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Input: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system.
Computer is an electronic machine it takes as inputs raw data and performs some
functions and give us output.
Storage: The process of saving data is known as storage. Data has to be fed into the
system before the actual processing starts. It is because the processing speed of Central
Processing Unit (CPU) is so fast that the data has to be provided to CPU with the same
speed. Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit for faster access and
processing.
Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is
called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from
the storage unit and perform calculations based on the instructions given and the type of
data provided. It is then sent back to the storage unit.
Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful
information. Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must also be
kept somewhere inside the computer before being given to you in human readable form.
Again the output is also stored inside the computer for further processing.
Control: The manner how instructions are executed and the above operations are
performed. Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed
by control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations inside the
computer.
6. A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions that can be
used to produce various kinds of output .Programming languages generally consist of
instructions for a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that
implement specific algorithms.
1. Machine Language
• Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets.
• Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers.
• While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans
to use because they consist entirely of numbers.
Example
2. Assembly Language
• A program written in assembly language consists of a series of instructions mnemonics that
correspond to a stream of executable instructions, when translated by an assembler that can be
loaded into memory and executed.
• Assembly languages use keywords and symbols, much like English, to form a programming
language but at the same time introduce a new problem.
• The problem is that the computer doesn't understand the assembly code, so we need a way to
convert it to machine code, which the computer does understand.
• Assembly language programs are translated into machine language by a program called an
assembler.
8. Binary number system is very much associated with the computer system. All work that
happens in a computer is all made of binary codes only. There are many reasons for using binary
number system but the major reason in using binary number system is that least amount of
necessary circuitry is used, which results in the least amount of space, energy consumption, and
cost. “A single switch can be on or off, enabling the storage of 1 bit of information. Switches can
be grouped together to store larger numbers. This is the key reason why binary is used in digital
systems." Numbers can be encoded in binary format and stored using switches. The digital
technology which uses this system could be a computer, calculator, and digital TV decoder box.
Binary number system basically acts like a switch in which if you provide value as ‘1’ so switched
on that means system is working and if you provide value as ‘0’ so switched off the system is not
working.
9. Assembler
An assembler is a type of computer program that interprets software programs written in
assembly language into machine language, code and instructions that can be executed by a
computer.
An assembler enables software and application developers to access, operate and manage a
computer's hardware architecture and components.
An assembler is sometimes referred to as the compiler of assembly language. It also provides
the services of an interpreter. An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions
and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its
basic operations.
COMPILER
The compiler works on a basic principle. It simply reads the whole program written on it. Then it
converts the whole program to the machine/computer language. For this process, the compiler
takes a lot of time to read the whole program or to analyze the whole program. The compilers
are generally the memory eaters. They need a lot of memory to complete their process.
Because they create the object code by analyzing the program written on them. They work fast
as compared to the interpreters. Because they have the very less execution time. In this
process, the whole program doesn’t require to be created/compiled every time. Languages like
to C and the C++ commonly used the compilers.