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SCHOOL NAME SCHOOL NAME SCHOOL NAME

ADDRESS WITH PINCODE AND PHONE NUMBER

Submitted by Guided by

Student Name [ Teacher Name ]

XII Sc ……

Board Roll No. Designation

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INDEX
I. Certificate
II. Acknowledgement

1. Aim/ Objective
2. Apparatus Required
3. Theory
4. Procedure
5. Observation
6. Calculation
7. Result
8. Precautions
9. Bibliography

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that _______________________

student of ______ school name _______, class XII Sc __
has carried out his work for the investigatory project
entitled _______________________________________
under my guidance and supervision.

Signature of the Teacher

Name Of The Teacher
Designation

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I __________________________________ a student of
____________________________________,______________
would like to pay my sincere gratitude to my Physics teacher
Mr./Mrs. __________________________ for helping and
guiding me throughout the completion of the project report. I
would like to thank Mr./Mrs. _______________________ our
school principal/Director for making school such a wonderful
place of learning. I also would like to thank Mr.
______________ our lab assistant for the timely assistant in
completion of the project.

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1. AIM
To Draw magnetic field lines of Earth;
(a) in the absence of a bar magnet;
(b) in the presence of a bar magnet in N-S configuration. Also,
find magnetic moment of the bar magnet.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED
A drawing board, sheets of paper (A3), pins, scale, compass, bar
magnet.

3. THEORY
According to Faraday, magnetic field line is an imaginary
curve, the tangent to which at any point gives us the direction of
magnetic field at that point. If we imagine a number of small
compass needles around a magnet each compass needle
experiences a torque due to the field of the magnet. The torque
acting on a compass needle aligns it in the direction of the
magnetic field. ―The path along which the compass needles are
aligned is known as magnetic field line.

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

a. The magnetic field lines of a magnet form closed
continuous loops.
b. Outside the body of the magnet, the direction of magnetic
field lines is from North Pole to South Pole.
c. At any given point, tangent to the magnetic field times
represents the direction of net magnetic field B  at that point.
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d. The magnitude of magnetic field at any point is represented

by the number of magnetic field lines passing normally through
unit area around that point.
e. No two magnetic field lines can intersect each other.

MAGNETIC FIELD OF EARTH

Sir William Gilbert was the first to suggest in the year 1600, that
earth itself a huge magnet. The branch of Physics which deals
with the study of magnetism of earth is called terrestrial
magnetism or geomagnetism. Earth’s magnetic field is fairly
uniform. The strength of this field at the surface of Earth is
approximately 10 tesla. The field is not only confined to Earth’s
5

surface. It extends up to a height nearly 5 times the radius of

earth  5  6400 km  32000 km.

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MAGNETIC ELEMENTS OF EARTH

Magnetic elements of earth at a place are the quantities which
describe completely in magnitude and direction, the magnetic
field of earth at that place.
Following are the three magnetic elements of earth:
a. Magnetic declination 
b. Magnetic inclination or angle of magnetic dip 
c. Horizontal component (BH).

a. Magnetic declination
The small angle between magnetic axis and geographic
axis at a place is defined as the magnetic declination at the
place. It is represented by  .

b. Angle of Magnetic Dip or magnetic Inclination

Magnetic dip or magnetic inclination at a place is defined
as the angel which the direction of total strength of earth’s
magnetic field makes with a horizontal line in magnetic
meridian. It is represented by  . The value of magnetic dip at a
place can be measured using an instrument called ‘dip circle’

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c. Horizontal component
It is the component of total intensity of earth’s magnetic
field along the horizon of the place and in the direction of
magnetic meridian. It is represented by BH =B cos . The value
of BH at a place on the surface of earth is of the order of 3.2
×10–5 tesla.

MAGNETIC FIELD AT A POINT ON THE MAGNETIC AXIS

The magnetic fields at a point P on its axis due to the two poles
are given by
0 m
BN 
4 (r  )2 ; along NP

S 2 N BS B BN

–m O m P
r
0 m
BS 
(r–)
(r + )
and
4 (r  )2 ; along P S
 
Since, | B N || BS |

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0  m m 
B  BN  BS    
 4   ( r   )2 ( r   )2 

0 m  ( r   )2  ( r   )2  0 m  4r  
    2 2 2
4  (r  )
2 2
 4  ( r   ) 
Since M = m 2 (magnetic dipole moment of the bar magnet)
0 2Mr 
B ' along M
 4  ( r 2   2 )2

NEUTRAL /NULL POINTS

When we trace magnetic lines of force around a magnet
using a compass needle, what we obtain is the resultant of the
magnetic field of magnet and that of the earth. As earth’s field is
fixed, the resultant field would depend on the direction in which
the magnet is placed. In the plot of the resultant field, we come
across points at which field (B) due to the magnet becomes
equal and opposite to the horizontal component (BH) of earth’s
field i.e. B = BH. Therefore, the net magnetic field at these points
will be zero. These points where net magnetic field due to the
magnet and magnetic field of the earth is zero are called neutral
points. A small compass needle placed at a neutral point shall
experience no force/ torque. Therefore it can set itself in any
direction, which maybe different from the usual N-S direction.
We can show that
When a magnet is placed with its north pole towards
geographic north i.e. in N-S configuration, neutral points lie on
the magnetic axis. At each neutral point,

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0 2M r
 BH
4  ( r 2  l 2 )2
Where, BH is the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic
field.

4. PROCEDURE
a. To locate the mid- point of the paper, fold it from the
middle along the length then unfold it and again fold it along the
breath of the sheet.
b. Stretch the paper on the drawing board and fix it with the
drawing pins.
c. Now place the magnetic compass at the center of the sheet
and rotate the drawing board till needle is along the fold
marking of longer side. Now this fold line will represent the
magnetic meridian. Needle head will point towards GN or MS,
while its tail points towards GS or MN.
d. Move compass on the sheet on the meridian and parallel to
it to find/ draw Earth’s magnetic field magnetic fields (put a dot
on the sheet at the head of the needle, place the compass at the
tail of the needle and again put a pencil dot/ mark on the sheet).
Put arrows on all the lines drawn to obtain BH along the
magnetic meridian.
e. Now place the bar magnet at the centre of paper such that
its north pole of the magnet points towards the geographic north

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of earth (N-N configuration), then put compass needle at the

north pole of the magnet and mark a point on the sheet aty the
head of the needle. Now place the tail of the compass needle at
the previously marked dot and put a pencil dot on the sheet
where the head of the needle is!
f. Repeat the procedure till the compass needle reaches the
other end of the magnet.
g. Join all the points to get a continuous smooth curve.
h. Repeat the procedure from the north pole of the magnet to
draw several magnetic field lines and locate neutral point,
which is obtained on the perpendicular bisector of the magnet.
5.OBSERVATIONS

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From the observation sheet (you need to draw it in the lab)

r 1 = 7.2 cm r2 = 7.2 cm , so r = 7.2 cm
6. CALCULATIONS
For the neutral points on magnetic axis line

B  BH
0 2M r 6
 25.2  10
4  ( r 2  l 2 )2

7 2M  2.6  10 2
10 8
 25.2  10 6
(7.2  2.6 ) 10
2 2 2

25.2  10 6  9.8  9.8  4.6  4.6

M   0.0984 Am2
2  .26

 0.0984 Am2

7. RESULT
(a) Magnetic field lines corresponding to BH are uniform and
parallel to magnetic meridian.
(b) Magnetic field lines are as expected. The neutral points are
obtained on the magnetic axis.
The magnetic moment of the bar magnet is 0.0984 Am2.

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8. Precautions: — (a) Magnetic meridian should be drawn very

carefully.
(b) Observation sheet on the board should be held taut with the
help of drawing board pins.
(c)Sufficient number of magnetic field should be drawn to
narrow down the position of the neutral points.

9. Bibliography
1. Concepts Of Physics by by H.C. Verma
2. NCERT
3. University Physics.
Note: — You need to submit your own observation sheets. Values for
r1 & r2 can be different for different students as magnets issued may
have different pole strengths…
Note: — Hand written Investigatory Project Report should be submitted.
Work should be neat and clean. Avoid unnecessary fancy decoration of
the project report.
Note: — Learn theory, working and related viva for board practical
examination.

Wish you all the best.

Raj Kumar Parashari
Head Science , JPHS, Jaipur

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Additional content for viva ----

VARIATION OF EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD

(a) Global variation (i.e. from place to place)

At about 30000 km above the surface of earth, the earth’s field falls below
10 6 T. Beyond this height, solar wind disturbs the dipole pattern. The solar wind
consists of streams of charged particles get trapped near the magnetic poles of
earth. They ionize the atmosphere above these poles causing a spectacular display
of light called as Aurora. Magnetic maps showing the variation of magnetic
elements from place to place have been drawn.
 The lines joining places of equal declination are called isogonic lines.

 The lines joining places of zero declination are called agonic lines.
 The lines joining places of equal dip inclination are called isoclinic lines.

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 The lines joining places of zero dip inclination are called aclinic lines.
 The lines joining places of equal values of horizontal component (H) are
called iso-dynamic lines.

(b) Temporal Variation. (i.e. from time to time) The magnetic field of earth is
found to change with time. These changes may be characterized as short term and
long term changes.
In short term changes, the magnetic poles of earth Sm and Nm keep on
shifting their position. For eg- magnetic south pole has been found to move in
north –westerly direction at a rate of 17 cm per year
(https://www.sciencealert.com/here-s-why-the-north-pole-is-slowly-moving-
towards-london).
The long term changes are on geological time scale  10 to 10 years. It
5 6

appears that the direction of earth’s magnetic field has reversed itself every
million year or so. It is believed that once in a million years or so, the currents in
the earth’s core slow down, come to halt and then pick up in the reverse direction.

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