CHAPTER 4:

Research Design
 Exploratory

Causal/
Descriptive
Explanatory

Action
TYPES OF
Research
RESEARCH Correlational
DESIGN

Experimental Comparative

Evaluative
 RESEARCH DESIGN

Is the researcher’s plan of

action on where to source the
data, what type of data to
collect, how the data will be
collected, and what method to
use for data analysis.
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
* Is conducted to illustrate and determine
patterns or characteristics of variables in
particular instances or events

* In the statement of objectives, good

verbs to use are describe, determine,
analyze, explain, define and illustrate
“Equal Employment Opportunity in the
Philippines: Does it Address Gender
Inequality in the Hospitality Industry?”
This study utilized the descriptive research
design to answer the problem and objectives
presented earlier. The design focused on
describing the degree of compliance to EEO laws
by Hotels, Restaurants, and similar
establishments. It also identifies the economic
and social impact of gender inequality in the
workplace in general and in the hospitality
industry in particular.
 EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
* Is undertaken to gather initial data patterns
or characteristics of variables in a situation
where studies have not been done or minimal
data are available to establish significant
patterns or relationships of variables.

* In the statement of objectives, good verbs to

use are explore, find out, know, examine, and
investigate.
 “An Exploratory Study on the General Business
Prospects for SMEs in the Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)”
The extent to which business executives and
entrepreneurs understand the business climate in
the ARMM has not been examined as much in
studies made. That is the reason why the
exploratory research design was employed for this
study. The paper is geared towards investigating the
overall business environment for SMEs in the
provinces of Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao,
Sulu and Tawi-tawi in preparation for the arrival of a
business delegation from the United Arab Emirates in
March 2015.
CAUSAL / EXPLANATORY RESEARCH

* Is carried out to ascertain the occurrence of,

or change in, the independent variables leads
to changes in the dependent variables.

* In the statement of objectives, good verbs to

use are analyze, explain, and identify.
 “Concentration and Productivity: The
Effects of Music on the Productivity Level
of Employees at ABC Corporation”
The research used is causal method which was
pertinent in gathering relevant data on the effects of
music on the productivity levels of employees
working for ABC Corporation.
It was the goal of the researchers to establish and
analyze the impact of the independent variable
“music”, with the dependent variable “productivity.”
In addition, the researchers attempted to explain
why certain types of music in the workplace were
preferred over other types .
 CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
* Is conducted to establish the fact that the
outcome of certain patterns of relationships
occur together in a specified manner
without suggesting that one variable causes
the other variable to change.

* In stating objectives, good verbs to use are

correlate or interrelate.
 “Establishing the Correlates of Teaching
Effectiveness Among the Full-time Faculty at the
Decision Sciences and Innovation Department”

The correlational research design was used in

this study for the general purpose of
interrelating indicator variables such as age,
gender, educational attainment, years of
service and research credentials to teaching
effectiveness at the tertiary level.
 COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
* Is undertaken to confirm if 2 or more
variables reveal similar or different patterns
of characteristics when compared, using a
set of variables as bases.

* In statement of objectives, good verbs or

phrases to use are compare, determine
similarities, find out differences, and
contrast.
“A Comparative Study Between the Human Resource
Management Practices of a German- and Korean-
owned Car Manufacturing Company”

The study the researchers made was basically a

descriptive-comparative one. In this context, the
researchers compared the HRM practices applied
in Audi AG and Hyundai Motor Company.
The points of comparison were in key areas such as
recruitment & hiring, training, equal employment
opportunity, compensation, and labour relations.
 EVALUATIVE RESEARCH
* Is conducted to assess performance or
impact of a set of variables on another
one.

* In statement of objectives, good verbs

to use are evaluate, assess, appraise,
measure, and quantify.
 “A Study on the Efficiency of the Delivery
Service at Pizza Hut”
Currently, providing quality service to customers is
the number one mode of fighting the stiff
competition in business. This study was done to
evaluate Pizza Hut’s delivery service. The
different factors that were discussed under this
study are the timing of delivery, condition of the
products, completeness of orders, and attitude of
delivery personnel. These factors were assessed
to determine the strengths and weaknesses of
Pizza Hut’s delivery service.
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
* Is undertaken to determine the possible
cause-and-effect relationships through
experimental and control groups.

* In statement of objectives, good

phrases to use are determine the effects,
examine the differences, compare the
results, and analyze the influence.
“Office Fitness and Health Program at XYZ
Company: An Experimental Study”
This study used the experimental method of
research to assess the effectiveness of the
Office Fitness and Health Program (OFHP)
conducted by XYZ Co.
The design used was the experimental group –
control group method with the Finance
Department designated as the experimental
group and the Marketing Department as the
control group.
 ACTION RESEARCH
* Is conducted to develop or recommend
fresh approaches, policies, programs,
strategies, or skills to solve problems in
an actual organizational setting.

* In statement of objectives, good

verbs/phrases to use are develop,
propose, suggest, recommend, determine
alternative approaches, identify
solutions, and formulate policies.
 “An Optimal Regional Flight Scheduling Model
for the Boeing 777-200 of Philippine Airlines”
The group made use of action research for its design.
The study was geared towards proposing an optimal
scheduling model that would maximize profit during
both lean and peak periods for regional flights lasting
no more than 5 hours.
This model was recommended to address the problems
of either below break-even capacity or overbooking
during said periods that may lead to concerns such
as delayed flights, cancellation of flights, and transfer
of passengers to other airlines.
 SAMPLING
• Is the process of choosing adequate
and representative elements from
the population
• By studying the sample, the
researcher is able to draw insights
and conclusions for the entire
population.
 Reasons for Sampling
• Researcher is able to generalize findings
for the entire population.
• Researcher is able to save time, effort &
cost
• It makes the scope of the study
manageable because of the small
number of respondents to be covered.
SLOVIN’S FORMULA
 THE SAMPLING PROCESS
• DEFINE THE POPULATION
1 • Ex: Car Owners of 2010 Models living in Makati

• SPECIFY WHERE POPULATION FRAME WILL BE TAKEN

• Ex. Listing of the LTO
2

• CHOOSE SAMPLING METHOD

3 • Ex. Probability using Random Sampling

• DETERMINE SAMPLE SIZE REQUIREMENT

4 • Ex. Use formula

• SELECT ACTUAL SAMPLES

5
 SAMPLING DESIGNS
PROBABILITY NON-PROBABILITY
• Random • Quota
• Systematic • Judgement
• Stratified • Convenience
• Cluster • Accidental
• Area • Snowball
• Double • Purposive
• Multi-stage