Heinemann Physics 1 4

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Unit 1 Area of Study 1

How can thermal effects be explained?

REVIEW SOLUTIONS
1 D. No information is given about whether or not heat flows between A and C, hence insufficient information.
2 There has to be thermal contact for equilibrium to be reached. This does not have to be physical contact because
heat could be exchanged radiatively, although physical contact would be more common.
3 B. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles within a system.
If the average kinetic energy in two objects is the same then their temperatures will be the same.
4 Initially the air is a gas at room temperature with relatively high average kinetic energy. Energy flows to the liquid
nitrogen. Gas molecules lose so much kinetic energy they begin to attract one another, and the gas condenses to a
liquid. Gas volume in balloon is reduced. On removal from the liquid nitrogen, molecules absorb energy from the
surrounding air. On heating the liquid boils and vaporises. Temperature and pressure are restored.
5 B
m1T1 + m2T2 80m + 10m 80 + 10
Tfinal = = = = 45°C
m1 + m2 2m 2
5 −1 −1 −1
6 C. The larger latent heat required to melt ice to water (3.34 × 10 J kg versus 1000 J kg K for the specific heat
capacity for air) means that more energy is required.
7 Heat is absorbed from the environment, increasing the internal energy of the CO2 molecules.
8 Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles. On sublimation, average kinetic energy of the
particles is not altered. Potential energy increases as the molecules move further apart.
9 Energy transferred to water: Q = mc∆T = 4200 × 0.20 × (25 − 20) = 4200 J
Energy transferred from metal: Q = 4200 J = c × 0.070 × (75 − 25)
4200
Specific heat capacity of unknown metal: c = = 840 J kg−1 K−1
0.10 × 50
From table of specific heat capacities this would most closely match aluminium.
10 C
K = °C + 273
T = 1550 + 273 = 1823 K
11 Energy flows from an object at a higher temperature to that at a lower temperature until both furnace and copper are
at the same temperature. The amount of energy that leaves the furnace is equal to the amount of energy that enters
the copper rod.
12 When energy is added to the rod, the atoms move faster, increasing their average kinetic energy. Temperature is a
measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles, and so the temperature increases.
13 The rod will lose heat by radiation and conduction to the steel plate and the nitrogen gas.
(No convection in the steel or the copper solids, but convection currents in the gas could assist with cooling.)
14 B and C. The temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles. This has not changed.
The potential energy has changed as the particles have moved further apart—energy absorbed to overcome the
attraction of the particles for one another. Potential energy is increased.
The total internal energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energies. It has increased because potential energy
has increased.
Heating does not change the number of particles, just their kinetic energy.
15 When heat is absorbed by a material and no phase change is involved, the heat capacity is the energy in joules to
heat 1 kg of material by one degree. For phase changes (latent heat) there is no temperature change—it is merely the
energy per kg to cause the phase change.
16 Q = mc∆T
= 0.500 kg × 3.8 × 103 J kg−1 K−1 × 25 K
= 47.5 kJ
17 Water has a very high specific heat capacity relative to the fats and proteins in the ice cream. Ice cream mix is 70.0%
water, hence its lower specific heat.
18 The heat lost to the brine at 0°C comes from the latent heat of fusion and the water changes phase and becomes ice.

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19 Latent heat of fusion for water to freeze:

Q = mL
= 0.7 × 0.500 kg × 3.34 × 105 J kg−1
= 116.9
≈ 117 kJ
20 Total heat gained by brine = heat to cool ice cream mix and freeze water in ice cream
= 116.9 kJ + 47.5 kJ = 164.4 kJ
Q 164.4 × 103 J
∆T = =
mc 5 kg × 3.5 × 103 J kg−1 K−1
Final temperature is 9.39°C above the starting temperature of −11°C.
Tf ≈ −1.6°C
Note: after freezing, the ice cream will cool still further until it reaches thermal equilibrium with the brine.
21 Q = mL
= 1.0 kg × 199 kJ kg−1
= 199 kJ
22 Q = mc∆T
= 1.00 kg × 1.34 kJ kg−1 K−1 × 196°C
= 262.6 kJ
23 Q = mc∆T
= 0.2 kg × 3.8 kJ kg−1 K−1 × 8°C
= 6.08 kJ
Water content = 0.7 × 0.200 = 0.140 kg
Q = mL
= 0.14 kg × 3.34 × 102 kJ kg−1 = 46.8 kJ
Total required = 6.08 kJ + 46.8 kJ = 52.8 kJ
24 Heat absorbed to vaporise and heat 1 kg nitrogen:
QN = 262.6 + 199 ≈ 462 kJ
52.8
Mass nitrogen = × 1 kg = 0.114 kg
462
i.e. it takes 114 g liquid nitrogen to make 200 g ice cream.
25 Q = mc∆T
Heat lost by lemonade = 500 g × 4.2 J g−1 × 28°C = 58.8 kJ
Q 5.58 × 104
Mass of ice = = = 167 g
L 3.34 × 102
26 Heat lost by coin = heat gained by water
mcSHCc ∆Tc = mSHCw ∆Tw
0.500 kg × 2.5°C × 4.20 × 103 J kg−1 K−1
SHCc =
0.050 kg × 227.5°C
SHCc = 462 J kg−1 K−1
27 Water has an exceptionally high specific heat capacity, and thus can absorb large amounts of heat without
significantly changing temperature. This moderates the temperatures close to the coast.
28 Obviously the amount of steam or water in question would make a difference since the heat is proportional to
the mass.
If the masses were equal, the steam will burn more severely because of the additional latent heat that is released
when it condenses to water on the person’s skin at 100°C.
29 D. P = kT4 = k × ()
1 4
2
=k×
1
16
30 Energy lost by patient = m × ∆T × SHC
= 65 kg × 3.2°C × 3.50 × 103 J kg−1 °C−1 = 728 kJ
heat from patient
∆T =
mwSHCw
728 000 J
=
40 kg × 4.2 × 103 J kg−1 °C−1
= 4.33°C
Ti = Tf − ∆T = 37 − 4.33 = 32.7°C

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 Heinemann Physics 1 4
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31 a radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays
b gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves
32 Radiation: heat enters the Earth’s atmosphere via radiated by Sun and is re-radiated out by black-body radiation;
some of the radiant heat is trapped creating the greenhouse effect.
Conduction: air is a poor conductor of heat.
Convection: major factor; hot air rises, cools and drops; basis of most weather systems.
33 B
Power radiated per square metre
P (per m2) = σT4
= 5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4 × (290)4
Power = 401 W m−2
34 a Incident: P = 1370 W m−2 × πRE2
b Absorption: P = (1 − 0.31) × 1370 W m−2 × πRE2
P = 945 W m−2 × πRE2
35 P = 5.67 × 10−8 J K−4 × TE4 × πRE2
36 The effect of the atmosphere is to retain some of the reflected heat. This raises the average temperature.
37 a Apart from air temperature, it is the heat re-radiated from the ground that affects the night temperatures. Clouds
absorb some of the radiated heat and reflect it back to Earth; on clear nights, more energy is lost by radiation.
b Energy lost = P × time
P = eAσ(T4 − Ts4)
P = 0.5 × 1.5 × 5.67 × 10−8 J K−4 × (2884 − 2704)
P = 66.6 W
Energy lost = 66.6 W × 3600 s × 5 = 1.20 MJ
38 The indoor heater heats the air at the burner by conduction, and forces the hot air through the vents, where
convection will carry it throughout the house. People are heated by conduction as the warm air contacts their skin.
The outdoor heater is primarily radiative. People are heated by the radiation from the heater far more than by
conduction or convection of air. So the salesman is correct.
39 The plate radiates heat as it glows. The plate conducts heat to the pot and to the water by conduction. Convection
currents set up in the water. The peas are heated by the conduction of heat from the hot water.
40 The greenhouse effect means that Venus re-radiates very much less energy. The CO2 in the atmosphere absorbs much
of the re-radiated energy which traps the heat on the planet, causing a higher temperature.
41 As P ∝ T4, doubling the temperature increases the radiant power by a factor of 16.
42 λSTS = λBTB
500 nm × 5778 K
TB = = 3300 K
875 nm
43 A human body radiates energy in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The goggles are sensitive to
these wavelengths, and so people can be detected by the radiation they emit.
44 a λmaxT = 2.898 × 10−3 m K
−3
λmax = 2.898 × 10 mK
= 9.99 μm
290 K
This is in the infrared.
b For the steel:
−3
2.898 × 10 mK
T= = 700 K
4.14 × 10−6 m
45 A black body emits a whole range of frequencies. In this case the peak is in the infrared. There will be emissions at
shorter wavelengths that are in the red end of the visible spectrum.
46 Wien’s Law: λmaxT = constant
As the temperature goes up, the peak of the black-body spectrum moves to shorter wavelengths, going from red to
yellow to bright white. At lower temperatures the emission of radiation is outside the visible range.
47 D. The observation is only related to temperature. Based on Wien’s law, a higher temperature will result in an observed
colour more towards the blue/violet end of the spectrum; hence, Rigel can be expected to be hotter than the red
Betelguese.

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48 The greenhouse effect simply refers to the role of gases such as CO2, which absorb some of the energy re-radiated by
the Earth, and results in an increased temperature. The enhanced greenhouse effect is caused by increasing levels of
CO2, which are usually attributed to human activity since the Industrial Revolution, in particular the burning of fossil
fuels.
49 Yes, data from various remote observation stations (Cape Grim, Mauna Loa), and ice core samples show a steady
increase in CO2.
50 The global climate system is very complex. There are natural variations and cycles, as well as long term trends. There
are many factors that influence climate, and it is difficult to attribute a change to only one factor.

Copyright © Pearson Australia 2016 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 14 8861 12​6 ​1