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Introduction
Dielectric resonator antenna (DRAs) is a radio antenna which is most used in
Richtmyer was the first person used the word dielectric resonator (DR) in mid 1939s.The
practical application did not take place until when 1960’s suitable dielectric compounds are
become available. In mid 1983’s, the dielectric resonator (DR) using as a radiating element
which is cylindrical shapes. Usually, the antennas are small, low weight, low cost, compatible
in 3D, thus it has large power handling capacity, less dissipation, high efficiency and easily
integrated by chips. The dielectric resonator antenna (DRAs) can be in smaller size, thus reduce
the overall circuit costs with comparable performance. The smaller the physical size, the larger
the dielectric constant ; can be in 3D shape, thus having more geometric parameter, adding
more degree of freedom to design as shown in figure 2; high dielectric constant ,thus no
conducting parts and very small dissipation loss; not limited to linear polarization, thus can
also be single, dual or circular polarization. When the radio wave goes inside the resonator
material from the transmitter circuit, it will bounce back and forth between the resonator wall,
thus this will form a standing wave. The walls of the resonator are partially transparent to the
radio waves, thus the radio power is radiated into space as shown in Figure 3. Now, DRAs are
millimetre waves and beyond. This is due to DRAs do not have any conduction losses and have
high radiation efficiency. Moreover ,DRAs can be used as a small and low profile antenna
when operated at low microwave frequencies. This is due to low cost dielectric material are
now easily available commercially. Furthermore ,DRAs are becoming major choose for more
Figure 2
Figure 3
material permittivity and aspect ratio (length-to-height ratio). Higher permittivity can result in
size reduction, whereas lower permittivity can broaden the bandwidth. The permittivity
dielectrics used for DRAs are 10≤εr≤100.This is to ensure that most of the field remains within the
resonator, this will lead high quality factor Q. The high Q - factor element was specified for filter and
oscillator. Because of the high Q – factor, the amount of energy stored was more than the amount of the
energy lost, thus it can be used as energy storage device. If the Q- factor is low, the working is vice
versa which is the energy radiated is higher than the energy stored .As per Long et al, when DR is low
factor Q and placed on the metallic ground surface with unshielded surrounding also an excitation is
applied to it, the discontinuity of the relative permittivity will enable the radio waves bounded back and
forth between the resonator boundary. This is called standing electromagnetic wave, the resonances will
create the chance of reflection but cannot radiate. If the permittivity constant is not too high and the
excited mode presents strong fields at the resonator boundaries, the Q drops significantly in as much
part of the stored energy is radiated in the environment. Since dielectric losses remain low and the size
of the DRs are small with respect to the free – space wavelength , these radiator provide small and high
efficiency antennas.