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5 problems
Exercises
2
. 1. The figure shows an electron at the origin, and a grid marked off
in nanometers.
1
(a) what is the electric field (in component form) at the point
(1 nm, −2 nm), marked with a black star in the figure?
(b) If I put a proton at that point, what is the magnitude of the force e
-2 -1 1 2
that it feels?
-1
-2
(1nm,–2nm)
/ (a) The electric field due to a point charge is given by the formula
~ = k qs ~r
E
r2 r
In this case, qs = −e = −1.6 × 10−19 C, so what we need to figure out is ~r. To get from the source to
the target, we go in the +x̂ direction a distance of 1 nm, and in the −ŷ direction a distance of 2 nm, so
~r = 1 nm(x̂) + 2 nm(−ŷ). The distance between source and target is then
p √
r = |~r| = (1 nm)2 + (2 nm)2 = ( 5) nm = 2.24 × 10−9 m
and
~r 10−9 m(x̂) + (2 × 10−9 m)(−ŷ)
r̂ == = 0.446x̂ − 0.893ŷ
r 2.24 × 10−9 m
(Notice that the components of unit vectors have no dimension: not meters or anything, just pure numbers.)
~ = k qs r̂
E 2
r 2
−1.6 × 10−19 C
9 Nm
= 9 × 10 (0.446x̂ − 0.893ŷ)
C2 (2.24 × 10−9 m)2
= 2.05 × 10−11 N(−x̂) + 4.10 × 10−11 N(ŷ) or 20.5 pN(−x̂) + 41.0 pN(ŷ)
(A piconewton is 10−12 N.) We note that this force points to the left (−x̂) and upwards (ŷ), which is back
towards the electron: exactly what we expect for oppositely charged objects.
The question asks for the magnitude of the force, so we use the Pythagorean theorem:
p
~
F = (20.5 pN)2 + (41.0 pN)2 = 45.8 pN
or 4.58 × 10−11 N .
0.03m
the x axis, 4 cm to the right of the origin.
x
0.04m
0.03m
q2
/ The electric field due to two charges is the sum of the electric
field due to each charge:
q1
~ =E
E ~ 2 = k q1 ~r1 + k q2 ~r2
~1 + E y
r13 r23 r1
0.03m
where ~r1 is the vector from charge 1 to the target, and similarly x 0.04m
from ~r2 . We’re given q1 and q2 . From the diagram, we see that
0.03m
~r1 = −(0.03 m)ŷ + (0.04 m)x̂ and ~r2 = +(0.03 m)ŷ + (0.04 m)x̂ r2
q2
The
p length of both vectors is the same: r1 = r2 =
(0.03 m)2 + (0.04 m)2 = 0.05 m. Now we solve
~ = k q1 ~r1 + k q2 ~r2
E
r13 r23
2 × 10−6 C 4 × 10−6 C
=k ~r1 + ~r2
(5 × 10−2 m)3 (5 × 10−2 m)3
2 × 10−6 C
= 9 × 109 N · m2 /C2 [~r1 + 2~r2 ]
125 × 10−6 m3
N
= 1.44 × 108 [−(0.03 m)ŷ + (0.04 m)x̂] + [(0.06 m)ŷ + (0.08 m)x̂]
C·m
8 N
= 1.44 × 10 (0.03 m ŷ + 0.12 m x̂)
C·m
= 17.3 MN/C x̂ + 4.3 MN/C ŷ = 1.73 × 107 N/C x̂ + 4.3 × 106 N/C ŷ
I asked for magnitude and direction, but that usually means I’m
really looking for component form. However, the direction is largely
to the right (since both charges are pushing to the right) and a little
bit up (because the lower charge, being twice as big, is pushing
harder). The magnitude is 1.8 × 107 N/C or 18 MN/C.
2
. 3. In the figure, the four particles form a square of edge length
a = 5.00 cm and have charges q1 = +10.0 nC, q2 = −20.0 nC, q3 = q1 q2
+20.0 nC, and q4 = −10.0 nC. In unit-vector notation, what net y
electric field do the particles produce at the square’s center?
a
x
q4 q3
/ The electric field at the center of the square is the sum of the electric fields due to the four charges; and
as is the case with Coulomb’s Law, the “tricky” part is to find the vector ~r for each. For example, ~r1 is the
vector from q1 to the center, which can be gotten by moving a distance 21 a in the x̂ direction, and then 21 a
q
in the −ŷ direction; thus ~r1 = 12 ax̂ − 12 aŷ. The length of this vector is r1 = 14 a2 + 14 a2 = √12 a, and so its
unit vector is
1
~r1 a(x̂ − ŷ) 1
r̂1 = = 2 1 = √ (x̂ − ŷ)
r1 √ a 2
2
By looking at the diagram, we see that the other three vectors all have the same length √1 a (call this R)
2
and their vectors are
1 1 1
~r2 = a(−x̂) + a(−ŷ) and so r̂2 = √ (−x̂ − ŷ)
2 2 2
1 1 1
~r3 = a(−x̂) + a(ŷ) and so r̂3 = √ (−x̂ + ŷ)
2 2 2
1 1 1
~r4 = a(x̂) + a(ŷ) and so r̂4 = √ (x̂ + ŷ)
2 2 2
Thus the electric field only has a y component: the x components of the fields here cancel. The field itself is
2
√
9 × 109 NCm2 2
~ =
E (20 × 10−9 C)ŷ = 1.02 × 105 N/C ŷ or 102 kN/C
(0.05 m)2
3
Problems
Both of these problems require you to remember a bit from Physics 2130.
/ There is a uniform electric field between the plates, so the electron experiences a constant force, and thus
undergoes constant acceleration. Therefore we can use all of those wonderful constant-acceleration formulae
we learned in mechanics when dealing with gravity. Specifically,
1
x = x0 + v0 t + at2 and v = v0 + at
2
Solving the second equation for a gives us a = (v − v0 )/t; substituting into the first equation gives us
1 1
x − x0 = v0 t + (v − v0 )t = (v + v0 )t
2 2
which is a less familiar constant-acceleration formula (at least to me): the distance travelled is equal to the
time travelled times the average speed, which in the case of constant acceleration is (v + v0 )/2. The initial
velocity of the electron is v0 = 0, so the speed of the electron as it strikes the second plate is
∆x (0.02 m)
v=2 =2 = 2.7 × 106 m/s
t 1.5 × 10−8 s
which answers part a. For part b, we need the electric field, which means we need the force, which means
we need the acceleration:
F ma
E= =
q q
The acceleration comes from the equation
v 2.7 × 106 m/s
v = v0 + at and so a= = = 1.8 × 1014 m/s2 .
t 1.5 × 10−8 s
The charge of an electron is q = 1.6 × 10−19 C and the mass of an electron is m = 9.11 × 10−31 kg, so
(9.11 × 10−31 kg)(1.8 × 1014 m/s2 )
E= = 1000 N/C .
1.6 × 10−19 C
4
There are three forces on the ball, as shown in the figure to the
right: the tension T in the string, the weight mg of the ball, and
the electric force qE due to the field of the plate. The tension force
vector can be broken into its components T cos θ pointing upward
and T sin θ pointing to the left. Assuming the ball is not moving,
the net force on the ball is zero, and so
Using this value, we solve for the electric field at the location of the ball:
Now the electric field due to an infinite sheet of charge is E = 2πkσ. Therefore,
1 1
σ= E= (283 N/C) = 5.00 × 10−9 C/m2 = 5.00 nC/m2 .
2πk 2π(9 × 109 )