CHINMAYA

VIDYALAYA, B.S CITY

IT DEPARTMENT

NSQF IT (402)- EMPLOYABILITY

SKILLS CLASS X

CHAPTERS: PAGE NO:

1. Communication Skills 03
2. ICT Skills 24
3. Self management skills 30
4. Entrepreneur Skills 34
5. Green Skills 45

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 Preface

CBSE has made “Employability skills” section compulsory for all vocational subjects. Thus,
NSQF IT will have 40 marks from the text book and 10 marks from “Employability Skills”.

There is no book in the market and too many resources on the CBSE website which may be
confusing for students. This material has been prepared with the help of materials available
on the CBSE site to help students in their endeavor to score full marks in Class X board
exam.

It is advised to go through this material before going through the material available on any
of the websites, and then you may not need to read anything else for this part of the
syllabus of NSQF IT (402).

Happy reading

IT Department
Chinmaya Vidyalaya

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 A. Communication skills

Communication skills are needed to

Inform – for example, communicating the time of a meeting.
Influence – for example, negotiating with a shopkeeper to reduce the price.
Express feelings – for example, to say or show that you are excited about your
success or about a given task.

Question:
1. List the pros and cons of verbal and non verbal communication.

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Perspectives in Communication: Perspectives are ideas, views, or fixed ways of
thinking. These sometimes affect our communication. For example, if you have a
fixed idea that your teacher or father is strict, even when they are being friendly,
you may think they are scolding you.

Factor How the factor can become a barrier

Language In case of use of incorrect words, unfamiliar
language and lack of detail, language can act
as a barrier to communicate what one wishes
to convey. For example, language can act as a
barrier when an Indian who only knows Hindi
and a Chinese who only knows Mandarin
want to interact with each other.
Visual Perception Judging people or situations by how they
look. For example, a man wearing torn
clothes is poor.
Past Experience Letting our earlier experience stop us from
understanding or communicating clearly. For
example, “This shopkeeper cheated me last
time. Let me be careful.”
Prejudice Fixed ideas, such as thinking “No one in my
class listens to me” may stop a student from
communicating openly in the class.
Feelings Our feelings and emotions, such as lack of
interest or not trusting the other person affect
communication. For example, “I am sad. Let
me not talk.”
Environment Noise or disturbance in the surroundings
may make communication difficult. For
example, speaking while walking on road.
Personal factors Your own feelings, habits and ways of
thinking (for example, fear, low confidence)
may make communication difficult.
Culture Signs which have a different meaning in
different cultures, such as showing a thumb
may mean ‘good job’ for some people but may
be insulting to others
Worksheet : Barriers to Communication
1. Not stating instructions clearly is an example of……….. ( language barrier)
2. Not understanding the customs or traditions of a speaker could mean
there is a ………………. ( cultural barrier)
3. When you are overcome by your own feelings and unable to communicate well it
means there is an ………………..( emotional barrier)
4. Using slang or words that are used within your own social group is an example
of a ………………. ( cultural barrier)
5. You may like to have your own private cabin to work in but if you are not willing to
meet your team face to face it is an indication of a………. (physical barrier)
6. You have an…………………. ( attitudinal barrier) if you think you are more qualified
than others and are superior in knowledge.

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 7 C’s of Communication:

Sources: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newCS_85.htm;
https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2018/04/7-cs-communication/

3Ps of Public Speaking

Prepare: Think about your topic Think about what your listeners need to know about the
topic Think about the best way to make your listeners understand your topic Write what
you plan to say.
Practice: Practice by yourself first. Talk in front of a mirror Talk in front of your family and
friends and ask them what they think Speak clearly, loudly and at the right speed (not very
fast nor very slow)
Perform: Take a few deep breaths if you are feeling nervous Think about what you have
prepared and start speaking confidently.

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Non verbal communication:

EXPRESSIONS

PARA-
POSTURE
LANGUAGE

NON
VERBAL
EYECONTACT GESTURE

SPACE TOUCH

Importance of Non-verbal Communication

In our day-to-day communication, it is observed that most of the communication is done
using body movements (face or arms movements, etc.) and voice control (voice, tone, pauses,
etc.) and less than 10% is done using words.

93% COMMUNICATION IS NON VERBAL

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Spoken words
38
Voice tone
55 Body language

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 Positive Body Language Negative Body Language

smiling fake yawn

eye contact, wide open Stare

forward lean moves awayfrom speaker

nodding shakes head negatively
positive facial negative facial expression
expression

Multiple choice questions

Read carefully all the options given below the question and choose the correct option(s).
1. Which of these is a positive (good) facial expression? (a) Staring hard
(b) Nodding while listening
(c) Wrinkled forehead
(d) Looking away from the speaker

2. What does an upright (straight) body posture convey or show?

(a) Shyness
(b) Fear
(c) Confidence
(d) Intelligence

3. Which of these is not an appropriate non-verbal communication at work?

(a) Putting arm around a coworker’s shoulder
(b) Shaking hands firmly
(c) Looking at the speaker with a smile
(d) Standing with an upright posture

4. When you are preparing for a presentation, you should

(a) focus on the message
(b) practice hand gestures
(c) try different speaking techniques
(d) All of the above

Now let’s have a recap of what you have understood by non-verbal

communication. Put a X mark against the actions below which are bad for non-verbal
communication
Laughing during formal communication
Scratching head
Smiling while speaking to a friend
Nodding when you agree with something.
Standing straight
Yawning while listening
Sitting straight
Maintaining eye contact while speaking
Biting nails
Firm handshake

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Clenching jaws
Looking away when someone is speaking to you
Intense stare

Subjective question

1. Draw any FOUR common signs used for visual communication, like + for medical.

Phonetics
Every word is made up of one or more sounds. We put these sounds together to
pronounce words. Phonetics is the study of the sounds that we make when we
speak.
Different Sounds in English

Vowels Diphthongs (combination Consonants

The English alphabet has 5
vowels (a, e, i, o and u) but
12 vowel sounds. This
means most vowels can be
pronounced in different
ways. We make a vowel
sound when we read a vowel
in a word.
Example: We pronounce
the letter ‘i’ in the word ‘bit’
by using a vowel sound.
In Hindi it is: बबब
Say the word ‘bit’ aloud and
listen to how you are saying
the vowel sound.
sound of two vowels)
We make a diphthong A consonant sound is any
sound when we combine sound that is neither a
two vowels. Diphthongs vowel nor a diphthong
start as one vowel sound sound.
and go to another.
Example: The sound ou in Example: We use
the word ‘house’ is a consonant sounds to say
diphthong or a combination. the letters ‘p’ and ‘t’. Pot. In
In Hindi, it is: बबबब Hindi is: बबब
Say the word ‘house’ aloud Say the word ‘pot’ aloud
and listen to how you are and listen to how you are
saying the diphthong. saying the consonant
sounds.

Different Communication Styles

Aggressive Passive/ Passive-Aggressive Assertive

Submissive
What does it mean?

Winning at any cost Avoiding conflict Trying to get your Respecting others
Not respecting Giving others control own way without and maintaining
others Losing self-respect taking responsibility self-respect
Hurting yourself and

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 others

Examples

Not caring about Keeping quiet and Indirect ways of Expressing yourself
other’s views or not expressing showing anger, such while listening to
needs yourself as not doing a task others point
Dismissing, ignoring Accepting even and lying about it Understanding
or insulting others wrong remarks from Resentment other’s views and
Shouting, using others Talking ill about problems
strong language, and Saying sorry even others in their Disagreeing or
not listening to when it is not your absence saying ‘no’ without
others mistake hurting others

Results in

Ill-feeling, anger, Hurt-feelings, loss of Not getting the Effective

breakdown of confidence, results you want communication
communication misunderstandings from the You are able to
communication, bad understand others
feelings for much better and
everybody they too can
understand you

Assertive Communication
Being assertive is a healthier communication style. It involves expressing your
views without disrespecting others or yourself, respecting others, communicating
your opinion and wishes clearly, being open to other’s points of view, and finding a
balance between your needs and other’s needs.

Advantages of Assertive Communication

Being assertive
 builds self-confidence,
 builds self-respect,
 prevents you from saying words or doing actions that you may regret later,
 makes you and others feel positive,
 makes sure that everyone expresses their ideas and meets the needs of all,
and
 helps you to become a more confident worker and a better communicator.

7 Actions for Assertive Communication

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Be confident
When someone walks into a room smartly and with confidence, he or she gets the
attention of others easily.
Tips
Show confidence in the way you sit, stand or walk
Keep your shoulders straight and your chin up
Practise maintaining eye contact
Control signs of physical nervousness, such as biting nails

Speak slowly and clearly

Talking too fast will not give people the time to listen and understand you. If someone is
accusing you wrongly or shouting and behaving aggressively, stay calm and reply slowly
and firmly.
Tips
Use a clear, calm voice
Be loud enough to be heard but don’t shout
If people aren’t noticing you, say ‘Excuse me’
Don’t be apologetic when you haven’t done anything wrong
Make short and correct speeches

Dress correctly
People make judgments based on how we look. Dress neatly, smartly and correctly
according to the place and occasion
Tips
Looking confident and attractive can change others’ minds
People may not listen to you seriously if you are not dressed properly
People respect you when you are dressed properly

Be honest
Being honest builds trust and results in open communication
Tips
Express your thoughts clearly and honestly
Ask yourself what you actually want or what will work best for you before agreeing to
something that is not convenient

Don’t be aggressive
Getting angry, shouting, using bad language and pushing is not assertive
communication
Tips
Don’t confuse assertiveness with aggression
When faced with an unfair situation, stay calm and try to understand the real problem
Insist on your rights by using logic and politeness

Speak up
Express your thoughts, ideas and opinions without worrying about other people’s
reactions
Tips
Don’t be silent if you have something to say
Share your feelings
Practise expressing your opinion

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Learn to say ‘NO’
If you do not feel right doing something, then do not do it. It is okay to refuse.
Tips
Respect yourself
Don’t let others take advantage of you
Agreeing with things you know are not correct may harm everybody

Steps for Saying No — The AEIOU Model

Situation 1 Situation 2
Someone asks you to leave school (or A friend asks you to do his or her school
work) early so that you can go to a assignment (or work) for him or her.
friend’s house together. You think it is
wrong.
A - Ask questions Why do we need to leave Why aren’t you going to do
Ask questions to find how school or work early? it?
important a task is before Why can’t we go after school Is it correct for me to do it?
saying no or work?
E- Engage by using polite I would like to go with you I would be glad to help you
statements to his or her house but… but … (give your reason)
If you are sure that you (give your reason)
need to say ‘no’ to the
request, you must refuse
politely
I- Include a reason for I don’t like to ... It doesn’t feel right to ...
saying no I can’t come because …. I can’t do it because I will
Two points to remember I would like to go to your not have the time….
when you are refusing house but I feel it is not the
someone’s request: right thing to do
Give an explanation of your
feelings
Give an explanation of your
reasons
O- Offer other options I would like to go to your I would be glad to help you
You may — house but I feel it is not the with the assignment, but, I
Suggest a different time right thing to do. Can we go am still not done with mine.
Suggest a different place after school or work? But, if you want, we can
Direct them to someone else work on it together
who can help immediately

U- Thank the person Thank you for agreeing to Thank you for
Thank the people for my suggestion understanding

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understanding your
situation

Connecting Words (Conjunctions)

AND ‘And’ is used to connect two ‘No, my brother won’t be
words or sentences of equal able to come. No, I won’t be
importance able to come’ can be written
as ‘No, my brother and I
won’t be able to come.’
BUT ‘But’ is used to join two ‘I would love to come to your
sentences that suggest party. I can’t come because
different ideas of other plans’ can be
written as ‘I would love to
come to your party, but I
can’t come because of other
plans.’
OR ‘Or’ is used when we need to ‘No, you can go with Dia. No,
show a choice between two you can go with Ali.’ can be
words or sentences written as ‘No, you can go
with Dia or Ali.’
SO/ AS/ ‘So’, ‘As’, and ‘Because’ are ‘I have a meeting. I can’t
BECAUSE used to join two sentences, come.’ can be written as ‘I
when one sentence acts as a have a meeting, so I can’t
reason for the second come.’
sentence

Writing skills

Phrases- Phrases are a group of words that work together to communicate a single part of
speech and does not have a verb or its subject.

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The following figure represents the different types of phrases:
Prepositional
Phrase

Infinitive Participial
Phrase Phrase

Gerund Appositive
Phrase Phrase

Identify the phrase type:

1..Houses are [unbelievably expensive] Adjective Phrase

just now. Adverb Phrase
Noun Phrase
Prepositonal Phrase
Verb Phrase
2. We [met Paul] last week Adjective Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Noun Phrase
Prepositonal Phrase
Verb Phrase
3. 3. [A car that won't go] is not particularly Adjective Phrase
Useful Adverb Phrase
Noun Phrase
Prepositonal Phrase
Verb Phrase
4.. I enjoy eating [in Indian restaurants] Adjective Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Noun Phrase
Prepositonal Phrase
Verb Phrase

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 5. . Don't you have to leave [early]? Adjective Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Noun Phrase
Prepositonal Phrase
Verb Phrase
6. Tell [him] not to worry. Adjective Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Noun Phrase
Prepositonal Phrase
Verb Phrase

Capitalisation Rules
Alphabet M I N T S
What it Months word ‘I’ Names Titles Starting
shows: letter of
sentences
Rule Capitalise Capitalise Capitalise Capitalise Capitalise
the first the letter ‘I’ the first the first the first
letter in all when it is letter in the letter in the letter in
the names of used as a names of titles used every
months word people, before sentence
places and people’s
days names
Example I will go to Every day, I This Dr Shah and The cat ran
college in play tennis Tuesday, Mr Patel out of the
June. with him. Vidya will be work house.
in together.
Rajasthan.

Punctuation
Punctuation name Sign Use Example
Full stop . Shows the end of a This is a sentence.
sentence. Also used This is another
to show short form sentence.

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 of long words, for Sanjay is a doctor.
example, ‘doctor’ can His patients call him
be shortened when Dr Sanjay.
we use it as a title
before a name.
Comma , After the waiter gave
Sometimes, we use a me a menu card, I
comma to indicate a ordered food.
pause in the
sentence.

Question mark ? We use a question What is your name?

mark at the end of a How old are you?
question.
Exclamation mark ! We use an What a pleasant
exclamation mark at surprise!
the end of a word or You are late!
a sentence to
indicate a strong
feeling, such as
surprise, shock or
anger.
Apostrophe (‘ ) We use an That is Divya’s pen.
apostrophe followed Are these Abdul’s
by an ‘s’ to show books?
that something
belongs to someone.

Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech What they do Example sentences Example words

Noun Nouns are words In the sentence, Dog
that refer to a “Reema wrote a Kindness
person, place, thing letter.” both Reema India
or idea. These are and letter are Sanjay
‘naming words’ nouns.
Pronoun A pronoun is a word In the second I
used in place of a sentence, “Reema They
noun wrote a letter. She is He
tired.” ‘She’ is used You
in place of the noun
Reema, and it is a
pronoun
Adjectives Adjectives are words In the sentence: Small
that describe other “Reema wrote a long Blue
words letter.” ‘Long’ is an Sharp
adjective that Loud
describes the noun

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 ‘letter’.

Verbs Verbs are words In the sentence: Run

that show action “Reema wrote a Eat
letter.” ‘ Wrote’ is Think
the verb. It tells Sit
what action Reema
did.
Adverbs Adverbs are words In the sentence: Easily
that add meaning to “Reema quickly Always
verbs, adjectives, or wrote a letter.” Inside
other adverbs. They ‘Quickly’ is an Before
answer the adverb. It tells us
questions — How? how Reema did the
How often? When? action (writing)
and Where?

Supporting Parts of Speech

Supporting Parts of Use Example

Speech
Articles The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ The car stopped suddenly
are known as articles. because a cat ran in front
Articles are generally used of it.
before nouns. A book
An is used before words An apple
beginning with a vowel An umbrella
(a.e.i.o.u) sound The sun
A is used before nouns with
a consonant (all other
alphabets) sound
The is used to refer to
specific or particular words
Conjunctions Conjunctions are words Instead of: Sheela went to
that join two nouns, the market. I went to the
phrases or sentences. Some market.
common conjunctions are Sheela and I went to the
‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘but’. market.
Instead of: Do you want
oranges? Do you want
apples?
Do you want oranges or
apples?

Prepositions Prepositions connect one Some common prepositions

word with another to show are ‘on’, ‘at’, ‘under’ and
the relation between them. ‘in’.

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 They usually answer the The cat is on the roof.
questions ‘where’, ‘when’ The shop is at the end of
and ‘how’. the road.
Rahul is standing under
the tree.
I live in Delhi.
Interjections These words express strong Wow!
emotions, such as Oh!
happiness, surprise, anger Oh no!
or pain. They have an Thanks!
exclamation mark at the Help!
end.

Multiple choice questions

1. What is a sentence?
(a) A group of ideas that forms a complete paragraph.
(b) A group of words that communicates a complete thought.
(c) A set of rules that we must follow to write correctly.
(d) A set of words that contains all the basic punctuation marks.

2. Which of these sentences is capitalised correctly?

(a) I am Hungry.
(b) Divya and sunil are reading.
(c) The bucket is Full of water.
(d) She lives in Delhi.

3. Which of these sentences are punctuated correctly?

(a) Where are you going.
(b) I have a pen a notebook and a pencil.
(c) I am so happy to see you!
(d) This is Abdul’s house?

B. Write the following sentences in your notebook and mark the nouns, pronouns,
adjectives, verbs and adverbs in these sentences.
(a) Sanjay plays football everyday.
(b) Divya gave him new books.
(c) I opened the red box carefully.

C. Fill in the blanks

1. Fill correct nouns and verbs from the table to complete the sentence in the table given
below.

Sentences: Parts and types

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A sentence is a group of words that communicate a complete thought (for example,
Raju goes to school). A group of words, which does not make complete sense, is
known as a phrase (for example, Raju goes).
Parts of a Sentence

Sentence Subject Verb Object

I ate an apple. I ate an apple.
He cooked dinner. He cooked dinner.
She kicked the She kicked the football.
football.
Dia and Sanjay Dia and Sanjay broke the bottle.
broke the bottle.

Direct and Indirect Objects

Sentence Verb Verb + Verb + By Direct Indirect
What? whom/to Object Object
whom?
Reema bought bought vegetables vegetables
vegetables.
Fatima and Sonia played tennis tennis
played tennis.
He offered offered chocolate me chocolate me
me a
chocolate.
The teacher gave homework us homework us
gave us
homework.

Types of Sentences
 Sentences where the subject does an action are known to be in the Active
voice.
 Sentences in which the subject receives an action are known to be in the
Passive voice.

1. Example of Active and Passive sentences

Active Voice Passive Voice

She wrote a letter. A letter was written by her.
He opened the door. The door was opened by him.
Mohan played the flute. The flute was played by Mohan.

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 2. Types of sentence based on purpose:

Statement or Question or Emotion/Reac Order or

Declarative Sentence Interrogative tion or Imperative
Sentence Exclamatory Sentence
Sentence
This is the most common type of This type of An exclamatory These sentences
sentence. It provides information sentence asks a sentence show an order,
or states a fact. It always ends question. It expresses a command,
with a ‘full-stop’ (‘.’). always ends strong emotion, request, or
with a question such as joy, advice. It can
mark (‘?’). sadness, fear or end with a full
wonder. It stop or an
always ends exclamation
with an (“!”) mark (‘.’ or ‘!’).

Paragraph:

A group of sentences forms a paragraph. While writing a paragraph, make sure the
sentences have a common idea. When you want to write about a different idea,
make a new paragraph.

Parts of a paragraph are:

 Topic sentence,
 First supporting detail,
 Second supporting detail,
 Third supporting detail
 Concluding sentence.

Multiple choice questions

1. Identify the subject in the sentence, “The children played football.” (a) The children
(b) Children played
(c) Played
(d) Football

2. Identify the object in the sentence, “The children played football.”

(a) The children
(b) Children played
(c) Played
(d) Football

3. Which of these sentences has both indirect and direct objects?

(a) I am watching TV.
(b) She bought a blue pen.

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(c) The girls played cricket.
(d) He wrote his sister a letter.

4. Which of these sentences is in passive voice?

(a) They are watching a movie.
(b) The clock was repaired by Raju.
(c) He is sleeping in the room.
(d) My pet dog bit the postman.

What are the Two Main Types of Questions?

There are two basic types of questions: close-ended questions and open-ended
questions.

Close-ended Questions with Helping Verbs

Sentence Close-ended questions after adding
helping verbs
I cook dinner. Do I cook dinner?
She can cook dinner. Can she cook dinner?
They cook dinner. Do they cook dinner?

Close-ended Questions (Subject/Verb exchanged)

Sentence Close-ended questions after exchanging
positions of the subject and the verb
He is there. Is he there?
They were cleaning their room. Were they cleaning their room?
You can help me. Can you help me?

Open-ended Questions with Question Words

Open-ended questions Answer sentence
What did you do? I went to the park.
Why did you go there? I went to meet my friend.
How did you go? I cycled.

A. Multiple choice questions

Read carefully all the options given below the question and choose the correct
option(s).

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1. What are close-ended questions? (a) Questions that can have any answer
(b) Questions that do not have answers
(c) Questions with yes or no answers
(d) Questions that have many answers

2. Which of these are open-ended questions?

(a) Where do you live?
(b) Are you hungry?
(c) How do you feel?
(d) Did you meet him?

3. Which is not a question word?

(a) What
(b) Want
(c) Which
(d) How

4. Which of these is the correct way to convert the sentence “You are studying” into a
question?
(a) You are studying?
(b) Studying you are?
(c) Are you studying?
(d) Studying are you?

B. Subjective question
1. Make a note of 10 questions your friends asked you. How many were open-ended
questions? Make a list of 10 close-ended questions you have asked.

Principles of Communication

We all wish to communicate our ideas and thoughts effectively. There are some principles that
must be followed for communication to be successful.

A. Seek first to understand, then diagnose and prescribe:

The most important principle of communication is that we should understand the other person
with our mind, heart and soul, deeply, without judging, without censoring.
Stephen Covey in his book titled '7 Habits of Highly Effective People' gives an example of a
father who complains that he is unable to understand his son as the son doesn't listen to him.
After repeating, "I don't understand my son, he just doesn't listen to me", several times, the

21
man realizes that in order to understand another person, one must deeply listen and only with
the intention of truly wanting to understand.
Very often we struggle to make ourselves understood. But if the person does not open up to
the experience of wanting to understand the struggle continues and communication fails.

Covey says seeking first to understand is like opening an emotional bank account. If you invest
yourself emotionally and fully, you will get high returns in the form of a rewarding
communication experience. When you truly understand the other person you can begin to
explore for causes of problems and solutions.

B Face to Face Communication is most effective:

One of the requirements within any organization is to put everything down on paper, in writing.
While all of us follow this dictum, how many of us have chosen to precede or follow up our
written communication with a personal discussion or meeting? A face to face discussion can
give us much better results. In a face to face interaction, we are able to observe and respond
to verbal and non-verbal cues, the inconsistence between the two, offer feedback and seek
clarifications. Some of this is not possible for example, when we are engaged in a telephonic
conversation.

C. Communication becomes complex as the number of people we are communicating with

increases: In an interaction involving only two people, the number of communicative stimuli,
both verbal and non-verbal, is limited. One is left to deal with and manage the partner's
interactions and structure one's response based on the cues received from the partner.
But as the number of people increases, stimuli, feedback, channels also increase and
communication becomes complex. Suppose you are talking to a group of 5 persons. Four of
them are listening intently to you while the fifth one seems bored and uninterested. If you
continue, you have lost the opportunity to understand the reason for his or her disinterest and
modify your delivery. However, if you single this person out, she might feel cornered while
others may become impatient.
Thus in a group context, one has to manage several different aspects of communication in
order to be effective.

D Communication across cultures differs: Culture can be defined as shared knowledge,

symbols, conventions, folklore, language, habits, rituals, rules and lifestyles that link and give a
common identity to a particular group of people at a given point in time. Cultural differences
must be respected and kept in mind while communicating. It is a good idea to find out about
the culture, traditions and customs of another country or state you are visiting for the first
time. Also remember, in a large country like India people belonging to different states, tribes or
communities have certain mannerisms and behavioural characteristics that need to be
understood. Not giving eye-contact to a member of the opposite sex or a person who belongs
to a higher caste class is common among Indians. To a Westerner, the same gesture may mean
lack of earnestness of the people we are interacting with.

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E Feedback is the key to effective communication: Communication transactions continue to
evolve effectively in the presence of feedback. Try talking to a person with a deadpan face.
Chances are, very soon the enthusiasm with which you started will wane. Conversely if the
audience responds with nods, smiles, anything that conveys attention and interest, the speaker
is encouraged to continue. Feedback also gives you an indication if there is any change needed
in the communication stimuli.

Why is feedback important?

Providing effective feedback is critical to maintaining a capable workforce. A main component

of the feedback process is acquiring accurate information to fuel feedback decisions. Obtaining
relevant data and feedback from credible sources as well as enhancing the validity of the
feedback by gathering information from multiple sources is critical to this process.

Let’s do it: Practice the following things:

How to give/receive feedback ?

What is descriptive and specific feedbacks?

Talking About Yourself (Self introduction)
Talking about Family
Describing habits and routines
Filling a Form
Asking for and giving directions
Greeting others

B. ICT Skills

As this book is focused on the vocational subject NSQF IT 402 , the ICT skills part being a sub
part of their IT syllabus, has been ignored here.

23
It is advised to the students of NSQF IT 402, to read class 9 and 10 CBSE textbooks thoroughly.
The following topics must be revised properly, along with MS windows OS, MS Word, MS
PowePoint and MS Excel.
It is also advised to go through the libreOffice Writer word processor software, which comes
with Ubuntu linux OS.

Unit 1 - Apply Basic Skills for care and Maintenance of Computer

Session 1: Importance and need of care and maintenance of computer

Computer systems require maintenance so that the system works efficiently. Poor
maintenance may lead to system failure.

Regular care and maintenance may help you detect any issues at an early stage and keep it
functioning well.

Since a lot of important data is stored in the computer, it is necessary to have regular
maintenance of the computer to be done.

Computer virus, malware, and other harmful softwares can cause damage to the working of
the computer. If anti-virus is installed in the computer, and is updated and run periodically,
then any loss of data can be prevented.

A large number of files are stored on the computer. These files can be disorganized and
fragmented and may result in slowing down of the computer.

Regular maintenance of the system includes installing updates, security, taking backups,
scans, etc

Both internal and external parts of the computer system should be taken care of.

1. Keep the computer dust free.

2. Do not eat or drink while working on the computer. Food or drink may spill on the
system.

3. To keep the keyboard clean, make sure your hands are clean before using it.

4. CDs and DVDs should be handled carefully so that it does not get any scratches.

5. Keep keyboard covered when not in use.

Cleaning the computer components

Computer components need proper care for these to last longer. Preventive
maintenance increases the life of the components.

24
For example, a cable is damaged, but still working. It should be timely replaced or repaired to
prevent any other damage.

Fan in the CPU helps to cool down the CPU as it gets heated while working. If the cooling fan is
blocked, may be due to dust and is not repaired or replaced, can easily catch fire. Therefore
regular inspection of the components is required. This increases the lifetime of the hardware.
General precautions to be takes while cleaning the computer components are:
Always Power Off the computer system before cleaning.

Never spray cleaning fluid directly on the component of the computer. First spray the
liquid on the cloth and then wipe the component.
Do not allow the cleaning liquid to drip near the circuit board.

Preferably use anti-static wrist band which helps to prevent building up of static
electricity near electronic device.

Let’s Try It
Discuss the need of care and maintenance of computer

25
Session 2
Let’s discuss how to clean some common peripheral devices of computer

Computer monitor
To clean the computer monitor, you can use a soft lint-free cloth, like cotton and water or
special cleaning liquid. You should not spray water or cleaning liquid directly on the
computer monitor as it may run through the seams. Spray water or cleaning liquid on the
cloth and gently wipe the computer monitor
Keyboard
Dirt and dust can cause damage to the keyboard. Keys of the keyboard may not function
properly if dirt enters the keys. You should always clean the keyboard periodically by holding
upside down and shaking it. You can also clean it by blasting it with compressed air. After this,
use a damp lint-free cloth to clean top of the keys. You should never spray any liquid cleaner or
water directly on the keys of the keyboard.

Optical Mouse
You can clean the bottom of the optical mouse with a clean lint-free cloth. Lens area can be
cleaned by blowing air or cotton swab.

Digital camera
Never touch the lens of the camera. To remove the dust, you can use soft lens brush or wipe
with a soft dry cloth. For stubborn dust, you can use special fluid for lens cleaning which should
be first pot on the tissue and then wipe the lens. Never put the fluid directly on the lens.

CDs and DVDs

Keep CD/DVD in proper case to prevent it from scratch free. If there is some dirt on the CD or
DVD, it may not work at all. Finger prints and dirt can be removed by lightly rubbing with a
clean lint-free cotton cloth. If the dirt is hard to remove, you can use special cleaning fluid.
Put the drop of fluid on a swab of cotton and gently rub on the media.

Let’s Try It
Demonstrate the procedures for cleaning the components of the computer system and other
peripheral devices

Preparing maintenance schedule

Regular maintenance of the computer system is very important. Some of the maintenance
activities are:

Keep the components of the computer, like keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc. clean.
Replacing hardware that is not functioning properly
Keep food items away from the computer

26
 Cables and chords should not be messed up
Removing unauthorized software from the computer
Taking regular backup of the data

Ensure backups are working properly by periodically restoring data. You should use
external hard drive for backup of data on your computer.
Running anti-virus periodically
Keeping anti-virus software up to date
Do not overcharge the batteries
Do not block the vents
Always shut down the computer properly

Regular scans should be done to check for viruses, malware, etc. An effective antivirus software
should be installed in your computer. Always keep your anti-virus software updated so that it
can detect new viruses. Full system scan should be done to periodically, preferably weekly to
scan for viruses.

A regular disk defragmentation should be done to remove all unnecessary information that
slows down the computer. Disk defragmentation done at regular intervals helps the disc
space to be used at an optimal level.

Take regular backup of the data on your computer. In case the data is lost due to any
reason, system failure, virus attack, etc. , you can easily retrieve your data using backup
files.

System should be upgraded with new technology that were not there at the time of purchase,
like, increasing RAM, to improve the performance. Also storage space should also be
increased for storage of more information. If you are getting some disc errors, then make sure
that temporary internet files should be deleted from time to time.
Software should be updated regularly so that it works with maximum efficiency.
Lets Try It
1. Discuss the importance and need of care and maintenance of computer.
2. Discuss how to clean different components of the computer system.
Worksheet
1. What is the possible cause of slowing down of computer?
2. Why keyboard should be covered if not in use?
3. What general precautions should you take while cleaning the computer
components/
4. List some of the maintenance activities for the computer system.
5. Why regular disk defragmentation should be done?

27
Session 3: Computer virus

A computer virus is a software program that attaches itself to other programs and alters
their behavior. A virus may or may not be destructive. Some viruses erase data or corrupt
programs on the computer.

When a virus enters a computer system, it makes copies of itself and carries out the harmful
tasks that it is programmed for.

Some viruses get activated at a certain date and time. Viruses also attach to the files
stored on the computer or the storage media and harm these files.

A virus may get attached to e-mail messages and spread from one computer to another.

A computer virus can infect only the software and not the hardware.
A computer can get infected with virus in any of the following ways:
Infected files
Infected pen drives
Infected CD-ROMs
Through infected file attachment of e-mails

A computer virus cannot do the following:

 It cannot infect files on CD or DVD.

 It cannot infect computer hardware like, keyboard, mouse, etc

28
How do we know that our computer is infected with virus? Sometimes, computer shows
strange behavior. Some of the common signs of a virus attack are:
 Computer runs very slow, there is change in the file size, computer often stops
responding, there is an increase in number of files (unusual), unusual error
message appears on the screen, computer restarts on its own.

Lets Try It
1. Discuss the difference between human virus and computer virus.
2. Discuss various signs that indicate that computer is infected with virus.
3. Discuss various ways in which computer may get infected with virus.

How to prevent virus infection

The following points should be kept in mind to prevent virus infection:
Install and use anti-virus software.
Keep anti-virus software updated.
Scan all the files that you download from the Internet
Do not open e-mails of an unknown person/sender
Don’t allow any untrustworthy person to use your system.
New use unknown pen drive/CD on your computer
Never click on the windows that pop-up when you are surfing the Internet.

Preparing computer against virus

To prevent our computer from being infected with virus, we should install anti-virus
software, run it periodically and keep it updated so that it can scan and remove new
viruses.

Antivirus software is a program designed to detect and remove malicious programs from the
computer.Some examples of antivirus software are McAfee VirusScan, Norton AntiVirus,
Microsoft Security essentials, and Quick Heal. For an anti-virus program to be effective:

• It needs to run in the background at all times.

• Keep the anti-virus software updated so that it can recognize new viruses.
• run full disk scans periodically.

29
 C. Self-Management Skills

“Harmonise the head, the heart and the hands to be happy.

Be an integrated personality. Disintegration causes stress.
Integration gives tremendous satisfaction.”
Nastibuddhirayuktasya..Ch.2
Meaning and Importance of Stress Management

Stress Management refers to focusing human efforts for maintaining a healthy body and mind
capable of better withstanding stressful situations. Occasional stress is an unavoidable part of
one’s life. Stress refers to a “physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension”. Small amounts
of stress have a positive effect and they help us stretch ourselves to new level. High levels of
stress over prolonged periods need to be managed. A Stress well managed can help one view
events and situations as challenges and contributes in the growth of individual. Unmanaged
stress leads to anxiety and sorrow resulting in ill status of mental and physical health. Stress
causal agents can have following origins.

1. Mental: Students can be left overwhelmed, if they are unable to handle their
assignment submission deadlines and examinations grades. Overly high expectations
from self can leave one with chronic anxiety and stress.

2. Physical: As children grow up they may seek more independence, may become critically
conscious of their looks and have to cope up with hormonal changes. Issues related to
general well-being and health of an individual can lead to low self-esteem and cause
stress.

3. Social : Discord amongst family members, peer pressure for doing things which kids will
generally avoid , maintaining balance in relationships amongst friends, status show off
4. may lead to stress at times.
4. Financial: Youngsters may have aspirational financial stress. This may of
becoming findependent or Finances aspirational stress may

Mental

30
Importance of Stress Management

Being well versed with stress coping mechanisms helps people lead and healthy and happier
life. Adequately managed stress prevents medical and physical illnesses. Stress management is
vital because it leads to following benefits.
Improves mood
Boosts immune system
Promotes longevity
Leads to burst of physical strength, which is vital for goal achievement
Complete mental and physical engagement for task accomplishment
Increases efficiency and effectiveness
Prevents psychological disorders and behavioral problems

Stress Management Techniques

Stress is a mental state where one size doesn’t fit all, what stresses one person may not stress
others at all. It is highly individualistic phenomenon and the solution has to be customized to
individual’s mental state. Physical signs which may suggest stress are: breathlessness, dry
mouth, butterflies in stomach, indigestion, nausea, acidity, fatigue, sweaty palms, cold hands
and feet, irritation and hyperactivity etc. At the mental level following symptoms may reflect
stress irritation, impatience, loneliness, upset, anxious, depressed, frustration, bored, guilty,
insecure and forgetfulness.

Self-awareness amongst individuals for symptoms of stress will help them manage it better.
They should try understanding the cause, understanding self and taking remedial measures.
Avoiding the issues or procrastination is not the solution. Speaking out to the well-wishers like
family and friends is of help in stress management as they provide a social support system.
Apart from positive thinking, managing one’s time across any or a combination of the following
activities aids in stress management.

Physical Exercise
When stress affects the brain, rest of the body also feels the impact. Physical exercise in
the form of walking, skipping or for that matter indulging in any sports has been found
to relieve stress as they stabilize mood, improve self-esteem and induce sleep.
Yoga
Yoga is a school of Hindu philosophy reduces stress, which includes a series of postures
and breathing exercises practiced to achieve control of body and mind.

31
 Meditation
It is a practice where an individual is supposed to focus his/her mind on a particular
object, thought or activity to achieve a calm mental state reducing stress.
Enjoying
Recreational activities like watching movies, attending concerts, playing games,
involving in adventure sports, singing, dancing or even sketching can help individuals
transcend to a happier mental state and help manage stress.
Going On Vacations with Family and Friends
Vacations provide an opportunity of taking a holiday from our routine and appreciate
different facets of life. Vacations can be taken up to friends and relatives place as well as
to far flung attractive locations. Vacationing helps in de-stressing individuals.
Taking Nature Walks
Taking nature walks in a pristine environment of a national park or a sanctuary or a trail
in country side / village, brings us a calmness by allowing our over stimulated minds a
chance to relax and helps us relax.

Ability to Work Independently

Everyone who has been sent on this earth has been blessed in their own way. They together
make this earth a beautiful place. Some can sing well, others are good at sports, some are
intellectuals and some are good comedians. Everyone is special. But it is important that
everyone learns the art of working independently. This typically means that one must learn to
take ownership of the task assigned and leave no stone unturned in accomplishing the task. The
individual who has the ability to work independently need not be supervised for the task
completion.

Importance of The Ability to Work Independently

Following benefits of working independently advocate its importance.

Ensures greater learning.
Individuals feel more empowered and responsible.
It provides flexibility to choose and define working hours and working mechanisms.
Failure and success of the task assigned are accounted by individuals.
Individuals become assets to organizations, groups and nations
It ensures creativity and satisfaction amongst individuals.

32
Enhancing Ability to Work Independently
Ability to work independently can be enhanced by being self-aware, self-motivated and self-
regulated.
Let’s now learn what are these:
Self-Awareness
Having conscious knowledge of your own self, capabilities, feelings and one’s own character is
called as self-awareness. It helps individuals to chart their ways for working independently.
Self-Motivation
Self-motivated individuals have an inner urge to do something, achieve their goals without any
external pressure. It is a life skill and must be necessarily developed.
Self-Regulation
Self-regulation guides independent individuals as it helps them consider long term
consequences rather than just transient feelings. It leads to a responsible and a value driven
behavior.

Lets’ Do It

Hands On Exercises to Understand the Concept Better

4 Sessions

Session A. Doing a yoga session/ meditation and discussing students’ about their experiences.

Session B. Asking students to prepare a write-up/essay on experiences during a holiday trip.

Session C. Asking students to present a talk on “what I Wish to become and what I do about
it”.

Session D. Planning of an activity in groups for creating a plan for school fest/ any event in
school/ class party and demonstrating how individual members contributed the qualities
required for working independently.

33
 D. Entrepreneur Skills
What will we learn after this chapter?

1. Introduction: Entrepreneurship and types of businesses

2. Values of an entrepreneur: Confidence, Perseverance, Independence, Open
mindedness
3. Attitude of an entrepreneur- Self believe, Self motivated, decide their own work
4. Thinking as a Entrepreneur- Problems in business and Thinking to solve problems
5. Coming up with a business idea- Principles of idea creation and forming idea
6. Understanding the market
7. Business Planning-

1. Introduction: Entrepreneurship and types of businesses

Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and running a new business, which
is often initially a small business. The people who create these businesses are
called entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurship has been described as the "capacity and willingness to develop, organize
and manage a business venture along with any of its risks to make a profit”.

Entrepreneurship is different from business. Entrepreneur adds value to the way of doing
business. New idea, arrangement of and new method or new way of doing business is called
Entrepreneurship.

Role and importance of an entrepreneur

 Economic development of economy (GDP growth).

 Job creation in the economy (Employment generation)
 Better standard of living of the people (Quality living)
 Optimal use of natural resources (Use of resources)

34
 Types of Business:

We a classify businesses as: Manufacturing, Trading and Services business.

Manufacturing- Production of tangible goods, ex: Honda, BHEL

Trading- Facilitates transport and sales of goods, ex Premsons Honda shop, Grocery shop etc
Services- Provides intangible services: Coaching institutes, Doctors, Lawyers

Hybrid business: hybrid business is a mix of product and service

Business

2. Values of an entrepreneur

 Confidence: quality of believing in oneself and not having fear of what will happen or
what others would say
 Experimental: someone who likes to try new things and learn from
it to get better
 Perseverance: a person’s quality of not giving up and keep trying
 Patience: a person’s quality of not getting angry or emotional during
stressful time and staying calm
 Positivity: a person’s quality of seeing the good in every situation

 Independence – Self believe and self motivation

 Open mindedness – Open for ideas and collaboration.

3. Attitude of an entrepreneur

Attitude means, one’s tendency to react in a particular situation. Entrepreneurs have a

different attitude as compared to salaried employees.

Entrepreneurs have self belief, self confidence and trust on own decisions. They are
customer focused. And they decide what work they do. They are leaders.

Employees have lack of self belief, self confidence and trust on own decision. They work
on the assigned job with the directed methods. They are followers.

35
 4. Thinking like an Entrepreneur: Thinking to solve problems

Problem-solving
Problem-solving is the process of thinking, through which entrepreneurs can come up
with many solutions to improve their business. This process starts with first recognizing
what the problems are. Once the problems are known, there are many ways in which
an entrepreneur can think of solving them.

Problems an entrepreneur may face while running a business.

An entrepreneur often thinks about these questions while starting and running a business.
 Idea: What should my business idea be? How do I know that this idea will work?
 Money: How much money should be raised to start a business?
 Acquiring material: From where to get the material and at what cost?
 Manufacturing: How to manufacture (if it is a product business)?
 Pricing: At what price should I sell the product so that I make enough profits? How do I
know what price the customer is willing to pay?
 Marketing and advertising: How would I tell my customers about business which will
attract them to come to me?
 Selling: How would the customer buy from me? Will the customer come to me or will I go to
the customer?
 Accounting: How do I keep a track of the money I am spending and making? How do I know
how much profit I am making?
 Standing out: How can I be better than what is already available in the market? How do I
add value to my customer?
 Growing business: How can business grow?

Thinking like an Entrepreneur to Solve Problems

 Creativity
Creativity means to come up with ideas that others have not thought of before.
Creativity does not mean being artistic or being good at drawing. An entrepreneur has
to believe that they can come up with new ideas to solve a problem
 Innovation
Innovation means to think of new ideas and come up with ways to make it work in real
life. The difference between creativity and innovation is that while creativity is about
just coming up with an idea, innovation is about also coming up with ways to make idea
into reality.

36
  Critical Thinking
Critical thinking means to understand a situation or problem by asking oneself questions
(why, what, when, how) and researching about reasons for the situation or a problem. An
entrepreneur has to always think critically when faced with a problem. They just cannot get
worried about the problem and not do anything about it.

5. Coming up with a business idea

Business
START
Idea

Improving the Understand

business market

Business
planning

What is a Business Idea?

A business idea is a solution that an entrepreneur thinks of, to serve the customer. An idea
determines what business activity an entrepreneur would take up to make financial gains. An
idea can be product-service-based or a hybrid model.
Principles of Idea Creation
There are a few important principles to keep in mind while coming up with an idea.
Customer Need
An idea should serve the customer’s need or demand. A business idea can come from an
existing demand in the market or through a desire to make what is available in the
market, better. A product or service, which is either not meeting customer’s needs, or is
partially meeting needs is available, so there is a demand to fill in the gap. Hence, an
entrepreneur thinks of starting a business to meet this demand.

37
Entrepreneur’s Own Interest or Talent
An entrepreneur often works with an idea that she or he is passionate about. Not all
entrepreneurs start with just what is in demand or what the market needs. Some
entrepreneurs start with using their own interest or talent to serve the customer.

Innovative
Innovative means new methods or original ideas. A business can be innovative in its idea
or the way it is done.

Forming a business idea

Most ideas come from either needs of customer or inspiration from what others are doing.
There are many ways in which one can come up with innovative, yet practical ideas for a
business. Let’s practice a few ways to come up with ideas.
Location-based Ideas
An entrepreneur can come up with idea to serve needs of customer at a specific location. For
example, in a small village in Rajasthan, where there is limited supply of pure drinking water, an
entrepreneur can set up a business of selling water.
Seasonal Ideas
During summers, people want to drink cold, healthy drinks in big cities, while in winters, they
like warm beverages. An entrepreneur can come up with the ideas based on the season.
Events-based Ideas
Another way to come-up with a business idea is to think of ways to serve the people at events.
For example, there are different businesses that come up during the wedding season, like card-
designers and printers, mehendi (henna) designers, event managers, decorators, etc.
Interest-driven Ideas
An entrepreneur can come-up with business ideas based on self-interest. For example,
someone who is good at dance and likes dancing, can start a dance-training institute.

38
 6. Understanding the Market:

Business
START
Idea

Improving the Understand

business market

Business
planning

Understanding Customer Needs

An entrepreneur is directly responsible for ensuring that the customers’ needs are met
through the product or service offered by the business.

Customer Needs
Customer needs can be categorised into four types of needs.
(e) Served Needs: These are needs that customers know and are fulfilled by different
businesses or the government. For example, the need of travelling from one place to the other
is taken care of by both, private bus services and government bus services.
(f) Partially-served Needs: These are needs which are served through different products or
services, but the customer is not completely satisfied and still faces problems while using. For
example, people always used taxis and autorickshaws to go to different places, but they face
problem in finding one on time, and paying a reasonable amount for it.
(g) Unserved and Known Needs: These needs are known by the customers, but not fulfilled by
anyone in the market. For example, people in small towns do not have electricity supply at all
times, and therefore their children cannot study after sunset. A company realised this problem
and created solar-lamps, which get charged during the day and can be used at night.
(h) Unknown Needs: These are needs that people have, but are not aware or do not expect for
it to get solved by a business. For example, people 10 years ago did not know that it will be
possible to make video-calls across cities or countries. But innovation made it possible.

39
Aspects to Keep in Mind While Understanding Customer Needs
The above mentioned needs about the specific product or service can be found out keeping in
mind the following factors:
(a) Quality and Quantity: An entrepreneur must understand the customer’s expectation in
terms of the quality.
(b) Price – At what price customer will be willing to buy in the market
(c) Location- where the product will be bought
(d) Time – To decide in which season the product will be sold
(e) Frequency of customer buying the goods.

Understanding customers and competitors

Customer survey – Best method to know what customers want is to ask them.

Knowing the competitors -

This helps an entrepreneur to understand the competition they might face.
The key aspects to keep in mind while understanding your competitors are
(a) Positioning: One should try and understand how the competitors position their business.
This means, how the enterprise wants its customers to see them. One can be seen as a high-
quality expensive brand, or they can be seen as a low-cost, affordable brand.
(b) Pricing: Pricing means an understanding of the price at which different competitors sell their
product or service. Knowledge of competitor pricing helps the entrepreneur to decide the price
and quality of their own products or service.
(c) Offers: The next information that an entrepreneur can find out is about the kind of offers
that the competitors give to their customers, and why does a customer go to them again and
again? This knowledge will give the entrepreneur ideas on how they can be different from their
competitors.
(d) Customer Relations: Another important information that must be understood at this stage
is how a business stays in touch with its customers and maintains a relationship with them, so
that they keep coming back, giving repeat business.

A Competition Survey
In order to figure out what is available in the market and what the competitors are
doing, an entrepreneur should study all possible businesses. In a customer survey, one
directly goes and talks to the customer, but in a competition survey, an entrepreneur
must observe and ask others these questions.

40
 7. Business Planning

Business
START
Idea

Improving the Understand

business market

Business
planning

Importance of Planning
A business plan is important for an entrepreneur. Some of the reasons why a business plan
should be prepared are as follows:
(a) Estimating the money required to be spent
(b) Estimating quantity of material required
(c) Standing out: A business plan also makes an entrepreneur plan how they can make the
customer see the business as standing out uniquely when compared with competitors.
(d) Setting goals: Another important reason of having a plan is to set ambitious, yet realistic
goals. These goals motivate the entrepreneur to work hard.

Business Plan
A business plan is a detailed plan of what an entrepreneur wants to achieve through the
business and how it will be achieved.
While planning for a business, an entrepreneur has to think about different factors. Below is the
sample template which can be used to plan for a small business.

41
Business Planning Template
Customer Product/Servi Material Selling Price
Group ce Required and Method and
Cost Location
Who is your What product What material How will the At what price
customer? or service are do you need? customer buy will you sell it?
you selling? from you?
Which What is the Why this price?
(Door-to-door,
customer need cost of the
orders, stall,
are you trying material?
online)
to solve?
Where will you
sell it?

Business Unique Selling Unique Selling Customer Goal Profit Goal

Activities and Proposition 1 Proposition 2
Team
What are the Why will How are you How many What will be
different customers buy different from customers will your profit by
business from you and other you sell to, the end of six
activities not others? businesses who each day? months/year?
involved? sell the same
How soon will
product or
What is the you break
service?
role of each even?
person in your
team?

Improving and Growing Business

After starting the business, an entrepreneur has to think about how they can continue to
improve and grow by creating value for the customer. There are mainly three principles which
can be followed to grow a business.
Principles
(a) Quality: An entrepreneur can improve the business by improving the quality of the
product or service which is offered to the customer. This will help the business to stand
out in the market.
(b) Scaling up in size and volume
(c) Adding substitutes or complementary goods in product mix.

42
 Important Questions: Entrepreneur Skills

1. Who is an entrepreneur? Give an example.

2. What are the three types of business activities?

3. What is the difference between manufacturing and trading business activities?

4. What values does the following entrepreneurs have?

(a) Rohit runs a special hair salon in Bidar. Young boys come to him and ask him to give a
Justin Beiber haircut. Rohit doesn’t know about this haircut so he searches on the
Internet and finds the pictures.
What value does Rohit have? …………………

(b) Shalu makes special Indian snacks and goes door-to-door in her town to sell it to
different people. Only 1 in 10 people to whom she goes, buys her products.
What value does Shalu have? ………………

5. What values does a successful entrepreneur have? Write any three values, with
examples.

6. Write the meaning of the following values with examples:

a. Independence (b) Confidence

7. Identify three entrepreneurs from your area. Write down the actions that make them
successful and what values they have.

8. What are the key problems an entrepreneur may face while running a business?
9. What are different ways in which an entrepreneur can think to solve problems?
10. Define the meaning of attitude. Give two examples of attitude of an entrepreneur.
11. Write the key differences in attitudes between entrepreneurs and employees. Describe
with examples.

12. State whether the following statements are True or False.

 An entrepreneur reports to the boss or a manager
 An employee has to adapt to the outside market environment while doing the job.
 An entrepreneur has to always think about what the customer wants.
 An employee makes all the decisions by himself or herself.

43
13. What are the key problems an entrepreneur may face while running a business?
14. What are different ways in which an entrepreneur can think to solve problems?

15. Define the meaning of a business idea.

16. What are the three principles of idea creation?
17. What are different ways of coming up with an idea? State different ways with an
example.
18. Write any five business ideas that you would want to try out? Why have you chosen
these ideas?

19. What are the two ways of understanding the market?

20. What are the different aspects of understanding customer needs and preferences?
21. How can an entrepreneur find out about customer needs?
22. What are the different aspects of understanding competition?
23. How can an entrepreneur find out about competition?

24. What is the meaning of business planning?

25. Why is business planning important?
26. What are the important parts of a business plan?
27. How can an entrepreneur improve and grow a business? State the principles.

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 E. GREEN SKILLS

Topics to be covered

 Sectors of a green Economy( sectors in which we can contribute towards the cause
of green economy)– Agriculture, Energy resources, Fisheries, Forestry,
Tourism, Transport, water management, waste management, Manufacturing

 Policies for a Green economy –NAPCC, GIM, JNNSM, SBA and NGT
 Stakeholders in Green Economy – Government, NGO, Business and industry, Farmer,
women, workers and trade unions, Native tribe, Science and technology community
and Youth and children.
 Role of Government and Private agencies

Sectors of Green Economy

Sector What can we do?

Agriculture
Agriculture refers to growing crops for Support local, organic and natural
our food. It is the largest part of our farming (farming without use of harmful
economy and the most important fertilisers and pesticides)
because it provides us with food. Grow our own vegetables, if possible
Agriculture may harm the environment Eat in-season and locally produced food
by
overusing land resources,
cutting forests and
polluting air, water and land by using
harmful chemical fertilisers and
pesticides.

Energy Resources
We use energy for all our daily functions
but our demand is increasing by the day.
The common energy sources, such as oil,
coal, gas, etc., are harmful to health and
environment. They are also limited and
non-renewable.
Select clean, renewable energy sources
like solar lights whenever possible
Avoid wasting electricity. Turn off lights
and unplug appliances when you are not
using them
Avoid cars and use cycles or public
transport

Construction Energy-efficient or green buildings save

Construction and buildings affect global
resources and climate.
Use of sand and stones causes destruction
of river beds and quarrying in mountains.
These activities cause landslides,
earthquakes and destruction due to
flooding.
Construction activities also cause air
pollution and breathing problems.
electricity and water and use clean energy
like solar and wind energy.
We need to use cleaner energy in our
buildings and avoid wastage of energy.
We should talk to people about the
advantages of using local construction
materials.
If a large scale construction project is
causing pollution we should inform the

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Incorrectly designed buildings need more
air-conditioning and electric lights, waste
more water and use more energy overall.
Fisheries
Overfishing has led to the depletion of
future fish supplies.
Some species of sharks, turtles and fish
are becoming extinct. This will disturb the
ecological balance and food chains in our
ecosystem.
This will also cause more dependence on
other forms of food causing more pressure
on agriculture sectors.
Fishermen may lose their livelihood.
Forestry
Forests are important for rainfall and to
protect our land resources. Many tribes
survive on forest products.
Deforestation or loss of forests leads to
climate change,
soil erosion,
loss of wildlife and damage to food-chain
and ecosystems and
less tree coverage which results in less
rainfall and less oxygen and more
pollution.
Tourism
Tourism can be great for local economies,
but not if it harms the environment.
Transport
The transport sector consumes maximum
petrol and diesel and causes a lot of
pollution.
The transport sector of a green economy
aims at
using cleaner fuels like electricity for
vehicles.
providing public transport, promoting
cycling, etc., to discourage use of cars.
Policies for Green Economy
46
local authorities about them.
We can avoid the problems of over-fishing
by telling people about sustainable fishing
practices which control fishing and provide
enough time for fish to breed and multiply.
If you eat fish, buy only those which are
plentifully available and also in season
(not during breeding season).
Sustainably managed forests can continue
to support communities and ecosystems
without damaging the environment and
climate.
Reduce, reuse and recycle paper so that
fewer trees are cut.
Avoid buying products, such as ivory
which we can get only by harming
animals.
Buy only those products which are
collected safely, such as honey collected
without breaking beehives.
While travelling, travel in groups, limit
water and energy use and avoid wastage.
There are hotels and travel companies
which support ecotourism (tourism which
protects the environment). Find out more
about them and tell people about how to
travel without harming the environment.
Use public transport like buses or trains
Walk or cycle when possible
Use electric (battery-operated) vehicles if
possible
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
This is an action plan which includes different missions or plans within it
which aim at sustainable development. A policy that comes with a fixed action
date and budget becomes a ‘mission’. NAPCC includes eight important
missions covering different aspects of the environment as shown in Figure:

National solar
mission
National National
mission on mission for
strategic enhanced
Knowledge on energy
climate change efficiency

National National
mission for mission on
sustainable NAPCC sustainable
agriculture habitats

National
National water
mission for
mission
greener India
National
mission for
Himalayan
ecosyatem

Green India Mission (GIM)

The National Mission for a Green India or Green India Mission (GIM), is one
of the eight missions under India’s action plan for meeting the challenges
of climate change.
GIM is aimed at protecting, restoring and increasing forest cover. It includes a
combination of plans for ecosystems, biodiversity, water, biomass, preserving
mangroves, wetlands etc.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) or Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or Clean

India Mission
This mission aims to clean up Indian cities, towns, and villages. One of its
main aims is to achieve an Open-Defecation Free India by October 2,

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 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, by
constructing toilets across the country.

Setting Up the National Green Tribunal (NGT)

The National Green Tribunal is like a court for cases related to environmental
protection, conservation of forests and other natural resources. It acts on
disputes related to environmental issues and may ask people causing ecological
damage to pay heavy fines, take actions to stop and correct environmental
damage or even send such people to jail.

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission also known as the National Solar
Mission
This mission aims to meet India’s energy needs sustainably. It aims to make
India a global leader in solar energy (a renewable source of energy— unlike
coal, petroleum, etc.). Along with energy and ecological protection, the Solar
Mission promotes local production and distribution of energy.

Multiple choice questions:

1. Which of the following is the main objective of sustainable development?

(a) Reducing poverty
(b) Promoting green agriculture
(c) Preventing ecological damage
(d) Achieving a balance between economic, environmental and social needs

B. Match the column A and B

A B

1. National Solar Mission A. Sanitation and

cleanliness
2. Green India Mission B. Clean energy
3. National Policy on Skill C. Protecting forest
Development and cover
Entrepreneurship
4. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan D. Skill development
at scale with speed
and standard

C. Subjective question
1. Describe the National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) in 4 –5 lines.
2. Explain the importance of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in 4 –5 lines.

Stakeholders in Green Economy

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 Government
Governments and local
authorities make and
implement sustainable
development laws, policies,
strategies, standards,
programs, agreements with
other countries and
actions.
Non-Governmental
Organisations (NGOs)
Many individual social
workers and NGOs help
the government and society
in implementing actions
required for a green
economy.
Business and Industry
The success of green
economy depends on the
active participation of both
— public and the private
sectors. Companies need to
follow responsible business
practices and protect the
environment.

Native Tribes Scientific and Children and Youth

Native or indigenous people
are the original residents of
a region who still follow
their ancient lifestyle. The
green economy can benefit
many such tribes in the
hills and forests of India.
Technological
Community
All areas of sustainable
development need science
and technology. Scientists
can explain problems of
technology to governments
and policy makers. They
can also provide
sustainable solutions to
improve people’s lives.
The youth are both the
present and the future of
our economy. They can
participate actively in the
protection of the
environment and the
promotion of economic and
social development.

Farmers Women Workers and Trade

Farmers produce food and
agricultural products for
the whole country. They are
one of the most important
parts of an economy and
society. They have a big
role in the success of a
green economy.
Women form one-half of the
population and have a big
role in households, society
and the economy.
Sustainable development is
possible only if we focus on
women’s rights making
them participate fully in a
green economy.
Unions
The workers are a very
important part of our
economy. Green policies
aim at providing them
a decent life and decent
work in a healthy
environment.
access to health, water and
sanitation.
access to education and
skills training.

Government and Private Agencies

Role of the Government
 The government makes policies and provides funds for implementing
plans and policies.
 It makes legislations (laws), such as ‘The Environment (Protection) Act,
1986’ to protect the environment and take actions against law-breakers.
 It sets up missions, such as the Green India Mission and National Solar
Mission to act on green economy projects.
 It works with scientists and educates the public on environmentally safe
practices (pollution control, chemical-free farming).
Role of private agencies
 The role of private agencies include following laws and policies made by
the government.

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  Making sure government policies are being followed by participating in
government missions
 Reporting people or groups who break the law
 Educating people and creating awareness about green economy activities
 Providing information to the government and helping it implement green
policies.

Some examples where private agencies and social entrepreneurs have

provided solutions for green economy:
Examples of Green Projects
Swachh Cooperative integrates informal waste pickers into Pune city’s Solid Waste
Management system. This project has become a success with the support of government
and the waste pickers. Over 9000 entrepreneurial waste pickers now work with dignity
and provide a decentralized waste management system. They ensure efficient disposal of
wet waste through biogas regeneration, along with recycling of solid waste.
DEEP Modern Chulha Society of Development and Environment Protection (DEEP)
developed the ‘Modern DEEP Chulha’ that uses biomass to reduce consumption of wood
by 50%. This chulha reduces smoke by 80%, reducing environmental and health
problems. The project trains masons and welders, to produce the chulhas, thus
increasing employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. The initiative was started in
35,000 households of Solan district in Himachal Pradesh in 1995.
Enbiolet Green Solution Foundation (GSF) has created a bio-toilet solution for hygienic
sanitation in villages and slums in cities that lacked sewage systems. Users or donors
fund these bio-toilets while GSF provides training on toilet use and servicing involving the
local population creating employment and entrepreneurship opportunities.
The bio-digester tank forms the basis for this eco-friendly toilet. Using aerobic bacteria,
this tank converts human waste into environment standard compatible water, which is
used for flushing, or even for irrigation.
Green benefits
Water conservation due to less flushing
Efficient sewage system
Decrease in soil and water contamination
Decrease in diseases due to hygienic sanitation
130 green jobs per 1000 toilets

A. Multiple choice questions

1. What is the main role of the government in a green economy? (a) Making policies (b) Making
inventions (c) Creating awareness (d) Using new technologies.

2. What is the main role of private agencies in a green economy?

(a) Helping the government in implementing policies (b) Making policies
(c) Making laws (d) Making national budget

3. Who is responsible for the success of green economy in the country?

(a) Government (b) Social Workers (c) Individual citizens (d) All of the above

B. Subjective question
1. Explain with examples the role of government and private agencies in a green
economy.

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