 state of affairs = situation ata specific time: KaTtoTaon The current state of affairs in the company does not alow forrises. 10.146 utterly (adv) = see 6.147 10.147 disgraceful (ad) = extremely bad or shocking: a1oxpéc, ‘mpetix6g His poor treatment of his mother in-law is cisgracetul Der: disgrace (n) : 10.49 incensed (ad) 10.149 spectacle (n) = unusual or impressive sight or event: Equa The laser show was quite a spectacle. 10150 beyond (someone's) comprehensio ‘or complex to understand: axaravontos It is Beyond ‘my comprehension why you quit your job when you ‘haven't got another one. 10151 cease (y) = stop: crayart Conversation ceased when the professor entered the classroom. 4.152 utmost (ad) = greatest: unéptarog This letter is of Utmost importance so please send it out immediately 10.183 concern (n) = feeling of wory: avnauxia My mother expressed her concern about the level of security at the airport Der: concerned (ad) 10.184 make a stand against = strong-minded attempt to ‘oppose something: npodakAw oBevani avtictaan Local environmentalsts agreed it was time to make a stand against legal hunting in the area. 10155 start from scratch = start trom nothing: Eextvi on “Ty apxh/ tore up my first craft and started the essay from scratoh. 10156 put a stop to = cause to end: Bagw TEAOG (OE Kat) We must puta stop to the children's rude behaviour! UNIT 1 2 Language and Literature ‘TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 95) 121 blurb (0) = short bit of information printed on the outside of a book, etc.: nepianyn Moxti (oe ‘omtoBquAo) From the blurb on the back of the book, it sounds lke an exciting tory. 122 correspondence (n) = letters you write and receive or the process of writing and receiving letters: akAnoypagia / described al the problems | was ‘having with my new car in my correspondence with the car company. Der: correspondent (n) correspond (v) 123 legend (n) = old story which might be true: w8o¢, ‘BpUAoG Historians think that some parts ofthe legend ‘of Robin Hood might be true. Der: legendary (a) 124 linguistics (0) = study ofthe way language works: ‘yaagao)oyia Kate speaks four languages so she has decided to study inguistcs at university. Der: linguist (n) linguistic (ad) 125. Iyrios () = words of a song: otixot TpayouBiol | now who wrote the music ofthat song but wino wrote the Iyrcs? Dee: Ici (n) Iyicl (ec) 126 manual (n) = book with instructions on how to do something: eyxeipi6i0 The manual tat came with the video explains exactly how to operate it. 127 non-fiction (r) = writing which is about real events: Aoyorexvia (Baouévn oF npayyariKd yeyov6Ta) The non-fiction section ofthe library has a large collection of biographies. Opp: fiction (r) 128 paperback (n) = book witha flexible paper cover: {xapTOdeTO BIGNOo I's easy to read paperbacks in bed because they are light and convenient to hot 27we 210 raat a2 ve19 ras sass. sie wear ve19 x20 v2 weze rez 228 28 small print = detaiis of a document written in small letters, usualy containing conditions that limit your rights: Ta 'Wa’ ypauyara (oe oupBoraio) Aways be sure to read the small print on your contract before you sign it. subscription (n) = money paid in order to receive a newspaper, magazine or service regulary: cuv6pouh We renewed our subscription to the daly paper, though we don’t have time to read it every day. Der: subscriber (n) subscribe (¥) ‘edition (n) = a version of a book, magazine or ‘newspaper printed at one time: éxBoon The second edition of the book came out two years after the fst. acronym (n) = word made up of the first letters of a phrase or name: axpavuno The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation is usually known by its acronym, NATO. ‘anecdote (n) = shor, funny story: avexbovo Patrick told us an amusing anecdote about what happened con his holiday. Der: anecdotal (ad) ‘consonant (7) = letter in the alphabet that is not a vowel (a, , i, 0, u): bnpave The letters b, dm and t are consonants. Jargon (n) words and expressions used by people ina particular profession: enayyeAyarixh opohoyia | don’t understand this etter from the lawyer because it fll of fegal jargon. poetry (n) = literary writing arranged in pattems of lines and sound, often in rhyme: oinon We studied Shakespeare's plays; now we are studying his poetry. Der: poem (n) post (n) poetic (ad): rowriKos, poetical (adi): noun uotation (r) = a sentence or phrase someone has spoken or written: andcrtaca, xwpio The president of the college started his speech with @ quotation by Winston Churchil Der: quote (n}: andonaoua uote (v}: napaBérw anéonaoya rumour (n) = unofficial information that may or may not be true: phn There is a rumour going around that Richard has lost his ob. slang (n) = informal language used mostly in ‘conversation: apyxo, Aaikt €x@pacn The word “coo!” 's populer slang for “great slogan (7) = shor, easily remembered phras ‘ouvenua The students shouted anti-war slogans at the demonstration verse (7) = group of lines of poetry or song: otpogh (nox arog / tpayoubio4) She memorised the first two verses of the poem. vowel (n) = the letters a, , i, 0, u: pwvtiev Each vowel in English has several pronunciation. dissertation (n) = long piece of formal writing, usually for academic purposes: BiarpiBh Bary is writing @ dissertation on medieval poetry for his doctorate, post (v) = put (a written text, a picture, etc.) on an Intemet website for people to see: avapti, napaBery ‘To Aradixtu0 Readers of the online magazine can ‘Past their comments under each article. Der: post (n) 1228 228 1290 spend time looking casually and slowly: EequdAa, pixww ya ued While she waited for the dentist, she browsed through some magazines. ‘outine(r) = general points about something without the details: ows onueia | prepared an outline and | used it as a basis when I wrote my speech. Der: outine (v) ‘concisely (adv) = without unnecessary words: ouvoria The marketing plan shows concisely what we propose. footnote (r) = a note, usually found atthe bottom of the page or after the main text, providing extra information about something in the main tex: Lunoaneivon The new edition of Shakespeare's plays hhas detailed footnotes on unusual words in the texts. proofread (¥) = read a manuscript befor itis Published and correct any errors: Biop@dww Keluevo When | proofread my repor, I discovered that two diagrams were missing. Der proofreader(n) manuscript (0) = write’ orginal pages ofa play or book before its published: xeipoypago Paula sent the manuscript of her novel to a number of publishers but none of them accepted it BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY COLLOCATIONS (page 96) yea 1222 ea 1298 1298 war 240 voice (v) = express an opinion or feelings: expat ‘After the manager voiced criticism of our work, we all agreed to try harder. strike up a conversation (struck, struck) = begin talking to someone you don't know: maven KoUsEVTa, My grandmother likes to strike up conversations with strangers on the bus. return (a) compliment = do for someone else what they have done for you: avranoBibu xdon Thank {you for helping us. We hope to be able to return the ‘compliment someday. ‘withhold (i) = deliberately keep something back: ‘anoxpimtw The police withheld information about the incident from the reporters. come in for criticism = receive strong negative ‘comments: AayBdve cipvaTIKA oxGAta Jack came infor enticism from his mother after he joined the ‘demonstration against the government. pay a compliment = tell someone that you lke ‘something about them: Kava» KouMAIjévto Tom paid Jenny a compliment about her new hairstyle. ‘rack a joke = tell a short, funny story: héw aoTeio, ‘avéxGoto Tom was very funny at the party; he cracked jokes all evening. disclose (v) = give out information, especially secret: ‘antoxaAurtw The spy disclosed classified information after he was caught. Der: disclosure (n) air an opinion = let others know what you think or feel on a subject: ex@pacw Snudoia ya érioyn He airs his opinions on politics even though nobody cares what he thinks. dominate (v) = have strong control or influence over a person or situation: xupiaoxad She always talks too ‘much and dominates every conversationPHRASAL VERBS (page 97) 12.41. boil down to (phr v) = be the main reason or most important point: KataAryw Ge It boils down to this: if {yeu don't bringin re business, I have fo let you go. tear down (oh v) = completely destroy: xaredagicw, xaraotpéo The workmen tore down a block of fats to make way for anew shopping mal play down (oh v) = say something isles important than it really is: untoBaSpiZw, weKovw ™ onHacia Although she won frst prize, Manica tried to play it down at school so the others wouldn't be envious ‘back down (ph v) = stop asking for something or stop saying you wil do something: unexupt The strikers backed down from their demand fora 5% pay increase. tay down (phrv) (lad, lad) = tell someone how to behave: 8éra xavoves The headmaster aid down the Jaw and forbade smoking at schoo. {ot down (oh v) = write something in a bret way ‘onusiawea She jotted down Margarets phone number ‘stand down (piv) = leave an important position: noovpoua, napartosuat The prime minister announced that he would stand down because of politcal pressure. run down (pir ) = etticise strongly: KaxoRoyi / dion ike Bob because he's aways running down other people. break down (phr v) = stop working (machine, car, ete: xadaw (ya prxavtana) My washing machine ‘broke down and i had 19 cal @ repairman. Der: breakdown (n) narrow down (phr v) = limit the number of Possibilities: nepiopi{w I've narrowed the list down to {wo options ~ a holiday in Rome ora ruse to Cyprus. crackdown (0) = tough action by someone in authority to stop people from breaking a law: Ann avon upiov Bacause of the recent crackdown on speeding, crivers ae staying within the speed limit. Der: crack down (pr v hand-me-down (n) = thing, especialy clothing which have been used by one person and passed ‘nto someone else, often inthe same family: lerexeipioueva pouxa / avtmeiueva As a child, Usually wore hand-me-downs from my older brother. Der hand down (phe v) downpour () = extremely heavy, sudden rain: ytépa We were caught in @ downpour and got soaked. ‘come-down (n) = situation in which you find that Your status or station isnot as good as before: Eeneauds After working as an accountant, it was auite @ come-down for hm to become a bookkeeper again. sae seas wear 1248 a9 ves 1252 WORD FORMATION (page 97) 4255 enact (v) = make into a law: epapud{w, Geamigws A noise pollution law was enacted early this year. Der: enactment (7) ‘broaden (v) = see 2.96 enclose (y) = 1. surround: nepwxhei, nepippacow The pool was enclosed by a fence. 2. put something in the envelope with a letter: eouxAelw J wrote a letter to my pen-pal in England and enclosed a photograph of mysett Der: enclosure (7) : e868 wer 89 1260 ne 282 1203 encode (x)= put secret information into a diferent form: xaxdonoUd During Word Wer Ul, secret military ‘messages were encoded before they were sent. Opp: decode (y deaden (\) = make quieter oF less painful: uetave, eEao8evitw Closing the windows deadened the noise from the street below. fasten (\) = close or do up: Sévw She fastened her ‘seat belt and drove away. Der: fastener (n): ouvBempac, Konttoa enforce (y) = make sure a law or rules Kept: eruB4NAw, Gérw ae egappoy The role ofthe police is to enforce the law Der: enforcement (o) ‘enrich (v) = make better: eunoutiZo, ReATIOVD Reading books and seeing plays can enrich your ite Der: enrichment (n) censure (v) = make certain that a particular thing wil happen: eEaopaAi~w We want fo ensure that he receives the best possible medical care. tighten (y= 1. make (arule, law, security, ete) ever stricter: xéveo (voyo KA.) auoTnpéTepo The laws on ‘immigration have been tightened, so that now its harder {or foreign nationals to enter the country. 2. make {abet a watch strap, et) ft more cisely: ply ‘He lost so much weight he had to tighten his bet. entrust (v) = make someone responsible for doing ‘something important: ava8érw She was entrusted with managing the factory while the boss was away. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 98) 1208 ner 1268 1280 rere v7 wer vers 276 wer seat s282 ree4 summary (7) = brief account: nepiAnun biography (n) = story of someone's Ife: loypapia résumé (0) = CV: Bloyoagix6 onpeiaua compliment (n) = something nice you say to praise someone: KoUrAiEvto ‘supplement (n) = something added: évBero, ‘ouumponal ‘complement (y) = to add to something in a way that improves it: ouurAnpovia acquire (v) = get: anoxra Inquire (s} = ask for information: Znrid MAnpopopleg require (v) = need: xpeaouar, Zn implicit (ac) = not stated openly: urovoouevog it (ad) = stated openly: capri iMicit (ad) = not alowed by law or approved of by sociely: rapavoyog, anayopeuHévog literal (ad) = exactly as written: xupionenrixdg Der iteracy (ad): wavomnra yagi Kat avaywwong literate (ad) = able to read and write: eyypcuyatog Opp: literate (adi) literary (ad) = connected with iterature: pnodov¥Kss, Aoyorexvixés prescription (r) = see 629 inscription (n) = 1. hand-written note inside a book's ‘cover: cxépwon 2. wrting carved into stone: emtypagh ‘subscription (n) = see 12.10 ‘content (r repisxouevo context (1) = general situation in which something hhappens: cupgpazeueva, nAaioio ‘consent (n) = see 10.55 subject, ideas, material in something: 29se RELATED WORDS (page 98) 12087 antique (ad) = old and valuable: apxaioc, Terakaiuévog That antique chair is over 200 years old. Der: antiquated (adi) archaic (adi) = extremely old or old-fashioned: apxaixds, nahiouobirKog "Thee" and “thou” are archaic forms of the word “you”. ‘contemporary (ad) = modern: ouyxpovos We visited a contemporary art museum in London. innovative (ad) = see 2.86 juvenile (ad) = relating to young people: naidixos, veavixéc Young people who get into trouble with the police are called “juvenile delinquents”. Der: juvenile (n) mature (ad) = see 4.87 novel (ad) = new and unusual: véos, nowroruniog Barbara thought of a novel solution to the problem and it worked! novice (n) = beginner: npwrépng Climbing the Himalayas is not for novices. ‘obsolete (ad) = no longer used because of being replaced by something: anapxawiévos, Eenepacuévos This computer is obsolete; the new ones work faster ‘outmoded (ad) = no longer useful or suitable: ahouodinKog Our banker's ideas are really ‘outmoded - we need to find a new financial consultant. ‘out-of-date (adi) = old and no longer suitable for ‘modern use: Eenepagyévor Don't use that out-of-date ‘program; there is @ new version available now. ‘over the hill = too old: népa an't0 pio (nhikiag) Dad wants to play competitive tennis but he's a bit over the hill for that. primitive (ad) = at a simple stage of development aMAée, rpwréyovog On our trek, some of the places we stayed had primitive facities with no running water state-of-the-art (ad)) = see 4.38 up-to-date (ad) = including the newest, most recent information: obyxpoves, ewnnepapévos You can find Lupsto-date information on the Interet. 12.102 veteran (ad) = someone who is experienced because ‘of having done something for along time: Betepavog He's a veteran player; he has belonged to the football club for over 20 years. Der: veteran (r) 12.108 vintage (ad) = old but in good condition: nag Kat arg novotiTag (yia Kpaot, auToKivnTa) A collection of Vintage cars can be seen atthe autornobile museum. Der: vintage (n) 1208 1280 r290 rea 92 re9e 1295 1297 1290 122100 12101 METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 99) 12,108 read (someone) like a book = know everything (someone) says or thinks: B:aB6%w (kario.ov) cay avoxxté BiBAio Sandra can read me lke @ book; | can't hide anything from her 12,108 (a) hidden agenda = a secret reason for doing something: Kou axéB10 The teacher had a hidden agenda in giving this assignment: she wanted us to learn how to use the library for research, 123106 read into (phr v) = find extra meaning in something that is not obvious: napepunvedw She is reading more into this incident than she should it isn't ery important. 30 SD aRREREST cae 12107 rule out phr v) = decide that something isn't suitable ‘or possible: anoxAcia We want to take a holiday somewhere, but we ruled out London because ofthe weather: +2108 spel (it) out (phr v) = explain in detail: fry (xa) Aerrouepig He won't understand your idea; you'll hhave o spel it out fr him 12.109 written all over (my) face = clear to see from (my) expression: galverai ato npdownd (ou) Ned tried to sguise his disappointment but his feelings were writen all over his face. 12,110 underline (v) = emphasise: tovigw The article Lndertinas the importance of conserving energy 12111 read between the lines = understand what is meant but not said openly: xarahaBalveo wai nou umovoesnat They seemed optimistic but, reading between the ines, | understood thatthe situation was not good. 12112 mind reader (n)= person who knows what you are thinking: autég nou &.aBazet tm oxéum How could | know what you wanted? I'm not a mind reader! MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 100) 12118 book (v) = 1. make a reservation: Kavu xpdenon If we went a table at our favourite restaurant for New Year's Eve, we should book well in advance. 2 take someone to a police station and make an official record of a crime: ouAAapBaves The diver was ‘booked for drunken driving and kept in the focal all until the morning {be) in (one's) good books = be iked or approved of by someone: éxw Thy evola Kérotou Ifyou call your grandmother every week, you'll certainly bein her good books! tissue = 1. (n) subject widely discussed: Zhrmua The issue of nuctear power is controversial in certain Countries. 2. (f) newspaper or magazine published ata particular time: te0x06, @UAAO Have you seen this month’ issue of “Woman's Day"? 3. (v) give out officially or publish: Savéyin, ex6i6w The government ‘issued a warning to all travelers to stay away from ‘countries infected by the virus. take issue with = disagree with: Soguvi ue KaToIov Yla KATLJ must take issue with you on that point 12.115 word () = 1. promise: unéoxean ! gave Mum my word that 'd be home by 10 o'clock. 2. news oF rumour: ‘iGinon The word is that Susan is moving to Paris, ut | don't know if its tue. hhave a word with = speak with: ougnr pe (Kérnovov) 17 ike to have a word with my boss this aftemoon about my work schedule. yeaa IN OTHER WORDS (page 100) 12.18 imply (¥) = say indirectly; hint: unovod Are you implying that we shoud leave now? Just tell us and weil go. Der: implication (n) 12117 infer (¥) = form an opinion about something based on information you have: cuunepaiva We inferred from ther reaction that she was embarrassed about what ‘had happened. Der inference (n) 12.118 ambiguous (ad) = capable of being understood in more than one way: ipopoievos His ansiver was ambiguous and made it seem kee agreed with both sie.12.19 reiterate (v) = repeat in order to emphasise or clay enavahauBives The teacher reiterated the instructions to make sure everyone understood. 12120 have a (reasonable) command of a language = be able to speak a language wel: xe\pZouat (13074) 7 ‘Yaivo0a Ihave lived in this country for several years, ‘and now I have a reascnable command ofthe language. 12121 outspoken (ad) = saying treely what you think even though it might offend someone: evhxpwvng ‘My grandmother believed in democracy and was ‘outspoken on the subject. 12.122 come to (my) attention = (fmi) be noticed by: xa regres omy avtiAniyh (jou) The headmaster said it ‘had come to his attention that John had been late to ‘school every day this week 12128 notify \) = see 6.65 12.124 promptly (adv) = without delay: autowe They replied ‘promptly to my letter Der: promptness () prompt (ad) 12125 colloquial (ad) = relating to informal conversation or language: 1m¢ KaBoptAouuévng My teacher said that instead of using colloquial English, | should try to write more formally. 12126 convey (y) = make feelings or ideas understood: LeTapépa, anobibw My father said everything was fe but the expression on his face conveyed a cferent message. VOCABULARY PRACTICE (units 10-12) ‘A. Match the two parts to form sentences. 1. You're bound to pay me a compliment when Don't start cracking jokes or "il have to start from scratch if It's beyond my comprehension why Jane may say she’s setted in at university, but if you read between the lines, 6. Itwas kind of you to babysit. return the ‘compliment anytime B. Choose the odd one out. ‘Someone who is outspoken ‘Someone who is tactful ‘Someone who is restless. ‘Someone who is concerned ‘Someone who is merciless so ‘Someone who is dutiful ' 12:27 find out (phr v) = discover: avaxaAumrtw / never found ‘out who broke into my flat. 12.128 get (my) point across = make people understand: avi Kart KaravonTé He had trouble getting his point ‘across and no one understood his idea. 12:28 let (someone) know = inform, tell: evnuepioves (kano1ov) The librarian promised to let me know when the book arrives; she said she'd give me a call 12.120 draw a conclusion = have an idea after you have studied something or thought about it: Byatw éva ‘cupnépacia What conclusions were drawn from the mayor's report? 12.131 make (myself) understood = get people to Understand what () mean: yivoua katavontés Even though | don't speak much Greek, I can make myself understood using my hands. 12.192 hint (v) = give a litle suggestion: unaiviovoya She ‘woulkn't tall me exactly what she bought for my birthday but she hinted that it was something I'd ke, 12.183 hold back (phr v) (held, held) = stop from moving forward or speaking: KpOBu, SraTACw va wiAh}ow She certainly doesn't hold back; she always says exactly what she thinks! you delete all my work, you would want to move into an apartment without heating. you'll have everyone in fits of laughter 4d. you'll see it may not be the case, fe. you want. {. you see me in my new outfit ‘a. is too nervous or bored to sit stil for long. b. does what is expected of them. caries out very crue! acts, 4. does not hesitate to express their opinion, 2 gives their opinion in a careful way. f._ is worried about something 31D. Complete the sentences using the verbs and phrasal verbs below. There are two verbs / phrasal verbs which you don't need to use each time. 4. dig around » teardown © burn out © play down © runout © spell out » jot down © hold out yourself ord 4 Homes and Lifestyle I you keep on working around the clock, you'l. Your theory is rather confusing - perhaps you can ‘You won't find the information easily - you'll have to. Paul is so modest, he always. The soldiers managed to ‘The lecturer was talking so fast that the students only had time to .. the main ideas, forme. his achievements. Until reinforcements arrived enforce * deaden ® require © book ® proofread ® post © enrich » enclose ‘The police officer took him to the station and . photos of their pets on this site. the property afford the celebrity some privacy. _ him for drink-driving. 1. The novel will be ‘one more time before publication. 2. Itis up to the teaching staff to make sure the school rules are 3. Subscribers are invited to. 4. The high walls which 8. 6 ‘The patient was given morphine to. sa TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 111) 2 143 148 148 1410 32 fence (n) = boundary around an area of land: 1412 «BpGxrng There is a wooden fence around our garden. Der: fence (v) hedge (n) = row of large bushes that grow close together: @paxine (and Bévipa, BayvoUc) The hedge that separates our garden from our neighbour’ Is t00 high row. lawn (n) = area of grass which is kept short: ypaoi6 Tim had to mow the lawn because the grass had grown 80 high. shutter (7) = wooden or metal cover on the outside of a window: navrZoupt, rapaéup6puAo We closed the shuttors to keep out the sun and heat ‘shed (n) = small building used for storage: KaAupa, rapanmyua We put the tools into the shed when we finished working. radiator (n) = a device used for heating a room: KaAopupép The radiator in our flat was out of order, so we were freezing until the plumber came to repair it Der: radiate (v) corridor (n) = long passage with doors on each side: BiaBpopos The doctor's surgery is at the end of the corridor; it's the last door on the right. bedsit (n) = rented room that is a combination bedroom / sitting room: ykapoviepa His bedsit is tiny but has everything he needs. double-glazing (n) = two layers of glass to improve insulation: Bind Toya My dad put in windows with double-glazing to keep out the cold. estate agent (n) = person whose work is to sell or rent land, homes or offices: kmparouecitng When we decided to sell our house, we asked an estate agent to help us find a buyer . 1419 sas a6 waar 1418 1419 the pain of his injuries, detached house (n) = a house that is not joined to another: oni nou Bev éxet ueooToIxia He Ta Binhava Krfpta The doctor and his wite bought a four-bedroomed detached house in a quiet suburb. ‘dwelling () = (fri) home: KaroiKia This castle was the official dwelling of the bishop until the church built a ‘modern house for him. Der: dwell (¥) ‘commuter belt nt) = an area around a large city ‘where people who work inthe city live: mepioxt ‘Yopw and ueyGAn m6An ortou Couv ot avEpuno: nou epyagovrat o! aut Most residents of London's commuter belt travel into the city by train. ‘community centre (n) = a building used for meetings, social events and other gatherings: noAmTionikS évtpo The focal amateur drama club meets weekly in the community centre. housing estate (n) = a large group of houses but at the same time: ouyxpemua Karomv The new ‘housing estate being built on the edge of town will provide accommodation for hundreds of warking ‘class families. interior design = art of planning the way a home or ofice is decorated on the inside: eowrepic Biaxdouncn Saly redecorated her house after she ‘completed a course in interior design. ‘cramped (adi) = crowded, not big enough: ‘orpiuwyuevos, oTevexupoc With three of us ‘cramped in the back seat, the ride was very uncomfortable. demolish (v) = completely destroy: kareBagiCw The builder demolished the old houses. Der: demotion (n) ‘mortgage (n) = bank loan taken to purchase a home: ‘Bavelo He unoBh_n The bank gave us a mortgage to buy our frst home. Der: mortgage (¥) fon the market = offered for sale: Ba8éo1}0¢ omy ‘ayopt Our house was on the market for just one ‘month before it was sold,429 1428 waar 420 vaso 1431 ux saa 1436 1425 slum (0) = poor area where living conditions are bad: grwxOYErTONG Many immigrants find housing in the slums because it is cheap. urban (ad) = related to the city: aotx6s Some researchers claim that urban living causes stress. (Opp: rural (ad): ayporikog convert (v) = change into another form: yerarpénw The barn has been converted into a studio. Der: conversion (n): uerarpon rural (ad) = relating to the countryside: ayponix6g They are moving from the city to @ rural area Up for sale = offered for people to buy: npog riAnon ''m putting my house up for sale since I've been asked to relocate to another city. built-up (ad) = having a lot of buildings: ruxvoxarounyiévog The speed limit is 50 mph in built-up areas. congestion (n) = condition of being crowded with traffic or people: (xuxogopiaxh) cuypopnon, uviwotioyds Getting home at rush hour is a problem ‘because of the congestion on the roads. Der: congested (adi) ‘exterior (n) = outside: to e&arepiKd Uépoc We painted the exterior of the house with weather-proof paint Opp: interior (n) disrepair (n) = broken or bad condition that needs fixing: avayn emtoKeurig Kmnplou The farmhouse is in a state of disrepair the roof leaks, the windows are broken and the heating doesn't work. premises (n) = buildings and land occupied and used by a business or organisation: KTfp1a, eyKaTaoTéce1G {enixeionong) Our company’s premises are on the town's main street. infrastructure (n) = basic systems and structures of a place or organisation, such as transport or ‘communication: unoSoqs The government can improve the country’s infrastructure by building roads and adding electricity lines. bypass (n) = road which takes cars around a town instead of through it: nepgepetaxog pO u0G Wie took the bypass; it was much faster than dhiving through town, implementation (n) = the process of putting ‘something into practice or use: epaguoY The implementation of a recycling scheme would reduce the amount of rubbish waste that has to be burnt. er: implement (v) one-way system = system of streets where traffic {goes in only one direction: yovoBpounon The city hhas a plan for a one-way system which is intended to ase the heavy flow of traffic during rush hour. subsidy (n) = financial assistance given to businesses or individuals to help reduce the cost of a product or service: ernxophynan, eriSomon The government offers subsidies to homeowners who buy energy ‘offcient devices like solar water heaters Der: subsidise (v) incentive (r) = something that makes someone want to work harder or achieve something: kivnto Drivers are unlikely to use public transport without financial incentives to give up using their cars. landlord (n) = person who owns property and rents it to others: omtrovoixoxtong We pay rent to our lanciord every month. 14.28 renovate (\) = make something old look new again, especialy a building: avakawigw They are renovating their new home; the kitchen and the bathrooms need to be modemisad. Der: renovation (n) renovated (ad) property (7) = things owned by someone: ioxmmok Tepiousia A hotel will be built on the property! own in the centre of town restore (i) = put something back to its original Condition: avanaAatave Chris restored his old desk and now it looks as good as new. Der: restoration (n) neglect (n) = the state of nat receiving proper attention or care: napauéhnon, evkaranewn The ‘government buildings are crumbling from years of neglect. Der: neglect (v neglectul (ad) ‘occupant (7) = person who lives or works ina place: vounos Occupants of the fat haven't paid their rent for three months. Der: occupancy in: Ketan, Karoxt ‘2ecupier (n): Evo1Kog, KaTOXOS ccupy (Vv): Karo, KaTEXW9 B60 1440 sae BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY WORD FORMATION (page 112) “44a. brotherhood (n) = friendship; support a group ‘of people, especialy men, get from each other ‘BeXpoowvn The boys established a sense of brotherhood after a week at camp. citizenship (n) = status of legally belonging to @ particular country: unnxoomnra After five years of living in treland, Lisa was granted lish chizenship. companionship (7) = relationship with a good fiend who spends time with you: ouvrpopKémra, gala {realy enjoy the companionship of my friend Sue. kingdom (n) = area or country ruled by a king or queen: aoinewo The Windsors have ruled the British Kingdom for four generations. Der: kingship (a: Baorketa manhood (r) = typical or traditional male qualities; time when someone becomes aman: avBpiouds, ‘avBpuxi nhkia The story folows the adventures of @ bboy as he passes into manhood. martyrdom (n) = having sutfered or died because of your beliefs: uaptdpio A common theme in medieval artis the martyrdom ofthe saints. readership (7) = total number of people who read a particular magazine or newspaper: avayvinaTiKo KONE The newspaper's daly readership is over a milion. sainthood (7) = having been made a saint: ayioowvn, ‘aytonoinon Mother Teresa isa candidate for sainthood because of her work withthe poor ‘scholarship (r) = 1. money given to a good student to pay schoo! fees: unotpogia Diane won a scholarship to study at Cambridge. 2. serious academic study: axanyiaikh upon His research project on ancient architecture is an example of serious scholarship, 145 wear 449 uso 1451 33UNIT 14 ase 1459 sisterhood (n) = strong feeling of closeness among Women: aSedgoauvn (ueraEU yuvaKiv) {have a feeling of sisterhood with the women in my support group. sponsorship (n) = financial support: xonuaroBérmon Athletes need sponsorship from a business or ‘organisation to help them pay for ther training and travel expenses. stardom (n) = being very famous: gn aotéoa, KaAATTEXWiKO oTepewHa Not all actors achieve stardom; most of them work hard and never become well known. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 113) 1455 1456 vase 1459 1460 ust 1469 1466 1405 tasr 1488 sas 1476 suburb (n) = area outside the city where people lve: podcto ‘outskirts (n) = part of a town farthest from the centre: repixwpa district (n) = particular part ofa town or city: neptoxh, epipepeia border (n) = line dividing counties or regions: ct vopo boundary (n) = line which marks the outer edge of an area: 6910 barrier (r) = something which prevents people or Vehicles from entering a place: pdyuia, euré6:0 ‘outdoor (adi) = designed for use outside; done outside: urai6piog outward (ad) = extemal; going away from home: KavoUlevog ripo Ta é€w, e&wTEpiKeS household (n) = group of people living together: oqoyévera housekeeping (r) = cleaning and cooking: vowonupi6 housewarming (r) = party to celebrate moving into a new home: eyxaiva orutiod bit (¥) = prevent or stow down: eunodigw inhabit (y) = live in a particular place: karoiKid inherit (v) = receive money or property from someone who has died: «Anpovoyds preferable (ad) = more desirable: npotiorepos, mo emi@uyntos prefer (v)= to like one thing better than another: poe preferential (adi) = see 2.91 ‘socialise (also -ize)(v) = meet other people socially: Kava napéa, Exw KoWwwvKES enApEG Civilise (also -ize) (v) = educate and improve someone's way of life: exnohrigw opularise (also -ize)(v) = make interesting to many people: Siadibw, kav xan BUOGIAES generally (adv) = true in most situations: yevikd, ‘greatly (adv) = very: TONY, ce UeYARO BAaBHO totally (adv) = completely: ohoxAnpwTiKd, evtEOS METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 113) 34 threshold (n) = entrance or doorway: Kato, elgod0g As Jane crossed the threshold, the lights went on and everyone shouted, “Happy Birthday!” (on the threshold of = about to begin something ew: oTo Kari, ommV apxh Pauline has just started working as a lawyer and is on the threshold of a new 1481 1482 43 408 ‘pening (n) = vacant position: xevh 8é0n epyaciag Tnere's an opening for an engineer at the car factory. the key to =the way to achieve: to Kher Adon Heard work is the key to success. ‘opportunity knocks = when a chance to do something comes up: apa napovnézeraa They say opportunity knocks ony once, so dont miss thet chance ofa ifetime. got (my) foot in the door = get an opportunity: éxu ny Euxaipia va Eexivfow Kati II can get my foot in the door at this company, I'm sure they'l become regular cents unlock () = open; make available by removing an ‘obstacle: anoxahurm, eAeuBepaves Knowledge ‘of languages can unlock opportunities when you're looking for work corridors of power = word of people who make high-level decisions: xuBepyntxot xuKAo: The newspapers want to find out what is really going on in the conidors of power. come up against a brick wall = be prevented from going ahead: cuvavti eund6i0 J! trying to convince ‘my parents to let me go to Peru but I've come up against a brick wall. They refuse to let me go. MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 114) 1488 waar 1408 flat 1. (ad) = fixed: oTaBepo¢ The guest house Charges a fat rate for families. 2. (ad) exactly ‘oxptBing He changed the car tyre in two minutes fat. flat out = quicky, with as much effort as possible: ruperwdag She's tired because she's been working {tat out to finish the project on time. flat on (my) back = unable to get out of bed: oto xpe84 I pulled a muscle and I've been flat on my back for three days. floor = 1. () fat area you walk on inside a building: nara I sweep the floor every day but wash it once ‘2 week, 2. (v) unable to respond because of shock or surprise: nooTouavw Paula was completely floored when Bob asked her to marry him. take the floor = begin to speak in @ pubic discussion: naipvw To Oyo The health minister took the floor to respond to questions. ‘wipe the floor with = defeat completely: KaTaTponiivis, ouvTpiBwo Manchester United wioed the flor with Reel Mac inthe last game key = 1. (9) set of notes in music: xipaxa This symphony is written in the key of C minor. 2. (0) button (on a computer keyboard: rv}«tp0 Press the delete key to erase what you wrote. 3. (ad) most important: ‘uauiine, BaoikSs Good advertising is a key factor in ur sales campaign RELATED WORDS (page 114) 4080 1490 1491 tin (n) = soft, silver-white metal: kaooirepos, reverts Tin is used to make cans for food. timber (a) = wood used for building: EuAeia These trees are being grown for timber. steel (n) = strong metal made from iron: ataaht Stee! rods were used to build the bridge; it should be very strong,wood (r) = materia from a tree, used to make furniture: EUAo J bought some wood to make a table, Der: wooden (adi) 1499, lead (n) = soft grey metal: u8AUBB0< Lead used to be ‘added to petrol but it caused air pollution, 1484 marble (n) = hard rock used for statues and floors: [uApuapO The floors are marble ~ aren't they beautiful? 1495 conerete (n) = building material made from a mixture of sand, small stones, cement and water: unerov, Touévio The floors were made of concrete, +498. brick (n) = building block used for walls, paths, ete. ‘ToUBAO The walls are made of brick and the floors are wood. 1497, earthenware (n) = dishes made from baked lay: MmAwva (oKedn) We bought some colourful earthenware in Mexico. 1498 bronze (n) = mixture of copper and tin: unpouvrZog The museum has a collection of small statues made of bronze, PREPOSITIONS (page 114) 1499, take into account = consider something when making ‘a decision: AauBdve un6yn ou When choosing a ‘new neighbourhood, many features must be taken into account lke the schools and facies available, 1.100 in tune with = similar in style or suiting the feelings or ‘Reeds of someone or something: MpcoauogUEVOG / ‘TaiptaoT6¢ je The new shopping centre is in tune with the surroundings as Its design and colours match the other buildings around it. 14101 within reach of = easily accessible: o¢ anéotaon nou pnopet va grace! Kaveig Their new house was conveniently located within easy reach of public transport IN OTHER WORDS (page 114) ‘1.102 there is a distinct possibility = very likely: eivat noAU ‘miGavo Mt Etna erupts every few years; there is a distinct possibilty it wil happen again soon. 14.109 there is little prospect of = not much hope: untpxouv ehdxtoTeG ehnibe va We had hoped to have a long holiday this year but there's Itle prospect of us getting away for more than one week. 114104 it's a foregone conclusion = certain to happen: eivat npoekowpAnévo anoréAeoua I's a foregone conclusion that our team will win the championship. 14105 It's conceivable = possible: eivat niBavé Its conceivable that Sam wil retum tonight, though | doubt it 14106 the odds are = the chances are: ot miBavornres eval ‘The odds are they'll ose the game; the other team is ‘much better +4107 inevitably (adv) = as is certain to happen: ‘avandpeuxra Inevitably, the personal Ives of the royal family appeared in the tabloids. Der: inevitable (adi) 114108 out of the question = impossible: aBuvatov A trip to Canadia is out of the question for us this year. 14.109 wouldn't bet on = not likely: Bev eluat otyoupos People think he told the truth but | wouldn't bet an it; Pve caught him lying several times in the past. ie PEO ae “UNITS 14 and 16 14110 there's a slim chance = there's a sight possibilty Unapxe wa LiKe mWBavoTnTa There's a slim chance that Iwill pass the history exam; | didn’t really study fort. 14.111 (do) not stand a chance = have no hope: Bev exo exniba She doesn't stand a chance in that race; the others are much faster runners. Se ot INIT : 1 6 Science and Technology TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 126) 161 hardware (n) = computer equipment: unxavixe efomiiouss uroovioTwv | must upgrade my Computer ~ my harcware and software are both out of ate, 162 substance (r) = matter: cuoia Marie Curie discovered ‘a substance called radium, Der: substantial (ac) 163 appliance (n) = machine used in the home: (owtcxt)